Persian musical instruments

Persian musical instruments or Iranian musical instruments can be broadly classified into three categories: classical, Western and folk. Most of Persian musical instruments spread in the former Persian Empires states all over the Middle East, Caucasus, Central Asia and through adaptation, relations, and trade, in Europe and far regions of Asia. In ancient era, the Silk road had an effective role in this distribution.

Instruments of Persia
Persian musical instruments
Music of Iran
General topics
Genres
Specific forms
Ethnic music
Other forms
Media and performance
Music festivals
Music media
Nationalistic and patriotic songs
National anthem
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String instruments

Orchestal

Folklore

Wind instruments

Percussion instruments
  • Akhlakandu: A very ancient percussion instrument. It was a type of rattle made from a skull part-filled with small stones. Its modern name is Jeghjeghe meaning simply 'rattle'. It was played by being shaken.
    • Ajlakandu: Another name of Akhlakandu.
  • Alvah: It is a set of wooden or metallic plates that is played by being struck with sticks.
  • Arabaneh: A kind of frame drum, sometimes fitted with jingles.
  • Arkal: A kind of drum, possibly of the frame type.
  • Ayine-pil: A metal gong, beaten with sticks – so large that it had to be carried by elephant and played by a mounted musician.
  • Batare: A kind of frame drum, maybe the same as Daf. It should be mentioned that Bateri is the same as the English word Battery (sound of drum and also a kind of percussion instrument).
  • Bendayer: A kind of frame drum, maybe the same as Bendir. Refer to Bendir.
  • Bendir: A kind of frame drum with bells. Today the Bendir is a typical frame drum. Similar instruments are common in the whole Near East from Morocco to Iraq and also in Northern Africa. A distinctive feature of this instrument is the set of snare strings fitted to the interior of the drum skin.
  • Boshghabak: Small cymbal to be used by dancers.
  • Chaghabeh: Another name of Chaghaneh.
  • Chaghaneh: A type of gourd rattle, filled with small stones. Used by dancers.
  • Chalab: A kind of cymbal played in mourning ceremonies. A smaller version, by contrast, is used in festive ceremonies. Also known as Chalap, Sanj, Zang, and Tal.
  • Chambar: It literally means frame. It has also been interpreted as a Persian tambourine.
  • Charkh: Any kind of frame drum. It literally means wheel.
  • Chini: A shaken percussion instrument used in military bands. It consists of an earthenware body hung with small bells.
  • Chumlak-dombolak: A kind of Turkish-Egyptian Dombak with clay body.
  • Dabal: Big drum. Dabalzan means Dabal player.
  • Dabdab: Drum, maybe kettledrum.
  • Daf (or Dafif): Daf is one of the most ancient frame drums in Asia and North Africa. As a Persian instrument, in the 20th century, it is considered as a Sufi instrument to be played in Khaghan-s for Zikr music but now this percussion instrument has recently become very popular and it has been integrated into Persian art music successfully.
  • Daf-e-chahar-gush: A kind of squared Daf. This percussion-skinned instrument is played in Egypt and Syria.
  • Damameh: May denote both a drum of bowl shape and a type of cylindrical drum.
  • Damam: Another name of Damameh.
  • Damz: A kind of frame drum.
  • Dap: A kind of frame drum. Some believe that Dap or Dup is a Hebraic word (Hebrew תוף tof), which means stroke or beat and Daf is Arabicized of Dap. In Uyghuristan (Xinjiang of China) there are two kinds of frame drums. One is Dap and other that is smaller is Kichik Dap (Kichik literally means small). In Malaysia Dup is a double-headed drum and is cylindrical in shape. Dup is usually used in the Ghazal and 'Gambuh' performance. The drumhead is of goat hide and it is beaten either with the hand or with cloth-padded drumsticks. The Dup is also a popular instrument of the Malay community in Johor. The word "Dup" is an onomatopoeia.
