Paleobiota of the Kristianstad Basin

The Kristianstad Basin is a Cretaceous-age structural basin and geological formation in northeastern Skåne, the southernmost province of Sweden. The sediments in the basin preserves a wide assortment of taxa represented in its fossil record, including the only non-avian dinosaur fossils in Sweden and one of the world's most diverse mosasaur faunas.

Belemnites, such as Belemnellocamax mammillatus (pictured), are common fossil finds in the Kristianstad Basin

Teeth of the medium-sized plesiosaur Scanisaurus sp.

Tooth of the Kristianstad Basin's top predator, the giant mosasaur Tylosaurus ivoensis

Though a majority of the taxa listed below lived during the latest early Campanian (c. 80.5 million years ago; fossils from the site Ivö Klack alone from this time compromise about 40 vertebrate species and more than 200 invertebrate species),[1] the Kristianstad Basin preserves fossils ranging in age from the early Santonian (c. 86.3 million years ago) to the early Maastrichtian (c. 72.1 million years ago); some of the animals in the list were not contemporaries, but separated from each other in time by several million years. The timespans from which fossils have been recovered is included for each species in the list.

Bony fish

Ray-finned fish

Ray-finned fishes reported from the Kristianstad Basin
Genus	Species	Sites	Age	Material	Notes	Ref	Images
Anomoeodus	A. subclavatus	Ivö Klack, Ignaberga, Åsen	Latest Early Campanian – early Late Campanian	Dentitions and isolated teeth	A pycnodontid fish	[2]	Enchodus An ichthyodectid fish (Gillicus) Pachyrhizodus Protosphyraena
	A. sp.	Balsvik, Ullstorp	Latest Early Campanian – early Late Campanian	Two isolated teeth	A pycnodontid fish	[3]
Enchodus	E. cf. gladiolus	Site not reported	Uncertain	A single isolated palatine tooth	An aulopiform fish	[4]
	E. sp.	Åsen	Latest Early Campanian	Dental remnants	An aulopiform fish, Enchodus-like dental remnants are abundant at Åsen and show considerable morphological variety.	[5]
	cf. E. sp.	Balsvik	Uncertain	A single isolated palatine tooth	An aulopiform fish, morphology of this tooth is distinct from the tooth attributed to E. gladiolus.	[5]
Ichthyodectidae indet.	–	Åsen	Latest Early Campanian – early Late Campanian	Two isolated teeth and a single isolated scale	An ichthyodectid fish, similar to Gillicus.	[6]
Lepisosteidae indet.	–	Åsen	Latest Early Campanian	A single isolated scale	A gar	[7]
Pachyrhizodus	cf. P. sp.	Åsen	Latest Early Campanian – early Late Campanian	Four isolated teeth	An elopiform fish	[4]
Protosphyraena	P. sp.	Ivö Klack, Åsen, Ullstorp	Earliest Campanian – latest Early Campanian	Six isolated teeth	A pachycormid fish. The teeth of Protosphyraena are much larger than those of the other fish in the basin and were once mistakenly referred to theropod dinosaurs.	[8][3]
Pycnodontidae indet.	–	Åsen, Ullstorp	Latest Early Campanian	Two isolated teeth	A pycnodontid fish	[3]
Teleostei indet.	–	Åsen	Latest Early Campanian	Two isolated teeth	A teleost fish, teeth similar to those attributed to Pachyrhizodus, but lack key diagnostic features.	[5]

