Once Upon a Time in the West

Once Upon a Time in the West (Italian: C'era una volta il West, transl. "Once upon a time (there was) the West") is a 1968 epic Spaghetti Western film directed by Sergio Leone, who co-wrote it with Sergio Donati based on a story by Dario Argento, Bernardo Bertolucci, and Leone. It stars Henry Fonda, cast against type, as the villain,[8] Charles Bronson as his nemesis, Jason Robards as a bandit, and Claudia Cardinale as a newly widowed homesteader. The widescreen cinematography was by Tonino Delli Colli, and the acclaimed film score was by Ennio Morricone.

This article is about the 1968 Spaghetti Western film. For other uses, see Once Upon a Time in the West (disambiguation).

Once Upon a Time in the West
Theatrical release poster by Frank McCarthy
Directed bySergio Leone
Produced byFulvio Morsella
Screenplay by
Story by
Starring
Music byEnnio Morricone
CinematographyTonino Delli Colli
Edited byNino Baragli
Production
companies
Distributed by
  • Euro International Film (Italy)
  • Paramount Pictures (United States)
Release date
  • 20 December 1968 (1968-12-20) (Rome)
  • 21 December 1968 (1968-12-21) (Italy)
  • 28 May 1969 (1969-05-28) (New York[1])
Running time
166 minutes
Country
LanguageItalian
English
Budget$5 million
Box office$5,321,508 (US)[5]
14,873,804 admissions (France)[6] 13,000,000 admissions (Germany)[7]

After directing The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, Leone decided to retire from Westerns and desired to produce his film based on The Hoods, which eventually became Once Upon a Time in America, but Leone accepted an offer from Paramount Pictures to provide access to Henry Fonda and to use a budget to produce another Western film. He recruited Bertolucci and Argento to devise the plot of the film in 1966, researching other Western films in the process. After Clint Eastwood turned down an offer to play the movie's protagonist, Bronson was offered the role. During production, Leone recruited Donati to rewrite the script due to concerns over time limitations.

The original version by the director was 166 minutes when it was first released on 21 December 1968. This version was shown in European cinemas, and was a box-office success. For the US release on 28 May 1969, Once Upon a Time in the West was edited down to 145 minutes by Paramount and was a financial flop. The film is the first installment in Leone's Once Upon a Time trilogy, followed by Duck, You Sucker! and Once Upon a Time in America, though the films do not share any characters in common.[9]

In 2009, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[10][11]

Plot

The film portrays two conflicts that take place around Flagstone, a fictional town in the American Old West - a land battle related to the construction of a railroad, and a mission of vengeance against a cold-blooded killer. A struggle exists for Sweetwater, a piece of land in the desert outside Flagstone that contains the region's only other water source. The land was bought by Brett McBain, who foresaw that the railroad would have to pass through that area, to provide water for the steam locomotives. When crippled railroad tycoon Morton learns of this, he sends his hired gun Frank to intimidate McBain to move off the land, but Frank instead kills McBain and his three children, planting evidence to frame the bandit Cheyenne (Robards). Meanwhile, former prostitute Jill arrives at Flagstone from New Orleans, revealing that she was McBain's new wife, and therefore the new owner of the land.

The film opens with a mysterious harmonica-playing gunman, whom Cheyenne later dubs "Harmonica", shooting three men sent by Frank to kill him. In a roadhouse on the way to Sweetwater, where he also encounters Mrs. McBain, Harmonica informs Cheyenne that the three gunfighters appeared to be posing as Cheyenne's men. Cheyenne arrives at Sweetwater soon after, and both men seem attracted to Mrs. McBain. Harmonica explains that according to the contract of sale, she will lose Sweetwater unless the station is built by the time the track's construction crews reach that point, so Cheyenne puts his men to work building it.

Frank turns against Morton, who wants to make a deal with Mrs. McBain, and immobilizes him under guard on his private train out in the desert. Instead, Mrs. McBain allows Frank to seduce her, seemingly to save her life, and is then forced to sell her property in an auction, where Frank's men intimidate the other bidders. Harmonica disrupts Frank's plan to keep the price down when he arrives, holding Cheyenne at gunpoint, and makes a much higher bid with the reward money for the wanted Cheyenne, but as Cheyenne is placed on a train bound for the Yuma prison, two members of his gang purchase one-way tickets for the train, intending to help him escape.