  • Dara: Dara-y. Refer to Jaras.
  • Dara-y: Dara, Jaras. Refer to Jaras.
  • Dara-ye-Hindi: A kind of Dara.
  • Dareh: A kind of Persian frame drums same as Dayereh. It is played in folk music of Dezful city in Khuzestan province of Iran. There is a proverb that is: Dara seda nadara, which means Dareh, has not sound! Dara is a dialect of Dareh and Dareh in Dezful is called Dara. In Dezful Dar means coarse sieve.
  • Dariye: Another dialect of Dayereh.
  • Davat: A kind of drum to be stroke by Ghazib (drum stick).
  • Dayereh: It literally means circle. It is a kind of Persian frame drum, though apparently Dayereh is an Arabic word. Some believe that Dayereh is the same as the Persian word Dareh.
  • Dayereh-zangi: Tambourine.
  • Desarkutan: A kind of drum to be played in Mazandaran province of Iran. Refer to Naghghareh-ye-Shomal.
  • Dizeh: In Bojnord city of Khorasan province of Iran, Dareh is called Dizeh.
  • Dobol: A dialect of Dohol in Shushtar city of Khuzestan province of Iran.
  • Dofuf: Arabic pl. of Daf.
  • Dohol: A big cylindrical two-faced drum to be played by two special drumsticks. One is wooden thick stick that is bowed at the end and its name is Changal (or Kajaki). The other is thin wooden twig and its name is Deyrak. (In Hormozgan province of Iran, Dohol is played by two hands.) Dohol is the main accompaniment of Sorna (Persian Oboe, Turkish Zurna, Indian Shehnay and Chinese Suona).
  • Dohol-e-baz: Small brazen Dohol to be played in the time of hunting in order to encourage the prey hawk (falcon) for hunting.
  • Dombak: agoblet drum Another name of Tonbak. It is derived from the Pahlavi (Persian ancient language) word, Dombalak.
  • Dombalak: Pahlavi name of Tonbak.
  • Dombalak-e-ayyubi: Dombalak attributed to Ayyub (a Middle Eastern rhythm played in belly dance).
  • Donbak: Another name of Tonbak.
  • Donbalak-e-Moghren: An ancient drum that was a pair of Tombaks.
  • Doplak: Small drum. Refer to Tablak.
  • Dulab: Sarcastic or ironical name of drum.
  • Dulak: Dohol of Pakistan and Afghanistan. A kind of cylindrical drum.
  • Gapdohol: A kind of Dohol to be played in Hormozgan province of Iran.
  • Gavorga(ke) : Kus (Kettledrum).
  • Ghashoghak: Castanets.
  • Ghaval: Azerbaijani frame drum with or without rings. Ghavalchi means Ghaval player.
  • Ghodum: A kind of drum to be played in Turkish Sufi music. Another name in Turkey is Kudum.
  • Ghopuz: Jaw harp of Turkmen Sahra of Iran. Eefer to Zanburak.
  • Gong: Metal disk with a turned rim giving a resonant note when struck with a stick. Gong apparently is of Chinese origin.
  • Gushdarideh: Tablak (Small drum).
  • Jalajel: pl. of Joljol. It literally means bells.
  • Jam-Danbolak: A kind of drum similar to Tonbak. It should be mentioned that Jam literally means cup.
  • Jaras: A kind of metallic percussion instrument. This is an Arabic word that its meaning in Persian is Dara-y. It is sounded by sledge. Its Chinese name is Chak.
  • Jeghjeghe: Persian rattle. Today in Iran it is considered as an instrument for entertaining children.
  • Jure: A kind of cylindrical drums same as Dohol to be used in folk music of Hormozgan province of Iran for accompanying Sorna (Persian Oboe, Turkish Zurna, Indian Shehnay and Chinese Suona) in wedding ceremonies or any other festive occasions.
  • Kabar: Drum, Tabl.
  • Kafeh: A kind of Daf (frame drum) to be played by the palm of the hand. Kaffeh means circular thing.
  • Kas: Refer to Kus.
  • Kaseh: Literally means bowl. But in music it is considered as kettledrum. Kasehzan and Kasehgar both mean Kaseh player.
  • Kaseh-pil: A kind of drum that was banded on elephant. Refer to Ayine-pil.
  • Kastan (کاستانیـِت): It is two bowl or shell-shaped finger-clappers that dancers wear on their fingers. They stole them together while dancing.
  • Keser: A kind of Dohol to be played in Hormozgan province.
  • Khar-mohre: A kind of Gong.
  • Khom: Kettledrum.