Cartilaginous fish

Sharks

Sharks reported from the Kristianstad Basin
Genus	Species	Sites	Age	Material	Notes	Ref	Images
Acanthoscyllium	A. sp.	Balsvik, Bjärlången, Ballingslöv	Late Campanian	Isolated teeth	A hemiscylliid shark	[9]	Carcharias Centroscymnus Chiloscyllium Cretalamna Cretoxyrhina Galeorhinus Hemiscyllium Heterodontus Hybodus Ptychodus Scapanorhynchus Squalicorax Squalus Squatina Scyliorhinus
Anomotodon	A. hermani	Ivö Klack, Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Åsen, Balsvik	Latest Early Campanian – early Late Campanian	Isolated teeth	A mitsukurinid shark	[10][11]
Archaeolamna	A. kopingensis	Ivö Klack, Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Åsen, Ballingslöv, Balsvik	Latest Early Campanian – earliest Maastrichtian	Isolated teeth	A lamniform shark	[10][12][9]
Carcharias	C. aasenensis	Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Åsen	Latest Early Campanian	Isolated teeth	An odontaspidid lamniform shark, same genus as the modern sand tiger shark	[10]
	C. latus	Ivö Klack, Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Maltesholm, Åsen	Latest Early Campanian	Isolated teeth	An odontaspidid lamniform shark, same genus as the modern sand tiger shark	[10]
	C. tenuis	Ivö Klack, Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Åsen	Latest Early Campanian	Isolated teeth	An odontaspidid lamniform shark, same genus as the modern sand tiger shark	[10]
	C. sp.	Balsvik, Bjärlången, Ballingslöv	Late Campanian	Isolated teeth	An odontaspidid lamniform shark, same genus as the modern sand tiger shark	[13]
Cederstroemia	C. nilsi	Åsen	Latest Early Campanian	Isolated teeth	A wobbegong shark	[10]
	C. sp.	Ullstorp	Earliest Campanian	Isolated teeth	A wobbegong shark	[8]
Centroscymnus	C. schmidi	Balsvik	Late Campanian/Earliest Maastrichtian	A single tooth from the lower jaw	Centroscymnus in the Kristianstad Basin are from a younger (Maastrichtian) layer than the other sharks. The genus survives to the present day.	[9][14]
Chiloscyllium	C. gaemersi	Ugnsmunnarna, Balsvik, Ballingslöv	Latest Early Campanian – Late Campanian	Isolated teeth	A hemiscylliid shark, the genus survives to the present day	[10][9]
	C. sp.	Ivö Klack, Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Maltesholm, Åsen	Latest Early Campanian	Isolated teeth	A hemiscylliid shark, the genus survives to the present day	[10]
Cretalamna	C. appendiculata	Ivö Klack, Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Maltesholm, Åsen	Latest Early Campanian	Isolated teeth	An otodontid lamniform shark	[10]
	C. borealis	Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Ivö Klack, Åsen, Hanaskog	Latest Early Campanian – early Late Campanian	Isolated teeth	An otodontid lamniform shark	[15]
	C. sacroportheta	Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Ivö Klack, Åsen, Maltesholm	Latest Early Campanian	Isolated teeth	An otodontid lamniform shark	[16]
Cretodus	C. borodini	Ignaberga, Åsen	Latest Early Campanian	Isolated teeth	A cretoxyrhinid lamniform shark	[10]
Cretorectolobus	C. sp.	Ignaberga, Åsen	Latest Early Campanian	Isolated teeth	A carpet shark	[10]
Cretoxyrhina	C. mantelli	Ivö Klack, Ignaberga, Ullstorp, Balsvik	Earliest Campanian – early Late Campanian	Isolated teeth	A large cretoxyrhinid lamniform shark	[17][10]
Eoetmopterus	E. supracretaceus	Balsvik	Late Campanian	Isolated teeth	A squaliform shark	[9]
Galeorhinus	G. sp.	Ivö Klack, Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga	Latest Early Campanian	Isolated teeth	A triakid shark, same genus as the modern school shark	[10]
Hemiscylliidae sp.	–	Ignaberga	Latest Early Campanian	Isolated teeth	A hemiscylliid shark	[10]
Hemiscyllium	H. hermani	Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Åsen, Balsvik, Ballingslöv	Latest Early Campanian – Late Campanian	Isolated teeth	A hemiscylliid shark, the genus survives to the present day	[10][9]
Heterodontus	H. aff. rugosus	Ignaberga, Maltesholm, Balsvik	Latest Early Campanian – early Late Campanian	Isolated teeth	A heterodontiform shark, same genus as the modern bullhead shark	[18]
	H. sp. 1	Ivö Klack, Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Maltesholm, Åsen	Latest Early Campanian	Isolated teeth	A heterodontiform shark, same genus as the modern bullhead shark	[10]
	H. sp. 2	Ivö Klack, Ignaberga, Åsen	Latest Early Campanian	Isolated teeth	A heterodontiform shark, same genus as the modern bullhead shark	[10]
Hybodus	H. sp.	Ivö Klack, Ignaberga, Åsen	Latest Early Campanian	A fragmentary fin spine and isolated teeth	A hybodontiform shark	[10][19]
Meristodon	M. sp.	Ullstorp	Earliest Campanian	Isolated teeth	A hybodontiform shark	[8]
Palaeogaleus	P. sp.	Ugnsmunnarna, Åsen	Latest Early Campanian	Isolated teeth	A triakid shark	[10]
Paranomotodon	P. sp.	Ivö Klack, Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Åsen	Latest Early Campanian	Isolated teeth	A lamniform shark	[10]
Paraorthacodus	P. andersoni	Ivö Klack, Ignaberga, Åsen, Balsvik	Latest Early Campanian – early Late Campanian	Four isolated teeth	A paleospinacid shark	[10][20][11]
	P. conicus	Ivö Klack, Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Åsen, Balsvik	Latest Early Campanian – early Late Campanian	Over a thousand isolated teeth	A paleospinacid shark	[10][21][11]
	P. n. sp.	Balsvik	Early Late Campanian	Isolated teeth	A paleospinacid shark	[11]
Pararhincodon	P. spp.	Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Maltesholm, Åsen, Balsvik, Bjärlången, Ballingslöv	Latest Early Campanian – Late Campanian	Isolated teeth	A parascylliid shark, probably several species	[10][9]
Parasquatina	P. sp.	Balsvik	Late Campanian	Isolated teeth	A synechodontiform shark	[9]
Paratriakis	P. sp.	Ivö Klack, Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Maltesholm, Åsen, Ballingslöv	Latest Early Campanian – Late Campanian	Isolated teeth	A triakid shark	[10][9]
Polyacrodus	P. siversoni	Åsen	Latest Early Campanian	Isolated teeth	A hybodontiform shark	[10]
	P. sp.	Åsen, Ullstorp	Earliest Campanian – latest Early Campanian	Isolated teeth	A hybodontiform shark	[8][10]
Proetmopterus	P. hemmooriensis	Balsvik, Bjärlången, Ballingslöv	Late Campanian	Isolated teeth	A squaliform shark	[9]
Pseudocorax	P. laevis	Ignaberga, Åsen, Balsvik	Latest Early Campanian – early Late Campanian	Isolated teeth	An anacoracid lamniform shark	[10][11]
	P. aff. affinis	Ballingslöv	Earliest Maastrichtian	A single isolated tooth	An anacoracid lamniform shark, in later (Maastrichtian) strata than the other sharks	[12]
Pseudoscapanorhynchus	P. sp.	Balsvik	Early Late Campanian	Isolated teeth	A mitsukurinid shark	[11]
Ptychodus	P. spp.	Ignaberga	Late Middle Santonian – earliest Campanian	Isolated teeth	A hybodontiform shark, found in earlier strata than most other sharks	[8]
Scapanorhynchus	S. perssoni	Ivö Klack, Ugnsmunnarna, Åsen	Latest Early Campanian	Isolated teeth	A mitsukurinid shark	[10]
Scyliorhinidae sp. 1	–	Åsen	Latest Early Campanian	Isolated teeth	A catshark	[10]
Scyliorhinidae sp. 2	–	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Isolated teeth	A catshark	[10]
Scyliorhinus	S. germanicus	Ivö Klack, Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Maltesholm, Åsen	Latest Early Campanian	Isolated teeth	A catshark, the genus survives to the present day	[10]
	S. moosi	Balsvik, Bjärslången, Ballingslöv	Late Campanian	Isolated teeth	A catshark, the genus survives to the present day	[13]
Serratolamna	S. sp.	Åsen	Latest Early Campanian	Isolated teeth	A cretoxyrhinid lamniform shark	[10]
Squalicorax	S. kaupi	Ivö Klack, Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Maltesholm, Åsen	Latest Early Campanian	Isolated teeth	An anacoracid lamniform shark	[10]
	S. lindstromi	Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Ivö Klack, Åsen, Maltesholm, Hanaskog	Latest Early Campanian – early Late Campanian	Isolated teeth	An anacoracid lamniform shark	[15]
Squalidae spp.	–	Ivö Klack, Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Maltesholm, Åsen	Latest Early Campanian	Isolated teeth	A squalid shark, probably several species	[10]
Squalus	S. ballingsloevensis	Ballingslöv, Bjärlången	Late Campanian – earliest Maastrichtian	More than a hundred isolated teeth	Squalus in the Kristianstad Basin are from a younger (Maastrichtian) layer than the other sharks. Same genus as modern spurdogs. The Ballingslöv site is not part of the Kristianstad Basin proper, representing a northwestern isolated outcrop.	[9][22][10]
	S. balsvikensis	Balsvik, Bjärlången, Ballingslöv	Late Campanian – earliest Maastrichtian	Several hundred isolated teeth	Squalus in the Kristianstad Basin are from a younger (Maastrichtian) layer than the other sharks. Same genus as modern spurdogs.	[9][22]
Squatina	S. fortemordeo	Åsen	Latest Early Campanian	Isolated teeth	An angelshark, the genus survives to the present day	[23]
	S. lundegreni	Åsen	Latest Early Campanian	Isolated teeth	An angelshark, the genus survives to the present day	[23]
	S. sp.	Ullstorp, Maltesholm, Bjärlången, Ballingslöv	Earliest Campanian – Late Campanian	Isolated teeth	An angelshark, the genus survives to the present day	[24]
Squatirhina	S. sp.	Ivö Klack, Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Maltesholm, Åsen	Latest Early Campanian	Isolated teeth	A wobbegong shark	[10]
Synechodus	S. lerichei	Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga	Latest Early Campanian	Isolated teeth	A paleospinacid shark	[25]
	S. filipi	Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Åsen	Latest Early Campanian	Isolated teeth	A paleospinacid shark	[16]
	S. perssoni	Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga	Latest Early Campanian	Isolated teeth	A paleospinacid shark	[26]
	S. sp. 1	Ivö Klack, Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Åsen, Balsvik	Latest Early Campanian – Late Campanian	Isolated teeth	A paleospinacid shark	[10][9]
	S. sp. 2	Ivö Klack, Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Maltesholm, Åsen, Balsvik	Latest Early Campanian – Late Campanian	Isolated teeth	A paleospinacid shark	[10][9]