Morton now pays Frank's men to turn against him. Harmonica helps Frank kill them, though, by directing his attention to their whereabouts from the room where Mrs. McBain is taking a bath. On Frank's return to Morton's train, he finds that Morton and his remaining men have been killed in a battle with Cheyenne's gang. Frank then goes to Sweetwater to confront Harmonica. On two occasions, Frank has asked him who he is, but both times Harmonica only answered with names of men "who were alive before they knew you". This time, Harmonica says he will reveal who he is "only at the point of dying".

As the two prepare for a gun duel, Harmonica's motive is revealed in a flashback. A younger Frank forces a boy to support his older brother on his shoulders, while his brother's neck is in a noose strung from an arch. As the boy struggles to hold his brother's weight, Frank stuffs a harmonica into the panting boy's mouth. The older brother curses Frank, and the boy (who will grow up to be Harmonica) collapses to the ground. Back in the present, Harmonica draws first and shoots Frank. He then stuffs his harmonica into the dying Frank's mouth as a reminder.

At the house again, Harmonica and Cheyenne say goodbye to Mrs. McBain, who is supervising the construction of the railway station as the track-laying crews reach Sweetwater. As the two men ride off, Cheyenne falls, admitting that he was mortally wounded by Morton during the fight with Frank's gang. While Harmonica rides away with Cheyenne's dead body, the work train arrives and Mrs. McBain carries water to the rail workers.

Cast

Production

Origins

After making his American Civil War epic The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, Leone had intended to make no more Westerns, believing he had said all he wanted to say. He had come across the novel The Hoods by the pseudonymous "Harry Grey", an autobiographical book based on the author's own experiences as a Jewish hood during Prohibition, and planned to adapt it into a film (17 years later, it would become his final film, Once Upon a Time in America). Leone, though, was offered only Westerns by the Hollywood studios. United Artists (which had produced the Dollars Trilogy) offered him the opportunity to make a film starring Charlton Heston, Kirk Douglas, and Rock Hudson, but Leone refused. When Paramount offered Leone a generous budget along with access to Henry Fonda—his favorite actor, and one with whom he had wanted to work for virtually all of his career—Leone accepted the offer.

Leone commissioned Bernardo Bertolucci and Dario Argento to help him devise a film treatment in late 1966. The men spent much of the following year watching and discussing numerous classic Westerns, such as High Noon, The Iron Horse, The Comancheros, and The Searchers at Leone's house, and constructed a story made up almost entirely of "references" to American Westerns.

Beginning with The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, which originally ran for three hours, Leone's films had usually been cut (often quite considerably) for box-office release. Leone was very conscious of the length of Once Upon a Time in the West during filming, and subsequently commissioned Sergio Donati, who had worked on several of Leone's other films, to help him refine the screenplay, largely to curb the length of the film toward the end of production. Many of the film's most memorable lines of dialogue came from Donati, or from the film's English dialogue adapter, expatriate American actor Mickey Knox.[12]

Style and pacing
The Sweetwater Ranch

For Once Upon a Time in the West, Leone changed his approach over his earlier Westerns. Whereas the "Dollars" films were quirky and up-tempo, a celebratory yet tongue-in-cheek parody of the icons of the Wild West, this film is much slower in pace and somber in theme. Leone's distinctive style, which is very different from, but very much influenced by, Akira Kurosawa's Sanshiro Sugata (1943), is still present, but has been modified for the beginning of Leone's second trilogy, the so-called Once Upon a Time trilogy. The characters in this film are also beginning to change markedly over their predecessors in the Dollars trilogy. They are not quite as defined, and unusual for Leone characters up to this point, they begin to change (or at least attempt to) over the course of the story. This signals the start of the second phase of Leone's style, which was further developed in Duck, You Sucker! and Once Upon a Time in America.

The film features long, slow scenes with very little dialogue and little happening, broken by brief and sudden violence. Leone was far more interested in the rituals preceding violence than in the violence itself. The tone of the film is consistent with the arid semidesert in which the story unfolds, and imbues it with a feeling of realism that contrasts with the elaborately choreographed gunplay.

