Oracle Application Express

Oracle Application Express (abbreviated APEX, previously named Oracle HTML DB) is a web-based software development environment that runs on an Oracle database. It is fully supported and comes standard (at no additional cost) with all Oracle Database editions and Oracle Autonomous Database Service. Starting with Oracle 11g, APEX is installed by default as part of the core database install.

Oracle Application Express
Developer(s)Oracle Corporation
Stable release
20.2.0.00.20 / October 21, 2020 (2020-10-21)
Operating systemWindows, Linux, Oracle Solaris, HP-UX, IBM AIX[1]
TypeOracle database development environment
LicenseOracle Technical Network License (proprietary[2])
Websiteapex.oracle.com

APEX can be used to build complex web applications which can be used in most modern web browsers. The APEX development environment is also browser-based.

Releases

Oracle Application Express can be installed on any Oracle database from version 9.2 or higher, and starting from Oracle 11g it is installed with the database by default. APEX 4.0 and higher can be installed on an Oracle 10.2.0.3 or higher database. APEX 5.0 and higher can be installed on all editions (SE1, SE, and EE) of the Oracle database, 11.1.0.7 or higher with a valid Oracle Database Technical Support agreement; From APEX 18.1, the minimum database version is 11.2.0.4. It can also be used with Oracle Database 11g Express Edition (XE), but is supported through the Oracle Technology Network discussion forum, and not through Oracle Support Services.[1]

Product NameVersionReleasedNotes
HTML DB1.52004First release.[3]
HTML DB1.62004Added themes.[3]
HTML DB2.02005Added SQL Workshop.[3]
Application Express2.1January 2006HTMLDB was renamed to APEX. Version 2.1 of APEX was bundled with the free Oracle Express Edition (XE) database.
Application Express2.22006Packaged Applications.[3]
Application Express3.02007This version featured several new features, including PDF Printing, Flash charting and Access Application Migration.[3]
Application Express3.0.1July 2007This version could also be installed into an Oracle XE database.
Application Express3.1Spring 2008This included a new major feature known as Interactive Reporting (enabled end-users to customize a report without programmer intervention, using techniques such as filtering, sorting, group-by, choosing displayed columns, etc. The user can even save multiple versions of their customized reports. The programmer can limit which features are enabled). Also added support for BLOB data type.[3]
Application Express3.22009Forms conversion.[3]
Application Express4.0June 2010Some notable features are declarative Dynamic Actions (which allow reacting to changes on a page without the developer having to write custom Javascript) and Plugins (which allow developers to create custom components such as items, regions and processes, that can be re-used across pages and applications). Also added Websheets and RESTful Web.[3]
Application Express4.1August 2011Notable new features included improved (customized) error handling, use of ROWID for updates, a data upload feature for end-users, and improved WebSheets (a hybrid of a spreadsheet and a Wiki, built using Apex itself).
Application Express4.1.1February 2012Notable new features included new theme (cloudy) and various templates.
Application Express4.2October 2012Notable new features such as application builder for mobile, mobile and responsive themes, and HTML5 support.
Application Express4.2.1December 2012Bug Fixes.
Application Express4.2.2April 2013Bug Fixes, Improved PDF printing, new Survey Builder packaged application.
Application Express4.2.3September 2013This is a cumulative patch set for Application Express 4.2.0, Application Express 4.2.1, and Application Express 4.2.2.
Application Express4.2.4December 2013This is a cumulative patch set for Application Express 4.2.0, Application Express 4.2.1, Application Express 4.2.2 and Application Express 4.2.3.
Application Express4.2.5April 2014This is a cumulative patch set for Application Express 4.2.0, Application Express 4.2.1, Application Express 4.2.2, Application Express 4.2.3 and Application Express 4.2.4.
Application Express4.2.6September 2014This is a cumulative patch set for Application Express 4.2.0, Application Express 4.2.1, Application Express 4.2.2, Application Express 4.2.3, Application Express 4.2.4 and Application Express 4.2.5.
Application Express5.0April 2015Notable features are focused on developer productivity and improving the User Interface of user applications. This version introduces Page Designer, a browser-based IDE which provides drag and drop layouting of page components, property editor, and much more, reducing the need to go from page to page to make changes. Version 5.0 also introduces Universal Theme, a responsive user interface for user applications which can easily and extensively be customized using Template Options and Theme Roller (which enables on-the-fly theming of an application).[1][4]
Application Express5.0.1July 2015This is a cumulative patch set for Application Express 5.0.0.[5][6]
Application Express5.0.2October 2015This is a cumulative patch set for Application Express 5.0.0 and Application Express 5.0.1.[1][7]
Application Express5.0.3December 2015Application Express 5.0.3.[1][8]
Application Express 5.0.4 July 2016 This is a cumulative patch set for Application Express 5.0.0 and Application Express 5.0.3[9]
Application Express 5.1 December 2016 Notable features include a new "Interactive Grids" component which provides an editable grid, Oracle JET-based charting, updated Universal Theme with Live Template Options and RTL support, several UX enhancements, updates to Packaged Apps, and three new Productivity Apps: Quick SQL, REST Client Assistant, and Competitive Analysis.
Application Express 5.1.1 March 2017 This is a cumulative patch set for Application Express 5.1.0[10]
Application Express 5.1.2 June 2017 This is a cumulative patch set for Application Express 5.1.0 and Application Express 5.1.1[11]
Application Express 5.1.3 September 2017 This is a cumulative patch set for Application Express 5.1.0 - Application Express 5.1.2
Application Express 5.1.4 December 2017 This is a cumulative patch set for Application Express 5.1.0 - Application Express 5.1.3[12]
Application Express 18.1.0 May 2018 Oracle has released the latest version of APEX and keeping in line with their naming convention APEX has jumped from version 5.1.4 to 18.1- Application Express 5.1.4[13]
Application Express 18.2.0 September 2018 This release includes new features such as:
  • Updated Font APEX
  • JavaScript API Documentation
  • Side by Side Master Detail
  • New Dashboard Page
  • Declarative Static List of Values
  • Sample Dataset Enhancements
Application Express 19.1.0 March 2019 This release includes new features such as:
  • REST-enabled Forms
  • New Form component
  • Data Loading
  • Dark Theme
  • JET Chart enhancements
  • REST enabled database objects
  • JavaScript APIs
Application Express 19.2.0.00.18 November 2019 This release includes new features such as:
  • Faceted Search
  • New Team Development
  • Enhanced Popup LOV
  • Expanded Shared LOVs
  • REST Enabled Interactive Grid
  • Data Loading into Existing Tables
  • Upgraded Oracle JET
  • Dark Mode theme style in Universal Theme
Application Express 20.1.0.00.13 April 2020 This version includes the following features:

APEX + Redwood: The user interface of APEX and the App Builder has been refreshed to align with Redwood, Oracle's new user experience design system.

Faceted Search Enhancements: Allowing implement a cascading list of values, conditional facets, and compact count display

Friendly URLs: The URL syntax for APEX apps has been simplified to allow for friendlier URLs at runtime.

Improvements in Deployments and Exports: Automatic Backups, Export App as Zip and One-Click Remote App Deployment.

Native PDF Printing: You can now print PDF files directly from Interactive Grids.

Mega Menus: Render the navigation menu as a collapsible floating panel that displays all navigation items at once.

Application Express 20.2.0.00.20 October, 2020 This release includes the following features:
  • All New Cards Component
  • Automations
  • Faceted Search Enhancements
  • Report Printing Enhancements
  • REST Data Source Synchronization
  • REST Data Source Connector Plug-ins
  • New Web Credential types
  • Redwood Light Theme Style
  • Developer Experience
  • New and Improved Items

Background

Application Express has gone through many name changes since its inception in 2000. Names include:

  • Flows
  • Oracle Platform
  • Project Marvel
  • HTML DB
  • Application Express (APEX)

APEX was created by Mike Hichwa, a developer at Oracle, after development of his previous project, Web DB, started to diverge from his original vision. Although APEX shares some functionality with Web DB, it was developed from scratch and there's no upgrade path from Web DB to APEX. When tasked with building an internal web calendar, Hichwa enlisted the help of Joel Kallman and started development on a project called Flows. Hichwa and Kallman co-developed the Web Calendar and Flows, adding features to Flows as they needed them to develop the calendar. Early builds of Flow had no front-end so all changes to an application had to be made in SQL*Plus via inserts, updates and deletes.[14]