Holocephali

Holocephali reported from the Kristianstad Basin
Genus	Species	Sites	Age	Material	Notes	Ref	Images
Amylodon	A. sp.	Åsen	Latest Early Campanian	Dental remnants	A chimaeriform fish	[27]	A chimaeriform fish (Chimaera, a relative of the four genera discovered in the Kristianstad Basin)
Edaphodon	E. sp.	Åsen	Latest Early Campanian	Dental remnants	A chimaeriform fish	[27]
Elasmodus	E. sp.	Åsen, Hanaskog	Latest Early Campanian – early Late Campanian	Dental remnants and a mandibular plate	A chimaeriform fish	[28]
Ischyodus	I. bifurcatus	Åsen	Latest Early Campanian	Dental remnants	A chimaeriform fish	[27]

Rays

Rays reported from the Kristianstad Basin
Genus	Species	Sites	Age	Material	Notes	Ref	Images
Raja	R. sp.	Balsvik, Bjärlången, Ballingslöv	Earliest Maastrichtian	Isolated teeth	A rajiform ray. Raja in the Kristianstad Basin are from younger (Maastrichtian) strata than the other rays. The genus survives to the present day.	[12]	Raja Rhinobatos
Rhinobatidae sp.	–	Balsvik, Bjärlången, Ballingslöv	Earliest Maastrichtian	Isolated teeth	A rhinobatid ray, Maastrichtian Rhinobatid ray fossils outnumber those of Raja at Bjärlången and Ballingslöv but are less common at Balsvik.	[12]
Rhinobatoidea sp. 1	–	Ignaberga	Latest Early Campanian	Isolated teeth	A rhinobatoid ray	[10]
Rhinobatoidea sp. 2	–	Ugnsmunnarna, Åsen	Latest Early Campanian	Isolated teeth	A rhinobatoid ray	[10]
Rhinobatos	R. casieri	Åsen	Latest Early Campanian	Isolated teeth	A rhinobatid ray, the genus survives to the present day	[10]
	R. sp. 1	Åsen	Latest Early Campanian	Isolated teeth	A rhinobatid ray, the genus survives to the present day	[10]
	R. sp. 2	Åsen	Latest Early Campanian	Isolated teeth	A rhinobatid ray, the genus survives to the present day	[10]
	R. sp. 3	Ivö Klack, Ignaberga, Åsen	Latest Early Campanian	Isolated teeth	A rhinobatid ray, the genus survives to the present day	[10]
Sclerorhynchidae indet.	–	Ullstorp	Earliest Campanian	Isolated teeth	A sclerorhynchid ray, fossils as of yet unpublished	[8]
Walteraja	W. exigua	Balsvik	Late Campanian	Isolated teeth	A rajiform ray	[9]

Crocodylomorphs

In addition to the remains referred to Aigialosuchus, detached and unidentified crocodylomorph scutes have also been discovered in Campanian-age deposits at Ivö Klack.[29]

Crocodylomorphs reported from the Kristianstad Basin
Genus	Species	Sites	Age	Material	Notes	Ref	Images
Aigialosuchus	A. villandensis	Ivö Klack, Ullstorp	Earliest Campanian – latest Early Campanian	Anterior parts of the skull and partial mandible	A marine dyrosaurid crocodylomorph and the only crocodylomorph known from the Kristianstad Basin. Likely durophagous (eating hard-shelled organisms). Its skull was similar to that of modern gharials.	[8][30][31]	Dyrosaurus, a relative of Aigialosuchus

Dinosaurs

Non-avian dinosaurs

Non-avian dinosaurs reported from the Kristianstad Basin
Group	Sites	Age	Material	Notes	Ref	Images
Leptoceratopsidae indet.	Åsen, Ullstorp	Earliest Campanian – latest Early Campanian	Four maxillary teeth, a dentary tooth, two caudal vertebrae, one right manual phalanx	Morphology of the teeth recovered corresponds roughly to Leptoceratops. Given that the teeth lack some of the ridges present in the teeth of Leptoceratops, and because of geographical distance, the Åsen leptoceratopsid is likely a new taxon.	[32][33]	A leptoceratopsid dinosaur (Leptoceratops) A theropod dinosaur (Australovenator)
Ornithopoda indet. 1	Åsen	Latest Early Campanian	A left pedal phalanx	A small ornithopod dinosaur. The recovered phalanx resembles the same bone in Thescelosaurus assiniboiensis.	[34]
Ornithopoda indet. 2	Åsen	Latest Early Campanian	A left pedal phalanx	A small ornithopod dinosaur. The recovered phalanx resembles the same bone in Hypsilophodon foxii.	[35]
Theropoda indet.	Ugnsmunnarna	Latest Early Campanian	An incomplete right tibia	Identified as the remains of a small theropod dinosaur after comparisons with the same bone in the Australian genus Australovenator. The bone structure confidently identifies the fossil as that of a non-avian theropod dinosaur.	[36][37]

