Persicaria

Persicaria is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the knotweed family, Polygonaceae. Plants of the genus are known commonly as knotweeds[2]:436 or smartweeds.[3] It has a cosmopolitan distribution, with species occurring nearly worldwide.[3][4] The genus was segregated from Polygonum.[5]

Persicaria amphibia
Persicaria glabra
Persicaria longiseta
Persicaria minor
Persicaria orientalis

Persicaria
Persicaria capitata
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Polygonaceae
Subfamily: Polygonoideae
Genus: Persicaria
Mill. 1754
Species

See text

Synonyms[1]
Illustration from the Japanaese agricultural encyclopedia Seikei Zusetsu (1804)

Description

The genus includes annual and perennial herbs with taproots or fibrous root systems, or with rhizomes or stolons. The stems are often erect but may be prostrate along the ground, and some species are prickly.[3] The stems are self-supporting or twining and climbing.[6] The leaves are alternately arranged, deciduous, and variously shaped. The brownish or reddish ochrea may be leathery to papery. The inflorescence may be a panicle or a spikelike or headlike arrangement of fascicles of flowers. The flower is white, greenish, reddish, pink or purple, with the tepals partially fused together along the bases. The fruit is an achene which can take a number of shapes, including a disc or a sphere.[3]

Taxonomy

Within the family Polygonaceae, Persicaria is placed in the subfamily Polygonoideae, where the tribe Persicarieae consists of two sister genera, Bistorta and Koenigia, together with Persicaria.[7]

Persicarieae
 

Persicaria

 
 
 

Bistorta

 
 

Koenigia

 
 
 

Species

As of February 2019, Plants of the World Online accepted the following 131 species:[8][Note 1]