APEX is used internally by Oracle to develop some of its support sites. The AskTom knowledgebase and online store both run on APEX. The Metalink support site ran on APEX for some time before it was eventually replaced by an Oracle ADF solution.[15]

Advantages and disadvantages

Advantages
  • DBAs familiar with PL/SQL can use their skill set to develop web applications
  • Easy to create mock-ups using pre-built themes
  • Easy to deploy (end user opens a URL to access an APEX application)
  • Scalable (can be deployed to laptops, stand-alone servers, or Oracle RAC installations)
  • Server-side processing and validations
  • Strong and supportive user community
  • Basic support for group development
  • Free hosting of demo applications provided by Oracle
  • Apex applications can run on the free Oracle Express Edition (XE) database
  • Individual components of an application can be retrieved or identified using SQL, facilitating customized reports
  • Easily adheres to the SQA development/test/production model (while not exposing DB passwords)
  • Helps put the focus on the DB model supporting a solution (versus coding in Java, .NET or PHP - you only need JavaScript)
  • Easily supports a standardized theme across application sets (and the changing of that theme)
  • Semi-technical end users can build their own web pages and reports

Disadvantages
  • APEX applications are created using Oracle's own tools and only can be hosted in an Oracle database, making an implementer susceptible to vendor lock-in.
  • Very few webhosts offer APEX (Oracle Database) on their hosting service package (most of them offer PHP + MySQL or ASP + Microsoft SQL Server). As a result, APEX applications are limited in their choice of webhosts. However, since APEX can run on the free Express Edition of the Oracle database (Oracle XE), it is possible to install the required stack (database, APEX framework, and web gateway) on any standard operating system host (Linux or Windows).
  • Projects requiring multiple developers to touch the same web page will need to communicate their intentions with each other. There is no built in version control and all components must be edited through the web interface. No support for merge two versions. Page locking can help guard against conflicts.

Low Code environment

While APEX has existed since 2004 in one form or another, it has recently been included in the new category of application development platforms called Low Code. These Low Code environments can trace their origins to 4GL programming languages and rapid application development(RAD) tools. Since APEX was originally marketed as a RAD tool, this progression is a logical one. APEX allows the easy building of web applications with no code. Where the requirements are more complex, APEX allows the extension of the Low Code objects through a declarative framework. This framework lets the developer define custom logic and business rules as well as create an enhanced user interface. The developer can do this through the inclusion of SQL, PL/SQL, HTML, JavaScript, or CSS as well as APEX plug-ins. So APEX permits developers to go from no code to low code to more code.[16][17]

Security

There is a common misconception that the abstracted nature of APEX applications results in a relatively secure user environment. However, APEX applications suffer from the same classes of application security flaws as other web applications based on more direct technologies such as PHP, ASP.net and Java.

The main classes of vulnerability that affect APEX applications are: SQL injection, Cross-site scripting (XSS), and Access Control.

APEX applications inherently use PL/SQL constructs as the base server-side language. As well as accessing data via PL/SQL blocks, an APEX application will use PL/SQL to implement authorization, and to conditionally display web page elements. This means that generally APEX applications suffer from SQL injection when these PL/SQL blocks do not correctly validate and handle malicious user input. Oracle implemented a special variable type for APEX called Substitution Variables (with a syntax of &NAME.) and these are not safe and lead to SQL Injection. Where the injection occurs within a PL/SQL block an attacker can inject an arbitrary number of queries or statements to execute. Escaping special characters and using bind variables is the right way to code to ensure no XSS and SQL injection.

Cross-Site Scripting vulnerabilities arise in APEX applications just like other web application languages. Oracle provides the htf.escape_sc() function to escape user data that is displayed within a rendered HTML response. The reports that APEX generates also provide protection against XSS through the Display As setting on report columns. Originally the default was for reports to be created without any escaping of the columns, although recent versions now set the column type to escape by default. Column definitions can be queried programmatically to check for columns that do not escape the value.