Birds

In addition to the fossils described below, indeterminate hesperornithiform remains have also been recovered from Åsen.[38]

Birds reported from the Kristianstad Basin
Genus	Species	Sites	Age	Material	Notes	Ref	Images
Baptornis	B. sp.	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	A dorsal vertebra and a tarsometatarsus	A hesperornithiform bird, specimens previously referred to "Parascaniornis stensioi"	[39]	Hesperornis
Hesperornis	H. rossicus	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Two tarsometatarsi	A hesperornithiform bird	[40]
	H. sp.	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	A dorsal vertebra	A hesperornithiform bird, the vertebra recovered is less slender than the one in H. rossicus	[41]

Mosasaurs

Mosasaurs reported from the Kristianstad Basin
Genus	Species	Sites	Age	Material	Notes	Ref	Images
Clidastes	C. propython	Ivö Klack, Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Åsen, Axeltorp	Latest Early Campanian – early Late Campanian	Isolated (probably shed) tooth crowns, vertebrae	Most of the Clidastes fossils in the Kristianstad Basin are probably from juveniles measuring about 2–3 meters in length, with a few adult invidivuals at probably around 6 meters.	[10][42][43][11]	Clidastes Hainosaurus Mosasaurus Platecarpus Prognathodon Tylosaurus
Eonatator	E. sternbergi	Ivö Klack, Ignaberga, Åsen	Latest Early Campanian – early Late Campanian	Isolated (probably shed) teeth, marginal tooth crowns, vertebrae, a premaxilla and a pterygoid	Eonatator teeth are relatively common in the Kristianstad Basin, indicating that there were a relatively large number of individuals present.	[10][44][11]
Hainosaurus	H. sp.	Ivö Klack, Ugnsmunnarna, Maltesholm, Åsen	Latest Early Campanian	Isolated marginal teeth	A large tylosaurine mosasaur. Hainosaurus is frequently treated as synonymous with Tylosaurus.	[10][44]
Mosasaurus	M. aff. lemonnieri	Åhus	Latest Campanian/earliest Maastrichtian	A single isolated tooth crown (probably shed)	Known from a single tooth, Mosasaurus in the Kristianstad Basin is from a younger (Late Campanian/Maastrichtian) layer than the other mosasaurs. Similar in body size (and likely ecological niche) to the earlier Tylosaurus ivoensis.	[45][46]
Platecarpus	P. sp.	Ivö Klack, Åsen, Ullstorp	Earliest Campanian – latest Early Campanian	Several detached tooth crowns, fragments of a jawbone	Previously referred to Platecarpus somenensis. The material referred to Platecarpus might be non-diagnostic.	[8][10][44][47]
Plioplatecarpus	P. cf. primaevus	Balsvik	Late Campanian/earliest Maastrichtian	A partial right quadrate	The overall morphology of the quadrate bone is consistent with Plioplatecarpus and in particular with P. primaevus, a species otherwise only found in North America. The quadrate is from a younger (Maastrichtian) layer than the other mosasaurs.	[9][48]
Prognathodon	P. sp.	Ivö Klack, Åsen	Latest Early Campanian	Isolated teeth, fragments of a jawbone, vertebrae	A mosasaur at about 8 meters in length with relatively wide and deep jaws. Bite marks matching Prognathodon teeth have been found on plesiosaur bones in the Kristianstad Basin. Frequently treated and listed under the name "Dollosaurus" or "Prognathodon (Dollosaurus)"; Dollosaurus being a junior synonym of Prognathodon.	[10][42][49]
Tylosaurus	T. ivoensis	Ivö Klack, Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Åsen, Axeltorp, Balsberg	Latest Early Campanian – early Late Campanian	Several marginal teeth, pterygoid teeth, partial jawbones and several vertebrae	Previously referred to Mosasaurus and Hainosaurus. The largest mosasaur in the basin and "undoubtedly" its top predator, the lower jaw of Tylosaurus ivoensis is estimated to have been over 1.5 meters in length.	[50][10][44][51][11]

Plesiosaurs

The last comprehensive review of the plesiosaur fauna in the Kristianstad Basin was done by paleontologist Per-Ove Persson in the 1960s and his taxonomy is still used with caution, pending a much-needed new review.[38]

Plesiosaurs reported from the Kristianstad Basin
Genus	Species	Sites	Age	Material	Notes	Ref	Images
Elasmosaurus?	E. cf. gigas	Ignaberga	Latest Early Campanian	A single vertebral centrum from the thoracic-lumbar region	A large elasmosaurid plesiosaur, the centrum is very poorly preserved	[10][52]	Elasmosaurus A polycotylid plesiosaur (Trinacromerum)
	E. cf. helmersenii	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	A single vertebral centrum from the cervical region	A large elasmosaurid plesiosaur, the centrum is very well preserved	[10][53]
Polycotylidae indet.	–	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Four incomplete vertebrae	Poorly preserved fossils, might be the same taxon as the other polycotylid	[10][42][54]
Polycotylidae? indet.	–	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Twelve detached teeth	Poorly preserved fossils, might be the same taxon as the other polycotylid	[10][55]
Scanisaurus	S. cf. nazarowi	Ivö Klack, Ignaberga, Maltesholm, Axeltorp, Kjuge	Latest Early Campanian	Vertebral centra, detached teeth, diaphysical ossifications of humeri and femora	The most common plesiosaur in the Kristianstad Basin. Scanisaurus is no longer considered a valid taxon, but the name continues to be used for practical purposes. S. nazarowi is the type species of Scanisaurus and was previously referred to Cimoliasaurus.	[10][56][57]
	S. sp.	Ignaberga, Åsen	Latest Early Campanian – early Late Campanian	A crushed skull, isolated teeth	Fossils of this species include the only plesiosaurian skull (albeit crushed) known from Sweden. The preserved teeth are similar to those referred to Scanisaurus cf. nazarowi.	[10][11][58]

