Muggiaea kochii

Muggiaea kochii
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Cnidaria
Class:	Hydrozoa
Order:	Siphonophorae
Family:	Diphyidae
Genus:	Muggiaea
Species:	M. kochii
Binomial name
	Muggiaea kochii; (Will, 1844) [1]
Synonyms[1]
	Diphyes kochii Will, 1844; Ersaea pyramidalis Will, 1844; Eudoxia eschscholtzi Busch, 1851; Muggiaea pyramidalis (Will, 1844);

Muggiaea kochii is a species of small hydrozoan, a siphonophore in the family Diphyidae.

Description

Muggiaea kochii is very similar in appearance to the closely related Muggiaea atlantica. It consists of a single nectophore (swimming bell), the exterior of which has five complete longitudinal ridges, the bases of which bend dorsally. The hydroecium (ventral cavity) is shallow and the somatocyst (part of the gastrovascular system) extends to about half the height of the nectophore. The eudoxid stage (reproductive element) is indistinguishable from that of M. atlantica.[2]

Distribution and habitat

Muggiaea kochii is found in the neritic zone on both sides of the warm temperate and subtropical Atlantic Ocean. It is present on the Gulf Coast of the United States where it often occurs in brackish water in bays.[3] In the Mediterranean Sea it is often most abundant in the period April to June, but this varies from year to year.[4] It also occurs in the Adriatic Sea where it was joined in the 1990s by the non-native M. atlantica. This species was first detected in the marine lakes on the island of Mljet in southern Croatia in 2001, and since then, seems to have displaced M. kochii in the Great Lake there.[5]

In the Atlantic Ocean, the ranges of M. kochii and M. atlantica only overlap to a limited extent; where one is abundant, the other tends to be uncommon. M. kochii is a warm-temperate species, being found between 48°N and 36°S, while M. atlantica is a cool-temperate species occurring between 55°N and 37°S.[6]

Ecology

Muggiaea kochii feeds mostly on copepods while predators such as hyperiid amphipods feed on M. kochii.[3]

Reproduction in Muggiaea kochii is by an alternation of generations between an asexual polygastric form (bearing both asexual and reproductive elements) and the sexual eudoxid form which becomes separated from the nectophore.[6] The complete cycle takes two weeks at 24 °C (75 °F) and three weeks at 18 °C (64 °F). When the water temperature falls to 13 °C (55 °F), the animal becomes lethargic and unmoving.[7]

References

Schuchert, Peter (2015). "Muggiaea kochii (Will, 1844)". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2015-04-15.
Boltovskoy, D. "Muggiaea kochi". Zooplankton of the South Atlantic Ocean. Marine Species Identification Portal. Retrieved 2015-04-15.
Johnson, William S.; Allen, Dennis M. (2012). Zooplankton of the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts: A Guide to Their Identification and Ecology. JHU Press. p. 169. ISBN 978-1-4214-0746-3.
Licandro, Priscilla; Ibanez, Frédéric (2000). "Changes of zooplankton communities in the Gulf of Tigullio (Ligurian Sea, Western Mediterranean) from 1985 to 1995. Influence of hydroclimatic factors". Journal of Plankton Research. 22 (12): 2225–2253. doi:10.1093/plankt/22.12.2225.
Batistić, Mirna; Lučić, Davor; Carić, Marina; Garić, Rade; Licandro, Priscilla; Jasprica, Nenad (2013). "Did the alien calycophoran Muggiaea atlantica outcompete its native congeneric M. kochi in the marine lakes of Mljet Island (Croatia)?". Marine Ecology. 34 (s1): 3–13. Bibcode:2013MarEc..34....3B. doi:10.1111/maec.12021.
Blackett, Michael; Licandro, Priscilla; Coombs, Steve H.; Lucas, Cathy H. (2014). "Long-term variability of the siphonophores Muggiaea atlantica and M. kochi in the Western English Channel". Progress in Oceanography. 128: 1–14. Bibcode:2014PrOce.128....1B. doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2014.07.004.
Carre, C.; Carre, D. (1991). "A Complete Life Cycle of the Calycophoran Siphonophore Muggiaea kochi (Will) in the Laboratory, under Different Temperature Conditions: Ecological Implications". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 334 (1269): 27–32. Bibcode:1991RSPTB.334...27C. doi:10.1098/rstb.1991.0095.

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[WoRMS-1] Schuchert, Peter (2015). "Muggiaea kochii (Will, 1844)". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2015-04-15.

[MSIP-2] Boltovskoy, D. "Muggiaea kochi". Zooplankton of the South Atlantic Ocean. Marine Species Identification Portal. Retrieved 2015-04-15.

[Johnson-3] Johnson, William S.; Allen, Dennis M. (2012). Zooplankton of the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts: A Guide to Their Identification and Ecology. JHU Press. p. 169. ISBN 978-1-4214-0746-3.

[4] Licandro, Priscilla; Ibanez, Frédéric (2000). "Changes of zooplankton communities in the Gulf of Tigullio (Ligurian Sea, Western Mediterranean) from 1985 to 1995. Influence of hydroclimatic factors". Journal of Plankton Research. 22 (12): 2225–2253. doi:10.1093/plankt/22.12.2225.

[5] Batistić, Mirna; Lučić, Davor; Carić, Marina; Garić, Rade; Licandro, Priscilla; Jasprica, Nenad (2013). "Did the alien calycophoran Muggiaea atlantica outcompete its native congeneric M. kochi in the marine lakes of Mljet Island (Croatia)?". Marine Ecology. 34 (s1): 3–13. Bibcode:2013MarEc..34....3B. doi:10.1111/maec.12021.

[Blackett-6] Blackett, Michael; Licandro, Priscilla; Coombs, Steve H.; Lucas, Cathy H. (2014). "Long-term variability of the siphonophores Muggiaea atlantica and M. kochi in the Western English Channel". Progress in Oceanography. 128: 1–14. Bibcode:2014PrOce.128....1B. doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2014.07.004.

[7] Carre, C.; Carre, D. (1991). "A Complete Life Cycle of the Calycophoran Siphonophore Muggiaea kochi (Will) in the Laboratory, under Different Temperature Conditions: Ecological Implications". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 334 (1269): 27–32. Bibcode:1991RSPTB.334...27C. doi:10.1098/rstb.1991.0095.