Leone liked to tell the story of a cinema in Paris where the film ran uninterrupted for two years. When he visited this theater, he was surrounded by fans who wanted his autograph, as well as the projectionist, who was less than enthusiastic. Leone claimed the projectionist told him, "I kill you! The same movie over and over again for two years! And it's so SLOW!"[13]

Locations
Monument Valley, Utah

Interiors for the film were shot in Cinecittà studios, Rome.[14] The opening sequence with the three gunmen meeting the train was one of the sequences filmed in Spain. Shooting for scenes at Cattle Corner Station, as the location was called in the story, was scheduled for four days and was filmed at the "ghost" train station in the municipality of La Calahorra, near Guadix, in the Province of Granada, Spain, as were the scenes of Flagstone. Shooting for the scenes in the middle of the railway were filmed along the Guadix–Hernán-Valle railway line.[15][16][17] Scenes at the Sweetwater Ranch were filmed in the Tabernas Desert, Spain; the ranch is still located at what is now called Western Leone. The brick arch, where Bronson's character flashes back to his youth and the original lynching incident, was built near a small airport 15 miles north of Monument Valley, in Utah, and two miles from U.S. Route 163 (which links Gouldings Lodge and Mexican Hat). Monument Valley itself is used extensively for the route Jill travels towards her new family in Sweetwater.[14]

Casting

Fonda did not accept Leone's first offer to play Frank, so Leone flew to New York to convince him, telling him: "Picture this: the camera shows a gunman from the waist down pulling his gun and shooting a running child. The camera tilts up to the gunman's face and… it's Henry Fonda." After meeting with Leone, Fonda called his friend Eli Wallach, who had co-starred in The Good, the Bad and the Ugly. Wallach advised Fonda to do the film, telling him "You will have the time of your life."

When he accepted the role, Fonda came to the set with brown contact lenses and facial hair. Fonda felt having dark eyes and facial hair would blend well with his character's evil, and also help the audience to accept this "new" Fonda as the bad guy, but Leone immediately told him to remove the contacts and facial hair. Leone felt that Fonda's blue eyes best reflected the cold, icy nature of the killer. It was one of the first times in a Western film where the villain was played by the lead actor.

Following the film's completion, Once Upon a Time in the West was dubbed into several languages, including Italian, French, German, Spanish, and English. For the English dub, the voices of many of the American cast, including Fonda, Bronson, Robards, Wynn, Wolff, and Lionel Stander, were used. However, the rest of the cast had to be dubbed by other actors – including Ferzetti, who was dubbed by actor Bernard Grant, Claudia Cardinale, who was voiced by Grant's wife, Joyce Gordon, and Jack Elam.[18]

Music
Main article: Once Upon a Time in the West (soundtrack)

The music was written by composer Ennio Morricone, Leone's regular collaborator, who wrote the score under Leone's direction before filming began. As in The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, the haunting music contributes to the film's grandeur, and like the music for The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, is considered one of Morricone's greatest compositions.

The film features leitmotifs that relate to each of the main characters (with their own theme music), as well as to the spirit of the American West.[19] Especially compelling are the wordless vocals by Italian singer Edda Dell'Orso during the theme music for the Claudia Cardinale character. Leone's desire was to have the music available and played during filming. Leone had Morricone compose the score before shooting started, and played the music in the background for the actors on set.[19]

Except for about a minute of the "Judgment" motif, before Harmonica kills the three outlaws, no soundtrack music is played until the end of the second scene, when Fonda makes his first entry. During the beginning of the film, Leone instead uses a number of natural sounds, for instance, a turning wheel in the wind, sound of a train, grasshoppers, shotguns while hunting, wings of pigeons, etc., in addition to the diegetic sound of the harmonica.