Pterosaurs

Possible pterosaur bone fragments have been recovered from earliest Campanian-age deposits at Ullstorp, though they remain unpublished.[8]

Scincomorpha

Fossils of terrestrial scincomorph lizards have been recovered in the Kristianstad Basin, but are as of yet unpublished.[59]

Turtles

In addition to the fossils described below, indeterminate turtle remains, including limb bones and carapace fragments, have also been recovered from Ivö Klack, Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga and Åsen.[10][60]

Turtles reported from the Kristianstad Basin
Genus	Species	Sites	Age	Material	Notes	Ref	Images
Osteopygis	O?. sp.	Maltesholm	Latest Early Campanian	An incomplete carapace	A macrobaenid turtle; Einarsson (2018) notes that the idenfitication as Osteopygis is likely incorrect and that the material is more likely to belong to the genus Euclastes, though it has not formally been reclassified.	[10][61][62]	A softshell turtle (Apalone)
Trionychidae indet.	–	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Shell fragments	A softshell turtle	[10]

Invertebrates

Note: Although the Kristianstad Basin is incredibly rich in invertebrate fossils and diversity, with hundreds of species, the creation of a full list is impossible due to a lack of published overviews and recent examinations.[63] Which lists are incomplete is specified below and estimates in regards to how many species are actually present are included if possible.

Bivalves

The bivalves are the most species-rich group present in the Kristianstad Basin, with Surlyk & Sørenson (2010) stating that close to 70 distinct species were present at Ivö Klack alone.[64]

Bivalves reported from the Kristianstad Basin
Genus	Species	Sites	Age	Material	Notes	Ref	Images
Acutostrea	A. incurva	Åsen, Axeltorp	Latest Early Campanian	Several specimens	A true oyster	[65][66]	Mimachlamys Nucula Pecten Spondylus
Arcostrea	A. diluviana	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Several specimens	A true oyster	[67]
Barbartia	B. sp.	Ullstorp	Latest Early Campanian	Several specimens	A arcid, the genus survives to the present day	[68]
Chlamys	C. sp.	Ullstorp	Latest Early Campanian	Several specimens	A pectinid, the genus survives to the present day	[68]
Hyotissa	H. sp.	Ivö Klack		Several specimens	An ostreid, the genus survives to the present day	[66]
Inoceramus	I. sp.	Ullstorp	Latest Early Campanian	Several specimens	A pteriid	[68]
Lima	L. semisulcata	Balsvik	Early Late Campanian	Several specimens	A limid, the genus survives to the present day	[9]
Mimachlamys	M. sp.	Ullstorp	Latest Early Campanian	Several specimens	A pectinid, the genus survives to the present day	[68]
Nemocardium	N. sp.	Ullstorp	Latest Early Campanian	Several specimens	A carditid, the genus survives to the present day	[68]
Nucula	N. sp.	Ullstorp	Latest Early Campanian	Several specimens	A nuculid, the genus survives to the present day	[68]
Ostrea	O. haliotoidea	Ivö Klack, Hanaskog	Latest Early Campanian – Early Late Campanian	Several specimens	A true oyster	[69]
	O. semiplana	Hanaskog	Early Late Campanian	Several specimens	A true oyster	[11]
Ostreidae indet.	–	Åsen	Latest Early Campanian	Several specimens	A true oyster	[70]
Pecten	P. subaraturs	Balsvik	Early Late Campanian	Several specimens	A pectinid, the genus survives to the present day	[9]
	P. undulatus	Hanaskog	Early Late Campanian	Several specimens	A pectinid, the genus survives to the present day	[11]
Pycnodonte	P. vesicularis	Hanaskog, Balsvik, Ballingslöv	Early Late Campanian – Latest Late Campanian	Several specimens	An ostreid	[71]
Rastellum	R. diluvianum	Ivö Klack		Several specimens	A true oyster	[66]
Rudista indet.	–	Ullstorp	Latest Early Campanian	Several specimens	A rudist	[68]
Spondylus	S. labiatus	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Several specimens	A spondylid, the genus survives to the present day	[67]

Brachiopods

According to Surlyk & Sørenson (2010) there were 27 distinct species of brachiopods present at Ivö Klack alone.[64]

Brachiopods reported from the Kristianstad Basin
Genus	Species	Sites	Age	Material	Notes	Ref	Images
Ancistrocrania	A. stobei	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Several specimens	A craniid	[67]	Isocrania
Crania	C. craniolaris	Ivö Klack, Balsberg, Ugnsmunnarna	Latest Early Campanian	Several specimens	A craniid; one of the dominant brachiopod genera in the basin	[72][73]
Cyranoia	C. longirostris	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Several specimens	A terebratulidan	[74]
	C. vissae	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Several specimens	A terebratulidan	[74]
Isocrania	I. egnabergensis	Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga	Latest Early Campanian	Several specimens	A craniid	[72]
Magas		Balsberg		Several specimens	A terebratulidan; one of the dominant brachiopod genera in the basin	[66][73]
Rhynchonella	R. spectabilis	Ullstorp	Latest Early Campanian	Several specimens	A rhynchonellid; one of the dominant brachiopod genera in the basin	[68][73]
Terebratula		Ivö Klack, Ignaberga	Latest Early Campanian	Several specimens	A terebratulidan; one of the dominant brachiopod genera in the basin	[66][75][73]

Bryozoans

Fossils of bryozoans are common in several sites throughout the Kristianstad Basin.[76]