  • Khombak: Another name for Tonbak. Khomak: Khom-e-ruyin. It literally means small barrel. There is a kind of cylindrical drum in Bengal and its name is Khomok. The khomok of the Baul people of Bengal is also known as a khamak, anandalahari, and gubgubi. It looks like a small drum with a wooden body and a skinhead. The head is pierced with a string attached to a small piece of wood or metal to prevent it from passing all the way through the skin. The other end of the string travels through the instrument to come out the bottom opening and is attached to a small brass handle. The khomok is played by placing the drum body under the arm and pulling on the handle thus pulling the string and placing tension on the drum skin. The string is plucked while the tension on the string is varied, producing a surprising vocal-like sound. Some khomok have two strings that are played at the same time increasing both the volume and complexity of the sound.
  • Khom-e-ruyin: A kind of Khom with brazen body.
  • Khonb: Khom. Refer to Khonbak.
  • Khonbak: Some believe that Khonbak was a small Kettledrum with metallic body. Then it was made of clay and now it is made of wood and it is same as today Tonbak.
  • Koli: A kind of Persian frame drum.
  • Kube: In Arabic, Al-kube. A kind of hourglass drum. Kube comes from the Persian verb Kubidan (to strike).
  • Kurka (e): A Turkish word. Refer to Gavorga.
  • Kus: Persian Kettledrum.
  • Kus-e-Ashkebus: Kus attributed to Ashkebus, famous commander of King Afrasiyab mentioned in masterpiece Shahnameh of the famous poet of Persia, Ferdosi.
  • Kus-e-dolat: Kettledrum to be played during the victories.
  • Kus-e-id: Kettledrum to be played during id (festival).
  • Kus-e-Iskandar: Kus attributed to Iskandar.
  • Kus-e-jang: Kettledrum used in wars in order to embolden and encourage the soldiers.
  • Kus-e-khaghani: Kettledrum for Khaghan (title of Chinese emperors).
  • Kus-e-Mahmudi: Kettledrum attributed to King Mahmud Ghaznavi.
  • Kus-e-rehlat: Kettledrum to be played during the decamping.
  • Kus-e-ruyin: Kettledrum with brazen body.
  • Kust: Another name of Kus mentioned in Shahnameh of Ferdosi.
  • Mohre: A kind of drum to be used in wars.
  • Naghghareh-ye-Fars: A kind of Naghghareh to be played in Fars province of Iran.
  • Naghghareh-ye-Sanandaj: A kind of Naghghareh to be played in Sanandaj city of Kurdistan province of Iran.
  • Naghghareh-ye-Shomal: A kind of Naghghareh to be played in North of Iran. Its name in Mazandaran province of Iran is Desarkutan. Desarkutan is the combination of the words De, Sar and Kutan that they respectively mean two, head and to beat.
  • Naghus: Gong.
  • Naker: Naghghareh. Nakers were made of wood, metal, or clay and were sometimes equipped with snares. They were almost always played in pairs and were struck with hard sticks. They were probably tuned to high and low notes of identifiable pitch.
  • Nal: Refer to Doholak.
  • Ruyin-khom: Kettledrum. Refer to Khom-e-ruyin.
  • Samma: A kind of frame drum to be played in Sufi (mystic) music of south of Iran, esp. Sistan-Baluchestan.
  • Saz-e-fulad: A kind of percussion instrument that is made up of 35 metallic plates with different sizes. Fulad literally means steel. Fulad is Arabicized of Pulad. Saz literally means musical instrument.
  • Saz-e-kubei: Percussion instrument. Kubei means percussion and comes from the verb Kubidan that means to beat, to strike and so on.
  • Saz-e-zarbi: Percussion instrument. Literally Saz means musical instrument and Zarbi means rhythmic composition.
  • Saz-e-zarbi-ye-pusti: Percussion skinned instrument. Pust and pusti literally mean skin and skinned.
  • Shaghf: A kind of frame drum.
  • Shahin-Tabbal: Shahin literally means royal falcon, but here is a kind of wind instrument. Tabbal means drummer. Shahin-Tabbal is a person who plays Shahin by one hand and Tabl (drum) by the other one.
  • Tabang: Another name of Tonbak (Persian goblet drum).
  • Tabare: A kind of drum. Refer to Tabire.