To control access to resources within an APEX application a developer can assign authorization schemes to resources (such as pages and items). These must be applied consistently in order to ensure that resources are appropriately protected. A typical example of inconsistent access-control being applied is where an authorization scheme is set for a Button item, but not the associated Process that is performed when the button is clicked. A malicious user can perform the process (through JavaScript) without requiring the actual Button to be accessible.

Since APEX 4.0, the Application Builder interface provides some limited assessment of the security posture through the Advisor utility.

Third-party libraries

Developers may improve and extend their APEX applications by using third-party libraries that APEX comes standard with. Among them are jQuery Mobile (HTML5 based user interface),[18] jQuery UI (user interface for the web),[19] AnyChart (JavaScript/HTML5 charts),[20] CKEditor (web text editor),[21] and others. Experts say it is an advantage of applying the latest APEX patches that the external libraries which come with APEX carry an update, too. However, many of the libraries come out with newer versions more frequently than there are APEX patches.[22][23]

APEX and Oracle Database Express Edition (XE)

Oracle Application Express can be run inside Oracle Database Express Edition (XE), a free entry-level database. Although the functionality of APEX isn't intentionally limited when running on XE, the limitations of the database engine may prevent some APEX features from functioning. Also, Oracle XE has limits for CPU, memory and disk usage.[24]

See also

References
  1. "Oracle Application Express - Downloads". Oracle. Retrieved 2015-12-10.
  2. "Oracle Application Express Documentation". Oracle Help Center.
  3. "APEX Overview". Oracle Corporation. Retrieved September 16, 2012.
  4. "Oracle APEX 5.0 released today". Dimitri Gielis Blog. April 15, 2015. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
  5. "Oracle APEX 5.0.1 now available". Inside Oracle APEX by Patrick Wolf. July 16, 2015. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
  6. "Oracle Application Express Patch Set Notes". Oracle. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
  7. "Apex 5.0.2 was released". Proactive Support - Oracle Development Tools. October 22, 2015. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
  8. "Apex 5.0.3 was released". Proactive Support - Oracle Development Tools. December 15, 2015. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
  9. "Oracle® Application Express Patch Set Notes". www.oracle.com. Retrieved 2016-07-25.
  10. "Oracle® Application Express 5.1.1 Patch Set Notes". www.oracle.com. Retrieved 2017-03-28.
  11. "Oracle Application Express 5.1.2 Patch Set Notes". www.oracle.com. Retrieved 2017-07-27.
  12. "Oracle Application Express 5.1.4 Patch Set Notes". www.oracle.com. Retrieved 2017-12-17.
  13. https://easyoradba.com/2018/05/28/upgrade-oracle-apex-from-5-1-x-to-18-1. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  14. "Michael Hichwa". Apress. Michael Hichwa is the original developer and architect of Oracle Application Express (APEX), aka HTML DB. Michael created APEX as a 100% rewrite of an earlier browser-based application development tool he also created, called Oracle WebDB. He had invaluable technical assistance and guidance from Tom Kyte and the addition of Joel Kallman as a co-developer. Michael and Joel have led APEX developments efforts since 1999
  15. "Introducing My Oracle Support". My Oracle Support. September 20, 2008.
  16. Kallman, Joel. "From Low Code to High Control". Retrieved 2017-11-27.
  17. "Low Code with Oracle Application Express". apex.oracle.com. Retrieved 2017-11-27.
  18. "Building a Mobile Web Application Using Oracle Application Express 5.0". Oracle.
  19. "Application Express Application Builder User's Guide". Oracle.
  20. "Oracle APEX: Using AnyChart products with Oracle Application Express (APEX)". AnyChart.
  21. "Oracle chooses FCKeditor for Application Express". CKEditor.com.
  22. "Goodies - APEX 4.2.2 included Libraries". Dimitri Gielis Blog. May 8, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
  23. "APEX 5 first peek". Grassroots Oracle. March 17, 2014. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
  24. "Limitations of the Express Edition". Oracle Corporation. Retrieved May 22, 2013.

Bibliography
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