Belemnites

Belemnites reported from the Kristianstad Basin
Genus	Species	Sites	Age	Material	Notes	Ref	Images
Actinocamax	A. verus	Ringeleslätt, Ullstorp	Earliest Campanian	Belemnite cones		[77][78]	Life restoration of a group of belemnites Belemnellocamax Gonioteuthis
Belemnellocamax	B. balsvikensis	Åsen, Balsvik	Earliest Late Campanian	Belemnite cones		[77][79]
	B. grossouvrei	Ullstorp	Earliest Campanian	Belemnite cones		[77][78]
	B. mammillatus	Ullstorp, Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Ivö Klack, Åsen, Maltesholm	Latest Early Campanian	Belemnite cones		[77][80]
Belemnella	B. lanceolata	Balsvik, Bjärlången, Ballingslöv	Latest Campanian/earliest Maastrichtian	Belemnite cones		[77][81]
Belemnitella	B. alpha	Ringeleslätt, Ullstorp	Earliest Campanian	Belemnite cones		[77][82]
	B. minor	Balsvik, Bjärlången	Latest Campanian/earliest Maastrichtian	Belemnite cones		[77]
	B. mucronata	Ullstorp, Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Ivö Klack, Åsen, Maltesholm, Balsvik, Hanaskog, Bjärlången	Latest Early Campanian – Middle Late Campanian	Belemnite cones		[77][78][81][83]
	B. praecursor	Ullstorp	Earliest Campanian	Belemnite cones	Possibly misidentified specimens of B. alpha	[77]
	B. sp.	Ballingslöv	Latest Campanian/earliest Maastrichtian	Belemnite cones		[77]
Gonioteuthis	G. granulaquadrata	Ringeleslätt, Ignaberga, Ullstorp	Earliest Campanian	Belemnite cones		[77][80]
	G. granulata	Ringeleslätt	Late Santonian	Belemnite cones		[77][82]
	G. quadrata quadrata	Ullstorp	Earliest Campanian	Belemnite cones		[77]
	G. quadrata scaniensis	Ugnsmunnarna, Ignaberga, Ivö Klack, Åsen	Latest Early Campanian	Belemnite cones		[77][78]
	G. westfalica westfalica	Ringeleslätt	Early/Middle Santonian	Belemnite cones		[77][82]
	G. westfalicagranulata	Ringeleslätt, Ignaberga	Late Middle Santonian	Belemnite cones		[77][82]

Ammonites

According to Surlyk & Sørenson, a large species of ammonite is also known from Ivö Klack.[64]

Ammonites reported from the Kristianstad Basin
Genus	Species	Sites	Age	Material	Notes	Ref	Images
Ammonites	A. stobei	Ignaberga	Latest Early Campanian	Shell fossils		[75]	Baculites
Baculites	B. sp.	Ullstorp	Earliest Campanian	Shell fossils	A turrilitoid	[8]
Hauericeras	H. cf. pseudogardeni	Ignaberga	Latest Early Campanian	Shell fossils	A desmoceratoid	[84]

Chitons

Chitons reported from the Kristianstad Basin
Genus	Species	Sites	Age	Material	Notes	Ref	Images
Olingechiton	O. triangulatus	Barnakälla	Campanian		A paleoloricatan	[85]
Scanochiton	S. jugatus	Barnakälla	Campanian		A paleoloricatan	[85]

Corals

Fossils of corals are common in several sites throughout the Kristianstad Basin.[76] The list below only accounts for the recently revised diversity of corals found at Ivö Klack.[86]

Corals reported from the Kristianstad Basin
Genus	Species	Sites	Age	Material	Notes	Ref	Images
Acrosmilia	A. baltica	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Several specimens	A acrosmiliid	[86]	Diploria Echinophyllia
Clausastrea	C. informal sp. A	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Several specimens	A montlivaltiid	[86]
	C. informal sp. B	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Several specimens	A montlivaltiid	[86]
Dimorphastrea	D. sp.	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Several specimens	A latomeandrid	[86]
	D?. sp.	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Several specimens	A latomeandrid	[86]
Diploria	D. sp.	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Several specimens	A mussid, the genus survives to the present day	[86]
Echinophyllia	E. sp.	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Several specimens	A lobophylliid, the genus survives to the present day	[86]
Micrabacia	M. hilgardi	Åsen	Latest Early Campanian	Several specimens	A micrabaciid	[67]
	M. suecica	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Several specimens	A micrabaciid	[86]
Paracyathus	P. sp.	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Several specimens	A caryophylliid, the genus survives to the present day	[86]
Parasmilia	P. centralis	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Several specimens	A caryophylliid, the genus survives to the present day	[86]
Scleractinia informal indet. A	–	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Several specimens		[86]
Scleractinia informal indet. B	–	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Several specimens		[86]

Crinoids

Fossils of crinoids have been found at several sites throughout the Kristianstad Basin.[67]

Crustaceans

Crustaceans reported from the Kristianstad Basin
Genus	Species	Sites	Age	Material	Notes	Ref	Images
Arcoscalpellum	A. sp.	Åsen	Latest Early Campanian	Several specimens	A goose barnacle	[67]	Callianassa
Callianassa	C. sp.	Åsen	Latest Early Campanian	Chelipeds (legs bearing claws)	A decapod crustacean, the genus survives to the present day	[87]
Protocallianassa	P. faujasi	Åsen, Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian – earliest Late Campanian	Several chelipeds (legs bearing claws)	A decapod crustacean, sometimes referred to as the "burrowing ghost shrimp"	[88][89]
Pycnolepas	P. ignabergensis	Ignaberga	Latest Early Campanian		A brachylepadomorph barnacle	[90]

Echinoids

According to Surlyk & Sørenson (2010) there were 18 distinct species of echinoids present at Ivö Klack alone.[64]