  • Tabire: It literally means drum. In Arabic it means Tabl. In French encyclopedia of Littreé it has been mentioned that the French word Tabur (small drum used in medieval times to accompany folk-dancing) comes from the Persian word Tabire.
  • Tabl: Drum.
  • Tablak: Small drum. Doplak should be another version of Tablak.
  • Tabl-e-baz: A kind of drum to be used in the time of hunting. Refer to Dohol-e-baz.
  • Tabur: A kind of Eastern percussion instrument, which it has immigrated to west and has been called Tambour there. Refer to Tabire.
  • Taburak: A kind of frame drum. It comes from Tabire and the diminutive suffix "ak". So it means small Tabire.
  • Taher: A kind of percussion instrument.
  • Tanbal: Tablak or Dohol.
  • Tasht: A kind of percussion instrument. Tashtgar means Tasht player. Refer to Tas.
  • Tempo: A kind of goblet drum very similar to Turkish-Arabic Dumbek or Darbuka (Not to be confused with the English word tempo).
  • Ter-yal: A kind of ancient percussion instruments same as Tirpal.
  • Timbook: A kind of cylindrical drums same as Dohol.
  • Tirpal: Refer to Ter-yal.
  • Tonbak: Persian goblet drums. There are many names for this instrument. Some of them are: 1. Dombar 2. Dombarak 3. Tabang 4. Tabnak 5. Tobnak 6. Tobnok 7. Tobnog 8. Tonbik 9. Tonbook 10. Tontak 11. Khonbak 12. Khombak 13. Khommak 14. Damal 15. Dambal 16. Donbalak 17. Dombalak 18. Khoorazhak 19. Khomchak 20. Tonbak 21. Tombak 22. Donbak 23. Dombak 24. Zarb.
  • Tonbak-e-zourkhaneh: A slightly larger than normal Tonbak to be played in zourkhaneh (Traditional Persian Gymnasium). Zourkhaneh literally means house of power.
  • Tonbak-e-bazmi: A kind of Tonbak to be played in parties.
  • Tonbak-e-razmi: Tonbak-e-zourkhaneh.
  • Tonbak-e-Ta'lim: A kind of Tonbak for training the athletes in zourkhaneh (Traditional Persian Gymnasium).
  • Tonbook: Another name of Tonbak.
  • Tulomba(e): A kind of percussion instrument.
  • Zang: Bell. Refer to Jaras.
  • Zang-e-sarangoshti: Copper cymbals, played per pairs fixed on the inch and the major one of each hand. Mainly employed to stress the dance, one finds them in particular present in the miniatures Persians on figurines dancers of the beginning of the century, and in the past on low-relieves. Their existence seems to go back to immemorial times.
  • Zang-e-zourkhaneh: A kind of Zang to be played in zourkhaneh (Traditional Persian Gymnasium).
  • Zangol: Another name of Zang.
  • Zangolicheh: Small Zang or Jaras. It comes from Zangol and the diminutive suffix "cheh".
  • Zanguleh: Small bell.
  • Zanjir: Literally means chain. Its Pahlavi name is Zanchir. It is made up of some hawk bells to be hanged from somewhere. It sounds by shaking.
  • Zarb: Another name of Tonbak. Zarbgir is old expression for Tonbak player and it comes from the verb Zarb gereftan that means to play on Zarb.
  • Zarb-e-zourkhaneh: A kind of Tonbak to be played in zourkhaneh (Traditional Persian Gymnasium). Zourkhaneh literally means house of power.
  • Zarbuleh: A kind of goblet drum to be played in North Africa and Syria. In Syria it is covered with fish-skin and in North Africa with goatskin.
  • Zerbaghali: Another name of Zirbaghali.
  • Zu-jalal: A kind of frame drum with bells.

Others

The electronic keyboard is a popular western instrument.

There are numerous native musical instruments used in folk music.

See also

References
  • Abbas Aryanpur and Manoochehr Aryanpur, The Concise Persian-English Dictionary, Amir Kabir Publication Organization, Tehran, 1990.
  • David R. Courtney, Fundamentals of Tabla, Vol.I, Sur Sangeet Services, Houston, 1998.
  • Michael Kennedy, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music, Oxford Univ. Press, London, 1980.
  • Mehran Poor Mandan, The Encyclopedia of Iranian Old Music, Tehran, 2000.
  • Cemsid Salehpur, Türkçe Farsça Genel Sözlügü, Tehran, 1996.
  • Mehdi Setayeshgar, Vazhe-Name-ye-Musighi-ye-Iran Zamin, Tehran, Vol. I (1995) & Vol. II (1996).
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