Nur Devlet

Nur Devlet (Crimean Tatar: Nur Devlet, نور دولت), was a khan of the Crimean Khanate (1466–1467, 1467–1469 and 1475–1476) and the son of Hacı I Giray, the founder of Crimean Khanate.[1]

Nur Devlet
Khan of the Tatar Crimean Khanate (1st reign)
Reign	1466–1467
Predecessor	Hacı I Giray
Successor	Meñli I Giray
Khan of the Tatar Crimean Khanate (2nd reign)
Reign	1467–1469
Predecessor	Meñli I Giray
Successor	Meñli I Giray
Khan of the Tatar Crimean Khanate (3rd reign)
Reign	1475–1478
Predecessor	Hayder Giray
Successor	Meñli I Giray
Khan of the Tatar Qasim Khanate
Reign	1486–1491
Predecessor	Daniyal ibn Qasim
Successor	Satylghan ibn Nur Daulat
Born	unknown date Kasimov
Died	1503 Kasimov
Burial	Mausoleum of Haji Giray, Bakhchisaray
Issue	Berdaulat Girey Khan Satilgan Giray Khan Janay Giray
Dynasty	Giray dynasty
Father	Hacı I Giray
Religion	Islam

Outline: In 1466 the first Crimean khan died. His son Nur Devlet became khan but was expelled by his brother Mengli. In 1475 the Turks invaded and put Nur Devlet on the throne. In 1478 the Turks replaced him with Mengli. Nur Devlet entered the Russian service. The Qasim Khanate was a Russian vassal. In 1486 its ruling house died out and Nur Devlet was made Qasim khan. In 1490 he gave the throne to his son and in 1503 he died after a long illness.

Government in Crimea

First and second reigns (1466–1469) : In August 1466 the first Crimean Khan Hacı I Giray died and Crimean beys elected his eldest son Nur Devlet. His younger brother Meñli I Giray revolted. Mengli was generally supported by the Crimean nobility and Nur Devlet by the Great Horde. Mengli became khan in 1467, but was quickly driven out and fled to the Genoese at Kaffa. In June 1468 a delegation of beys went to Kaffa and elected Mengli as khan. They and a Genoese detachment marched on the old capital of Chufut-Kale and in early 1469 Nur Devlet was driven out. He fled to the north Caucasus, was pursued and captured and imprisoned in the Genoese fortress of Sudak. (?[2])

Third reign (1475–1478) : [3] Following the Ottoman invasion of Crimea in 1475 Mengli was captured and imprisoned in Istanbul. The Turks were more interested in expelling the Genoese than ruling Crimea. Nur Devlet was released and became khan as a vassal and tributary of the Turks.

Eminek was a powerful Bey of the Shirin clan (eastern Crimea on the Kerch Peninsula). In 1476 his brother Hadzhike rebelled and fled to Akhmed Khan of the Great Horde. Akhmed sent an army under Janibeg (son of his brother Mahmud bin Küchük) which was driven out by Emenik. In the fall of 1476 the Sultan ordered Eminek to lead 10000 men against Moldavia where he was defeated. While he was away Janibeg invaded Crimea and made himself khan. In 1477 Nur Devlet expelled Janibeg and regained the throne. Eminek was displeased and wrote to the Sultan asking that Mengli be restored. In the spring of 1478 Mengli was released and returned with Turkish soldiers. He and Emenek drove out Nur Devlet who fled to Poland-Lithuanea. The Poles sent him to Kiev and in 1479 he entered Russian service.

Russian exile and government in Kasimov

Nur Devlet and his brother Hayder of Crimea fled to Poland and in 1479 he entered Russian service. In 1480, at the time of the Great stand on the Ugra River, he and Vasily Nozdrovaty were sent to attack Akhmed's capital of Serai as a diversion. His son Ber Devlet was killed by a Tatar and the father killed the murderer with his own hand.

Far to the north, the Qasim Khanate was a Muslim vassal state of the Russians. In 1486 its ruler died with no sons. Since Nur Devlet was a Muslim and also a descendant of Genghis which gave him a right to be a khan, the Russians made him Qasim khan. He may also have held Kashira at some point. In the first year of his reign the steppe warlord Murtaza sought to overthrow Mengli with the help of Nur Devlet and Ivan III. Ivan warned Mengli. Nur Devlet was sent to guard the southern frontier. In 1478-90 he campaigned against the sons of Akhmed bin Kuchuk. Toward the end of 1490 he gave the throne to his son Satylgan. In 1503 he died after a long illness. At the request of Satylgan and Mengli his remains were sent to Crimea, where he is buried.

References

1. Family tree of Giray dynasty
2. The business about Sudak comes from Gaivoronsky (next note). Other sources say he went to Moscow, without details.
3. This account of the third reign is extracted from the Russian Wikipedia article on Mengli Giray which follows Oleksa Gaivoronsky,Rulers of Two Continents, Kiev-Bakhchisaray, 2007. There does not appear to be a good account in English

Sources

• Alan W. Fisher, The Crimean Tatars, Hoover Institution Press, Stanford California, 1987 ISBN 0-81-796662-5, p. 9–11.
• Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall, Histoire de l'Empire ottoman, « Tome deuxième 1453-1494 », Bellizard, Barthès, Dufour, Lowell, Paris, 1886.