Echinoids reported from the Kristianstad Basin
Genus	Species	Sites	Age	Material	Notes	Ref	Images
Cidaris	C. sp.	Ullstorp, Ignaberga	Latest Early Campanian	Several specimens	A cidaroid, the genus survives to the present day; one of the dominant echinoid genera in the basin	[68][75][91]	Cidaris Conulus Echinocorys Hemipneustes Micraster
Conulus	C. sp.	Balsvik	Late Campanian	Several specimens	A echinoneoid	[92]
Diplodetus	D. idae	Köpinge, Bäckaskog	Latest Early Campanian – earliest Late Campanian	Several specimens	A spatangoid; many fossils mislabelled as various species of the related genus Micraster	[66][93]
Echinocorys	E. sp.	Throughout the basin	Campanian	Several specimens	A holasteroid; one of the dominant echinoid genera in the basin	[66][91]
Echinogalerus	E. peltiformis	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian – earliest Late Campanian	Several specimens	A cassiduloid; sometimes referred to by the invalid name Caratomus; one of the dominant echinoid genera in the basin	[92][91][94]
Hemipneustes	H. sp.	Ignaberga	Latest Early Campanian	Several specimens	A holasteroid	[75][92]
Holaster	H. sp.	Åsen	Early Campanian	Several specimens	A holasteroid; one of the dominant echinoid genera in the basin	[92][91]
Micraster	M. sp.	Balsvik	Late Campanian	Several specimens	A spatangoid; one of the dominant echinoid genera in the basin	[92][91]
Pedinopsis	P. sp.	Ivö Klack	Early Campanian	Several specimens	An indeterminate echinacean	[92]
Phymosoma	P. sp.	Ivö Klack	Early Campanian	Several specimens	A phymosomatoid; one of the dominant echinoid genera in the basin	[92][91]
Phymosomatoida indet.	–	Ignaberga	Early Campanian	Shells	A phymosomatoid	[92]
Phymotaxis	P. sp.	Ivö Klack	Early Campanian	Several specimens	A stomopneustoid	[92]
Plagiochasma	P.? sp.	Ivö Klack, Ignaberga	Early Campanian	Several specimens	A irregularian	[92]
Polysalenia	P. notabilis	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	A few specimens	A salenioid	[67][95]
	P. cottaldi	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	A single spcimen	A salenioid	[96]
Salenia	S. areolata	Ignaberga, Barnakälla, Balsberg, Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Several specimens	A salenioid; relatively common species, one of the dominant echinoid genera in the basin	[75][97][91]
	S. lundgreni	Mörby	Early Late Campanian	A few specimens	A salenioid; one of the dominant echinoid genera in the basin	[98][91]
Stereocidaris	S. hudspethensis	Ivö Klack	Early Campanian	Several specimens	A cidaroid, the genus survives to the present day	[92]
	S. sp.	Ivö Klack	Early Campanian	Several specimens	A cidaroid, the genus survives to the present day	[92]
Trisalenia	T. loveni	Ivö Klack, Barnakälla, Ignaberga	Latest Early Campanian	Several specimens	A salenioid; a large number of specimens found at Ivö Klack, with few from Barnakälla and Ignaberga	[66][67][99][92]
Trochalosoma	T.? corneti	Ivö Klack	Early Campanian	Several specimens	A phymosomatoid	[92]
Tylocidaris	T. gosae	Ivö Klack	Early Campanian	Several specimens	A cidaroid	[92]
	T. squamifera	Ignaberga	Campanian	Several specimens	A cidaroid	[100]

Gastropods

According to Surlyk & Sørenson (2010), 19 species of gastropods could be identified from fossils just from the latest Early Campanian of Ivö Klack.[64] Their subsequent 2011 study on the gastropods of the site only listed the 15 species accounted for below.[101]

Gastropods reported from the Kristianstad Basin
Genus	Species	Sites	Age	Material	Notes	Ref	Images
Campanile	C. sp.	Ivö Klack, Åsen	Latest Early Campanian	Several specimens	A marine caenogastropod	[101][68]	Patella
Campanilidae sp. A	–	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Three specimens	A marine caenogastropod	[101]
Campanilidae sp. B	–	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Three specimens	A marine caenogastropod	[101]
Gastropoda indet. 1	–	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Not specified	A hitherto unidentified marine gastropod	[101]
Gastropoda indet. 2	–	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Not specified	A hitherto unidentified marine gastropod	[101]
Gastropoda indet. 3	–	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Not specified	A hitherto unidentified marine gastropod	[101]
Gyrodes	G. sp.	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	One specimen	A marine caenogastropod	[101]
Naticidae sp.	–	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	One specimen	A marine caenogastropod	[101]
Neomesogastropoda aff. Naticidae sp.	–	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Eight specimens	A marine caenogastropod	[101]
Otostoma	O. sp. A	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	One specimen	A marine neritimorph	[101]
	O. sp. B	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	One specimen	A marine neritimorph	[101]
	O. sp. C	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	One specimen	A marine neritimorph	[101]
Patella	P. sp.	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Two specimens	A marine patellogastropod, the genus survives to the present day	[101]
Trochidae sp. aff. Chilodonta	–	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	One specimen	A marine archaeogastropod	[101]
Trochidae sp.	–	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	One specimen	A marine archaeogastropod	[101]
Volutodermidae sp. A	–	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Two specimens	A marine caenogastropod	[101]
Volutodermidae sp. B	–	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	One specimen	A marine caenogastropod	[101]

Polychaetes

In addition to the diverse polychaete worm fauna of Ivö Klack listed below, encrusters of serpulid polychaetes have also been discovered at Åsen,[11] though they are considerably fewer in number there and as of yet unpublished.[102]

Polychaetes reported from the Kristianstad Basin
Genus	Species	Sites	Age	Material	Notes	Ref	Images
Cementula	C. sphaerica	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock	A serpulid; abundant and small species	[103]	Glomerula
Filogranula	F. cincta	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock	A serpulid; rare and medium-sized species, the genus survives to the present day	[103]
Glomerula	G. plexus	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock	A sabellid; rare and medium-sized species, the genus survives to the present day	[103]
	G. serpentina	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock	A sabellid; abundant and small species, the genus survives to the present day	[103]
Gynaeconitis	G. gynaeconitis	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock	A serpulid; common and large species	[103]
	G.? sp.	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock	A serpulid; rare and large species	[103]
Neovermilia	N. cf. ampullacea	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock	A serpulid; rare and medium-sized species, the genus survives to the present day	[103]
	N.? sp. A	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock	A serpulid; rare and small species, the genus survives to the present day	[103]
	N.? sp. B	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock	A serpulid; rare and large species, the genus survives to the present day	[103]
Placostegus	P. aduncus	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock	A serpulid; rare and medium-sized species, the genus survives to the present day	[103]
Pileolaria	P. sp. A	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock	A serpulid; abundant and small species, the genus survives to the present day	[103]
	P. sp. B	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock	A serpulid; common and small species, the genus survives to the present day	[103]
Protectoconorca	cf. P. senonensis	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock	A serpulid; rare and large species	[103]
Pyrgopolon	P. (Septenaria) sp. aff. voigti	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock	A serpulid; common and medium-sized species, the genus survives to the present day	[103]
	P. sp.	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock	A serpulid; rare and medium-sized species, the genus survives to the present day	[103]
	P.? sp.	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock	A serpulid; rare and large species, the genus survives to the present day	[103]
'Unidentified' sp. A	–	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock	A serpulid; rare and medium-sized species	[103]
'Unidentified' sp. B	–	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock	A serpulid; rare and large species	[103]
'Unidentified' sp. C	–	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock	A serpulid; common and medium-large species	[103]
'Unidentified' sp. D	–	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock	A serpulid; rare and large species	[103]
Unidentified GMI 201b	–	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock	A serpulid; rare and medium-sized species	[103]
Unidentified GMI 205	–	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock	A serpulid; rare and medium-sized species	[103]
Unidentified GMI 1910	–	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock	A serpulid; rare and large species	[103]
Unidentified GMI 1915	–	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock	A serpulid; rare and large species	[103]
Vermiliopsis	V. mammeata	Ivö Klack	Latest Early Campanian	Trace fossils; polychaete encrusters in rock	A serpulid; rare and medium-sized species, the genus survives to the present day	[103]