  • Persicaria acuminata (Kunth) M.Gómez
  • Persicaria akakiensis (Cufod.) Soják
  • Persicaria amphibia (L.) Delarbre – amphibious bistort, water smartweed
  • Persicaria angustifolia (Pall.) Ronse Decr.
  • Persicaria arifolia (L.) Haraldson – halberd-leaf tearthumb
  • Persicaria assamica (Meisn.) Soják
  • Persicaria attenuata (R.Br.) Soják
  • Persicaria barbata (L.) H.Hara
  • Persicaria biconvexa (Hayata) Nemoto
  • Persicaria bicornis (Raf.) Nieuwl. – pink smartweed
  • Persicaria breviochreata (Makino) Ohki
  • Persicaria bungeana (Turcz.) Nakai – prickly smartweed
  • Persicaria capitata (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) H.Gross – pink-head knotweed
  • Persicaria careyi (Olney) Greene – Carey's smartweed
  • Persicaria cespitosa (Blume) Nakai
  • Persicaria chinensis (L.) H.Gross – Chinese knotweed
  • Persicaria debilis (Meisn.) H.Gross ex W.Lee
  • Persicaria decipiens (R.Br.) K.L.Wilson – slender knotweed, willow-weed
  • Persicaria dichotoma (Blume) Masam.
  • Persicaria dissitiflora (Hemsl.) H.Gross ex T.Mori
  • Persicaria eciliata M.A.Hassan
  • Persicaria extremiorientalis (Vorosch.) Tzvelev
  • Persicaria ferruginea (Wedd.) Soják
  • Persicaria filiformis (Thunb.) Nakai
  • Persicaria foliosa (H.Lindb.) Kitag.
  • Persicaria galapagensis (Caruel) Galasso
  • Persicaria glabra (Willd.) M.Gómez' – smooth smartweed
  • Persicaria glacialis (Meisn.) H.Hara
  • Persicaria glandulopilosa (De Wild.) Soják
  • Persicaria glomerata (Dammer) S.Ortiz & Paiva
  • Persicaria hastatosagittata (Makino) Nakai
  • Persicaria hirsuta (Walter) Small – hairy smartweed
  • Persicaria hispida (Kunth) M.Gómez
  • Persicaria humilis (Meisn.) H.Hara
  • Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre – water-pepper, marsh-pepper smartweed
  • Persicaria hydropiperoides (Michx.) Small – swamp smartweed, mild water-pepper
  • Persicaria hystricula (J.Schust.) Soják
  • Persicaria japonica (Meisn.) Nakai
  • Persicaria kawagoeana (Makino) Nakai
  • Persicaria lanigera (R.Br.) Soják
  • Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Delarbre – pale persicaria
  • Persicaria laxmannii (Lepech.) H.Gross
  • Persicaria limbata (Meisn.) H.Hara
  • Persicaria longiseta (Bruyn) Kitag. – bristly lady's thumb
  • Persicaria maackiana (Regel) Nakai
  • Persicaria macrantha (Meisn.) Haraldson
  • Persicaria maculosa Gray – Jesusplant, spotted lady's thumb, redshank
  • Persicaria madagascariensis (Meisn.) S.Ortiz & Paiva
  • Persicaria malaica (Danser) Galasso
  • Persicaria meisneriana (Cham. & Schltdl.) M.Gómez – Mexican tearthumb
  • Persicaria microcephala (D.Don) H.Gross
  • Persicaria minor (Huds.) Opiz – small water-pepper
  • Persicaria mitis (Schrank) Assenov
  • Persicaria muricata (Meisn.) Nemoto
  • Persicaria neofiliformis (Nakai) Ohki
  • Persicaria nepalensis (Meisn.) Miyabe) – Nepal knotweed
  • Persicaria nogueirae S.Ortiz & Paiva
  • Persicaria obtusifolia (Täckh. & Boulos) Greuter & Burdet
  • Persicaria odorata (Lour.) Soják – Vietnamese coriander
  • Persicaria orientalis (L.) Spach – kiss-me-over-the-garden-gate, prince's feather, princess-feather
  • Persicaria palmata (Dunn) Yonek. & H.Ohashi
  • Persicaria paraguayensis (Wedd.) S.T.Kim & Donoghue
  • Persicaria peduncularis (Wall. ex Meisn.) Nemoto
  • Persicaria pensylvanica (L.) M.Gómez) – Pennsylvania smartweed
  • Persicaria perfoliata (L.) H.Gross
  • Persicaria poiretii (Meisn.) K.L.Wilson
  • Persicaria posumbu (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) H.Gross
  • Persicaria praetermissa (Hook.f.) H.Hara
  • Persicaria prostrata (R.Br.) Soják - Creeping Knotweed
  • Persicaria pubescens (Blume) H.Hara
  • Persicaria pulchra (Blume) Soják
  • Persicaria punctata (Elliott) Small – dotted knotweed
  • Persicaria puritanorum (Fernald) Soják
  • Persicaria robustior (Small) E.P.Bicknell – stout smartweed
  • Persicaria roseoviridis Kitag.
  • Persicaria rubricaulis (Cham.) Galasso
  • Persicaria rudis (Meisn.) H.Gross
  • Persicaria runcinata (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) H.Gross
  • Persicaria sagittata (L.) H.Gross – American tearthumb, arrowleaf tearthumb, arrowvine
  • Persicaria segetum (Kunth) Small
  • Persicaria senegalensis (Meisn.) Soják
  • Persicaria senticosa (Meisn.) H.Gross
  • Persicaria setacea (Baldwin) Small – bog smartweed
  • Persicaria setosula (A.Rich.) K.L.Wilson
  • Persicaria sinica Migo
  • Persicaria sinuata (Royle ex Bab.) H.Gross
  • Persicaria stagnina (Buch.-Ham. ex Meisn.) M.A.Hassan
  • Persicaria stelligera (Cham.) Galasso
  • Persicaria strigosa (R.Br.) Nakai – spotted knotweed
  • Persicaria subsessilis (R.Br.) K.L.Wilson
  • Persicaria sungareensis Kitag.
  • Persicaria taquetii (H.Lév.) Koidz.
  • Persicaria tenella (Blume) H.Hara
  • Persicaria thunbergii (Siebold & Zucc.) H.Gross
  • Persicaria tinctoria (Aiton) Spach – Chinese indigo, polygonum-indigo
  • Persicaria trigonocarpa (Makino) Nakai
  • Persicaria truellum (Koidz.) Honda
  • Persicaria virginiana (L.) Gaertn. – jumpseed
  • Persicaria viscofera (Makino) H.Gross
  • Persicaria viscosa (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) H.Gross ex T.Mori
  • Persicaria wellensii (De Wild.) Soják

Notes
  1. As of May 2019, "Persicaria persicaria Small" was also listed, but the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants does not allow tautonyms, and this name is illegitimate.[9] The correct name is Persicaria maculosa.

References
  1. "Persicaria Mill". Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  2. Stace, C. A. (2010). New Flora of the British Isles (Third ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. p. 88. ISBN 9780521707725.
  3. Persicaria. Flora of North America.
  4. Persicaria. New South Wales Flora Online. National Herbarium, Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney.
  5. Wilson, K. L. (1990). Some widespread species of Persicaria (Polygonaceae) and their allies. Kew Bulletin 45(4) 621-36.
  6. Persicaria. FloraBase. Western Australian Herbarium.
  7. Schuster et al 2015.
  8. "Persicaria Mill". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2020-03-07.
  9. "Plant Name Details for Persicaria persicaria Small". The International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2019-05-05.

Bibliography
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