Reception

Once Upon a Time in the West was reviewed in 1969 in the Chicago Sun-Times by Roger Ebert, who gave it two-and-a-half out of four stars. He found it to be "good fun" and "a painstaking distillation" of Leone's famous style, with intriguing performances by actors cast against their type and a richness of detail projecting "a sense of life of the West" made possible by Paramount's bigger budget for this Leone film. Ebert complained, however, of the film's length and convoluted plot, which he said only becomes clear by the second hour. While viewing Cardinale as a good casting choice, he said she lacked the "blood-and-thunder abandon" of her performance in Cartouche (1962), blaming Leone for directing her "too passively."[20]

In subsequent years, the film developed a greater standing among critics, as well as a cult following.[21] Directors such as Martin Scorsese, George Lucas, Quentin Tarantino,[22] and Vince Gilligan[23] have cited the film as an influence on their work. It has also appeared on prominent all-time critics lists, including Time's 100 greatest films of the 20th century and Empire's 500 greatest movies of all time, where it was the list's highest-ranking Western at number 14.[22] Popular culture scholar Christopher Frayling regarded it as "one of the greatest films ever made".[24]

Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 95% approval rating based on 63 reviews, with a weighted average of 9.16/10. The critical consensus reads: "A landmark Sergio Leone spaghetti Western masterpiece featuring a classic Morricone score."[25]

Accolades

  • Time named Once Upon a Time in the West as one of the 100 greatest films of all-time.[26]
  • In They Shoot Pictures, Don't They's list of the 1000 Greatest Films, Once Upon a Time in the West is placed at number 62.[27]
  • Total Film placed Once Upon a Time in the West in their special edition issue of the 100 Greatest Movies.[28]
  • In 2008, Empire held a poll of "the 500 Greatest Movies of All Time", taking votes from 10,000 readers, 150 filmmakers, and 50 film critics. "Once Upon a Time in the West" was voted in at number 14, the highest Western on the list.[29] In 2017, it was then ranked at number 52 on Empire's poll for "The 100 Greatest Movies" (the second-highest Western on the list).[30]
  • In 2009, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant".[10]
  • In 2010, The Guardian ranked it third in its "The 25 Best Action and War Films of All Time" list;[31] and in 2013 the paper ranked it first in its "Top 10 Movie Westerns" list.[32]
  • In 2014, Time Out polled several film critics, directors, actors, and stunt actors to list their top action films.[33] Once Upon A Time In The West placed 30th on their list.[34]

The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

Releases

European release

The movie was a massive hit in France,[6] and was easily the most successful film released there in 1969, with 14.8 million admissions, ranking seventh of all time.[37][38] It sparked a brief fashion trend for duster coats, which took such proportions that Parisian department stores such as Au Printemps had to affix signs on escalators warning patrons to keep their "maxis", as they were called, clear from the edges of moving steps to prevent jamming.

It was also the most popular film in Germany with admissions of 13 million, ranking third of all time.[7]

American release

In the US, Paramount edited the film to about 145 minutes for the wide release, but the film underperformed at the box office, earning $2.1M in rentals in North America.[39]

These scenes were cut for the American release:

  • The entire scene at Lionel Stander's trading post. Cheyenne (Robards) was not introduced in the American release until his arrival at the McBain ranch later in the film. Stander remained in the credits, though he did not appear in this version at all.
  • The scene in which Morton and Frank discuss what to do with Jill at the Navajo Cliffs
  • Morton's death scene was reduced considerably.
  • Cheyenne's death scene was completely excised.

Otherwise, one scene was slightly longer in the US version than in the international film release:
Following the opening duel (where all four gunmen fire and fall), Charles Bronson's character stands up again, showing that he had only been shot in the arm. This part of the scene had been originally cut by director Sergio Leone for the worldwide theatrical release. It was added again for the U.S. market, because the American distributors feared American viewers would not understand the story otherwise, especially since Harmonica's arm wound is originally shown for the first time in the scene at the trading post, which was cut for the shorter U.S. version.

The English-language version was restored to around 165 minutes for a re-release in 1984, and for its video release the following year.

Director's cut

In Italy, a 175-minute director's cut features a yellow tint filter, and several scenes were augmented with additional material. This director's cut was available on home video until the early 2000s, and still airs on TV, but more recent home-video releases have used the international cut.