Sponges

Fossil sponges have been recovered at fossil sites in the Kristianstad Basin.[75]

Starfish

Fossils of starfish have been found at several sites in the Kristianstad Basin.[67] According to Surlyk & Sørenson (2010) there were 16 distinct species of starfish present at Ivö Klack alone.[64]

See also

• List of fossil sites (with link directory)
• List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations
• Paleobiota of the Niobrara Formation

References

1. Surlyk & Sørensen 2010, p. 567.
2. Bazzi, Einarsson & Kear 2015, p. 278, 280, 283.
3. Bazzi, Einarsson & Kear 2015, p. 278, 280, 284.
4. Bazzi, Einarsson & Kear 2015, p. 278, 280, 285.
5. Bazzi, Einarsson & Kear 2015, p. 278, 280, 286.
6. Bazzi, Einarsson & Kear 2015, p. 278, 280, 284, 285.
7. Bazzi, Einarsson & Kear 2015, p. 278, 280, 281.
8. Einarsson 2018, p. 28.
9. Einarsson 2018, p. 34.
10. Sørensen, Surlyk & Lindgren 2013, p. 87.
11. Einarsson 2018, p. 33.
12. Siverson 1993b, p. 12.
13. Einarsson 2018, p. 34–35.
14. Siverson 1993, p. 16.
15. Einarsson 2018, p. 29–33.
16. Einarsson 2018, p. 29–32.
17. Einarsson 2018, p. 28, 33.
18. Einarsson 2018, p. 30–33.
19. Siverson 1993b, p. 9.
20. Siverson 1989, p. 14.
21. Siverson 1989, p. 16.
22. Siverson 1993, p. 6.
23. Siverson et al. 2015, p. 251.
24. Einarsson 2018, p. 28–35.
25. Siverson 1989, p. 13.
26. Siverson 1989, p. 11.
27. Einarsson 2018, p. 32.
28. Einarsson 2018, p. 32–33.
29. Persson 1959, p. 473.
30. Sørensen, Surlyk & Lindgren 2013, p. 87, 90.
31. Källsten 2015, p. 3, 11.
32. Lindgren et al. 2007, p. 932, 934.
33. Poropat et al. 2015, p. 233.
34. Poropat et al. 2015, pp. 233–234.
35. Poropat et al. 2015, pp. 234–235.
36. Poropat et al. 2015, pp. 235–236.
37. Einarsson 2018, pp. 10, 38.
38. Sørensen, Surlyk & Lindgren 2013, p. 90.
39. Rees & Lindgren 2005, p. 1324.
40. Rees & Lindgren 2005, p. 1322.
41. Rees & Lindgren 2005, p. 1323.
42. Källsten 2015, p. 4.
43. Lindgren 1998, p. 6.
44. Källsten 2015, p. 5.
45. Källsten 2015, p. 5, 11.
46. Lindgren 2004, p. 223–224.
47. Lindgren 1998, p. 11.
48. Lindgren 2004, p. 226.
49. Einarsson 2018, p. 154.
50. Sørensen, Surlyk & Lindgren 2013, p. 89.
51. Lindgren 1998, p. 15, 22.
52. Persson 1959, p. 446.
53. Persson 1959, p. 444.
54. Persson 1959, p. 441.
55. Persson 1959, p. 442.
56. Källsten 2015, p. 3.
57. Persson 1959, p. 447.
58. Persson 1996, p. 112.
59. Einarsson 2018, p. 153.
60. Persson 1959, p. 438.
61. Persson 1959, p. 435.
62. Einarsson 2018, p. 157.
63. Surlyk & Sørensen 2010, pp. 567, 573.
64. Surlyk & Sørensen 2010, p. 573.
65. McLoughlin et al. 2018, p. 99.
66. NRM.
67. Einarsson 2018, p. 31.
68. Andersson Medhanie Tuccu 2017, p. 17.
69. Einarsson 2018, pp. 31, 33.
70. Fossilworks - Åsen (lower).
71. Einarsson 2018, pp. 33, 34.
72. Emig 2009, p. 5.
73. Einarsson 2018, p. 159.
74. Fossilworks - Ifo, Blaksudden.
75. Einarsson 2018, p. 30.
76. Einarsson 2018, p. 24.
77. Einarsson 2018, pp. 27–35.
78. Lindgren et al. 2007, p. 930.
79. Poropat et al. 2015, p. 232.
80. Lindgren et al. 2007, p. 929.
81. Lindgren 2004, p. 222.
82. Siverson 1993b, p. 8.
83. Lindgren 2004, p. 223.
84. Einarsson 2018, p. 30, 40.
85. Fossilworks - Barnakälla.
86. Fossilworks - Ivö Klack.
87. Einarsson 2018, pp. 30, 160.
88. Einarsson, Praszkier & Vajda 2016, p. 241.
89. Einarsson 2018, p. 10.
90. Fossilworks - Ignaberga.
91. Einarsson 2018, p. 160.
92. Andersen 2011.
93. Stokes 1971, p. 237.
94. Neumann, Jagt & van der Ham 2002, p. 128.
95. Mortensen 1932, pp. 490, 494.
96. Mortensen 1932, pp. 494, 496.
97. Mortensen 1932, pp. 476, 480.
98. Mortensen 1932, pp. 482, 483.
99. Mortensen 1932, pp. 489, 490.
100. Neumann, Wisshak & Bromley 2008, p. 311.
101. Sørensen & Surlyk 2011.
102. Sørensen & Surlyk 2008, p. 296.
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