My Stealthy Freedom

My Stealthy Freedom is an online movement that was started in 2014 by Masih Alinejad,[1] an Iranian-born journalist and activist based in the United Kingdom[2] and the United States.[3] This movement started as a Facebook page, called My Stealthy Freedom, where women in Iran post photos of themselves without scarves, as a protest against the compulsory hijab laws in the country. By the end of 2016 page has surpassed 1 million Facebook likes.[4] The initiative has received wide international and national coverage,[5] and has been both praised and criticized.

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Chronology of My Stealthy Freedom
See also: Internet in Iran, Blogging in Iran, and Iranian clothing

The Facebook page called Stealthy Freedom was set up on 5 May 2014[1] and it is dedicated to posting images of women with their hijab (scarf) removed.[5] Many women have submitted their pictures without hijab, taken in various locations: parks, beaches, markets, streets, and elsewhere.[6] Alinejad said that the campaign began rather simply:

Once I posted pictures of myself in London, free, without a scarf. I received messages from Iranian women saying: Don't publish there pictures because we envy you. Soon after I published another picture of myself driving in my hometown in Iran, again without a scarf. And I said to Iranian women: I bet you can do the same. Many of them started to send me their photos without hijab, so I created a page called My Stealthy Freedom. (...) If I were in Iran this website wouldn't exist. From far away those voiceless women can express themselves for the first time in more than 30 years.

— M. Alinejad[5]

In a few days, the page had received over 100,000 likes, in early 2015 it jumped up to 760,000 followers,[5] and by the end of 2016 it reached over 968,000 likes.[7]

In an interview with BBC in 2014, Alinejad insisted that women who have sent their photos are not women activists, but just ordinary women talking from their hearts. Many of the pictures were accompanied by captions, some in a poetic language, and others were mischievous or defiant. Many captions have placed the emphasis on a right to choose or freedom of choice.[8] In January 2015, Alinejad also launched My Forbidden Song as part of My Stealthy Freedom campaign, and two months later she revived the Green movement slogan You are all media.[9]

My Stealthy Freedom has been described as an extremely active and lively space, publishing each month around 35–50 new pieces of content which are shared by hundreds of people.[7] In mid 2014, #MyStealthyFreedom became an internationally used hashtag on Facebook and Twitter, averaging one million shares per week.[10] By the end of 2016, the page had shared over 2,000 photos of Iranian women without the hijab. The page has gained many international supporters, posts are published mostly in Persian with English and French translations.[11]

In May 2017, Alinejad launched the White Wednesdays campaign, encouraging women to remove their headscarves on Wednesdays or wear white shawls as a sign of protest.

Reactions

Following Alinejad's initiative, queers also opened a Facebook page, My Stealthy Homosexual Freedom, posting images with the inverted aesthetics of covered faces with rainbow flags or headless images.[12] Iman Ganji, a doctoral student from Free University of Berlin, sees both pages as a result of general political transformation in mid-2010s, when a new middle-right government replaced the far-right one, and states that the struggle for the liberation of desire has long allied women's and queer movements together in Iran.[12] In mid-2016, some Iranian men started Men In Hijab campaign, expressing their thoughts as well as briefly wearing the hijab themselves. This Facebook page has received over 100,000 likes and is largest among rival initiatives, but it has been criticized by foreign commentators as a "laddish" for containing juvenile jokes, cartoons and videos.[13] Among other smaller rivals is the Real Freedom of Iranian Women page, launched exactly a week after the My Stealthy Freedom, with a message celebrating the veil: "Beautiful Hijab, My Right, My Choice, My Life".[13] Former page has received less than 10,000 likes and has also been criticized for insisting that Stealthy Freedom is part of a soft war against Iran, and also for trying to generate fear.[14]

Praise

Sedigheh Karimi, researcher at the University of Melbourne, in 2014 argued that virtual environment like My Stealthy Freedom provides opportunities for independent representation and for introducing new identities.[15] Alison N. Novak from Temple University and Emad Khazraee from the University of Pennsylvania stressed importance of breaking boundaries of the state's internet censorship efforts: "The goal of My Stealthy Freedom is to mobilize public opinion regarding the issue of women's rights, hijab, and the female body."[16] Gholam Khiabany, a senior lecturer in Media and Communications department at Goldsmiths, University of London, has praised Alinejad's campaign,[17] as has Victoria Tahmasebi-Birgani, an assistant professor of women and gender studies at the University of Toronto.[18] According to Gi Yeon Koo, a cultural anthropologist from Seoul National University, "This online movement finds its value in that it has become a new platform for women to raise their voices in the public sphere."[19] As Iman Ganji,[12] Koo also aligns the movement with social changes started since Hassan Rouhani assumed the presidency.[20] In 2015 the Geneva Summit for Human Rights and Democracy gave Alinejad its women's rights award for "stirring the conscience of humanity to support the struggle of Iranian women for basic human rights."[21]

Criticism

There are no official statistics to show what percentage of Iranian women are against mandatory wearing of the hijab. One western researcher says, "It is true that there are still many women in Iranian society who choose, of their own will, to retain the image of the hijab and wear the most conservative type of hijab. Furthermore, it cannot be said that the women participating in this stealthy movement of removing their hijab are the majority."[22][14]

Misinformation

In early June 2014, Iranian state television ran a story claiming that Masih Alinejad was in a drug-induced, hallucinatory state when she removed her clothing and was raped by three men in front of her son.[23] Alinejad said that the story is false.[24]

Eurocentrism and orientalism

Researchers state that although movement focuses primarily on gendered state violence, its message has been disturbed by challenges arising from the embedded normativity of conceptualizations of gender and sexualities in relation to Middle Eastern women in general and Iranian women in particular.[25]

See also

References
  1. Khiabany 2016, p. 225
    Seddighi; Tafakori 2016, p. 925
    Tahmasebi-Birgani 2017, p. 186
  2. Novak; Khazraee 2014, p. 1094
    Koo 2016, pp. 142–143
    Seddighi; Tafakori 2016, p. 925
  3. Moorhead, Joanna (2 June 2018). "The wind in my hair: one woman's struggle against the hijab". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  4. Fathi, Nazila. "Meet the Iconoclast Inspiring Iranian Women to Remove Their Headscarves". Vogue. Retrieved 2020-02-19.
  5. Khiabany 2016, p. 225
  6. Khiabany 2016, p. 225
  7. Tahmasebi-Birgani 2017, p. 186
  8. Khiabany 2016, p. 226
  9. Khiabany 2016, p. 227
  10. Novak; Khazraee 2014, p. 1094
  11. Koo 2016, p. 143
  12. Ganji 2015, p. 114
  13. Khiabany 2016, p. 228
  14. Khiabany 2016, p. 229
  15. Karimi 2014, pp. 228 & 230
  16. Novak; Khazraee 2014, p. 1095
  17. Khiabany 2016, p. 230
  18. Tahmasebi-Birgani 2017, p. 193
  19. Koo 2016, p. 154
  20. Koo 2016, p. 153
  21. "The Iranian hijab campaigner who won't be silenced". The Independent. 2015-10-09. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
  22. Koo 2016, p. 154
  23. "Video from IRINN".
  24. "Iranian State Television Faked My Rape". Time. 2014-06-04.
  25. Seddighi; Tafakori 2016, p. 926

Bibliography
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