Home media

After years of public requests, Paramount released a two-disc "Special Collector's Edition" of Once Upon a Time in the West on 18 November 2003, with a running time of 165 minutes (158 minutes in some regions).[nb 1] This release is the color 2.35:1 aspect ratio version in anamorphic widescreen, closed captioned, and Dolby. Commentary is also provided by film experts and historians, including John Carpenter, John Milius, Alex Cox, film historian and Leone biographer Sir Christopher Frayling, Dr. Sheldon Hall, and actors Claudia Cardinale and Gabriele Ferzetti, and director Bernardo Bertolucci, a co-writer of the film.

The second disc has special features, including three recent documentaries on several aspects of the film:

  • An Opera of Violence
  • The Wages of Sin
  • Something to Do with Death

The film was released on Blu-ray on 31 May 2011.

Restored version

A restored 4K version has been published by Cineteca Bologna in 2018, with improved colors and image quality.[40]

Film references

Leone's intent was to take the stock conventions of the American Westerns of John Ford, Howard Hawks, and others, and rework them in an ironic fashion, essentially reversing their intended meaning in their original sources to create a darker connotation.[41] The most obvious example of this is the casting of veteran film good guy Henry Fonda as the villainous Frank, but many other, more subtle reversals occur throughout the film. According to film critic and historian Christopher Frayling, the film quotes from as many as 30 classic American Westerns.

The major films referenced include:

  • The Comancheros (1961): The names "McBain" and "Sweetwater" may come from this film. (Contrary to popular belief, the name of the town "Sweetwater" was not taken from Victor Sjöström's silent epic drama The Wind. Bernardo Bertolucci has stated that he looked at a map of the Southwestern United States, found the name of the town in Arizona, and decided to incorporate it into the film. However, both "Sweetwater" and a character named "McBain" appeared in The Comancheros, which Leone admired.[42])
  • Johnny Guitar (1954): Jill and Vienna have similar backstories (both are former prostitutes who become saloonkeepers), and both own land where a train station will be built because of access to water. Also, Harmonica, like Sterling Hayden's title character, is a mysterious, gunslinging outsider known by his musical nickname. Some of West's central plot (Western settlers vs. the railroad company) may be recycled from Nicholas Ray's film.[42]
  • The Iron Horse (1924): West may contain several subtle references to this film, including a low-angle shot of a shrieking train rushing towards the screen in the opening scene, and the shot of the train pulling into the Sweetwater station at the end.[42]
  • Shane (1953): The massacre scene in West features young Timmy McBain out hunting with his father, just as Joey does in this movie. The funeral of the McBains is borrowed almost shot-for-shot from Shane.[42]
  • The Searchers (1956): Leone admitted that the rustling bushes, the silencing of insect sounds, and the fluttering grouse that suggests menace is approaching the farmhouse when the McBain family is massacred were all taken from The Searchers. The ending of the film—where Western nomads Harmonica and Cheyenne move on rather than join modern society—also echoes the famous ending of Ford's film.[42]
  • Winchester '73 (1950): The scenes in West at the trading post are claimed to be based on those in Winchester '73, but the resemblance is slight.[42]
  • The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962): The dusters (long coats) worn by Cheyenne and his gang (and by Frank and his men while impersonating them) resemble those worn by Liberty Valance (Lee Marvin) and his henchmen when they are introduced in this film. In addition, the auction scene in West was intended to recall the election scene in Liberty Valance.[42]
  • The Last Sunset (1961): The final duel between Frank and Harmonica is shot almost identically to the duel between Kirk Douglas and Rock Hudson in this film.[42]
  • Duel in the Sun (1946): The character of Morton, the crippled railroad baron in West, was based on the character played by Lionel Barrymore in this film.[42]

See also

Notes
  1. The 7-minute regional variation in DVD running time is due to the 4% speed difference between the 24 fps NTSC and 25 fps PAL video formats. No content differs.

References
  1. "Once Upon a Time in the West". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Archived from the original on 15 October 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
  2. "Once upon a Time in the West (1968)". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
  3. "Film Releases". Variety Insight. Archived from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
  4. "C'era una volta il West". LUMIERE. Archived from the original on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
  5. "Box Office Information for Once Upon a Time in the West". The Numbers. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
  6. Box office information for film at Box Office Story
  7. "Top 100 Deutschland". Archived from the original on 25 December 2017. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
  8. Corliss, Richard (25 April 2007). "Top 25 Greatest Villains - Henry Fonda as Frank". Time. Time Inc. Archived from the original on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  9. "The film with three names – in praise of Sergio Leone's neglected spaghetti western". British Film Institute. 24 April 2018. Archived from the original on 2 June 2019. Retrieved 2 June 2019.
  10. "25 new titles added to National Film Registry". Yahoo News. Yahoo. Associated Press. 30 December 2009. Archived from the original on 6 January 2010. Retrieved 30 December 2009.
  11. "Complete National Film Registry Listing | Film Registry | National Film Preservation Board | Programs at the Library of Congress | Library of Congress". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Archived from the original on 25 April 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  12. Kiral, Cenk (9 April 1998). "An Exclusive Interview With Mickey Knox". Fistful-of-leone.com. Archived from the original on 18 May 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
  13. Frayling, Christopher (2012). Sergio Leone: Something to do with Death. University of Minnesota Press. p. 296. ISBN 9780816646838.
  14. The Wages of Sin (2003) Archived 11 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine, part two of the making of Sergio Leone's Once Upon a Time in the West
  15. "La Calahorra, una estación de cine para los 'western' españoles" Archived 17 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine, 20 Minutos, 1 March 2013 (in Spanish). Accessed 17 March 2017.
  16. "Estados Unidos en Granada. La Calahorra: escenario de WEsterns" Archived 17 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Guía Repsol, 10 October 2015 (in Spanish). Accessed 17 March 2017.
  17. "Location Filming for Once Upon A Time in the West". Fistfuloflocations.com. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
  18. Howard Hughes (2007). Stagecoach to Tombstone: The Filmgoers' Guide to the Great Westerns. I.B. Tauris & Co. ISBN 978-1-84511571-5. p.166.
  19. Kehr, Dave (2011). "Once Upon a Time in the West". When movies mattered : reviews from a transformative decade. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-42941-0.
  20. Ebert, Roger (6 June 1969). "Once Upon a Time in the West (1969)". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on 2 September 2018. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
  21. Mathijs, Ernest; Sexton, Jamie (2012). "Cult Pastiche". Cult Cinema: An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 1444396439.
  22. Snider, Eric (19 April 2012). "My Shame List: Once Upon a Time in the West (1968)". MTV. Archived from the original on 2 September 2018. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
  23. "Breaking Bad Series Creator Vince Gilligan Answers Viewer Questions". AMC.com. Archived from the original on 17 March 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
  24. Frayling, Christopher (2005). Once Upon a Time in Italy: The Westerns of Sergio Leone. Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0810958848.
  25. "Once Upon a Time in the West (1968)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Archived from the original on 23 April 2015. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
  26. "Time Magazine's All-Time 100 Movies | The Moving Arts Film Journal". Themovingarts.com. Archived from the original on 22 January 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
  27. "TSPDT - 1,000 Greatest Films (Full List)". Theyshootpictures.com. Archived from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
  28. "100 Greatest Movies of All Time". Drskantze.com. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
  29. "Empire Magazine's 500 Greatest Movies of All Time". /Film. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018.
  30. "Empire's 500 Greatest Movies Of All Time". Empire. 5 December 2006. Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
  31. Guardian Staff (19 October 2010). "The 25 best action and war films of all time: the full list". the Guardian. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  32. "Top 10 movie westerns". The Guardian. 2013. Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  33. "The 100 best action movies". Time Out. Archived from the original on 6 November 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
  34. "The 100 best action movies: 30-21". Time Out. Archived from the original on 28 July 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
  35. "AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains Nominees" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 October 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
  36. "AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores Nominees" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
  37. Box office information for 1969 in France at Box Office Story
  38. "Top250 Tous Les Temps En France (reprises incluses)". Archived from the original on 31 March 2018. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
  39. "Big Rental Films of 1969", Variety, 7 January 1970 p 15
  40. "C'ERA UNA VOLTA IL WEST". Il Cinema Ritrovato. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
  41. 'An Opera of Violence', documentary on the DVD Once Upon a Time in the West: Special Collector's Edition
  42. Frayling

Further reading
  • Fawell, John (2005). The Art of Sergio Leone's Once Upon a Time in the West: A Critical Appreciation. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-2092-8.
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