Philippine narrowmouth toad

Philippine narrowmouth toad; Temporal range: Early Pliocene - Present,[1] 4.4–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[2]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Amphibia
Order:	Anura
Family:	Microhylidae
Genus:	Kaloula
Species:	K. conjuncta
Binomial name
	Kaloula conjuncta; (Peters, 1863)
Synonyms
	Kaloula negrosensis Taylor, 1922

The Philippine narrowmouth toad or the truncate-toed chorus frog (Kaloula conjuncta) is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is endemic to the Philippines. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland, rivers, intermittent rivers, freshwater lakes, intermittent freshwater lakes, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, arable land, pastureland, plantations, rural gardens, heavily degraded former forest, water storage areas, ponds, irrigated land, and seasonally flooded agricultural land. It is threatened by habitat loss.[2]

Range

Kaloula conjuncta occurs throughout the Philippines, and has been recorded on the islands of Negros, Panay, Guimaras, Cebu, Luzon, Polillo, Marinduque, Mindanao, Leyte, Patnanungan, Jomalig, Catanduanes, Tablas, Romblon, Sibuyan, and possibly Mindoro.[2]

Subspecies

There are currently 4 recognized subspecies of K. conjuncta (Inger 1954).[3] Divergent varieties have been observed in Sibuyan, Eastern Visayas (Samar-Leyte), and Mindoro.[4] The Sibuyan variety is most closely related to K. conjuncta negrosensis.

K. conjuncta conjuncta: Luzon
K. conjuncta negrosensis: Visayas
K. conjuncta meridionalis: Mindanao (a small scansorial species with widely expanded digital disks)[4]
K. conjuncta stickeli: Samar (possibly a hybrid between K. picta and K. conjuncta meridionalis)[4]

References

van der Meijden, A., M. Vences, S. Hoegg, R. Boistel, A. Channing, and A. Meyer. 2007. Nuclear gene phylogeny of narrow-mouthed toads (family: Microhylidae) and a discussion of competing hypotheses concerning their biogeographical origins. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 44:1017–1030.
IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2018). "Kaloula conjuncta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T57850A58477817. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T57850A58477817.en. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
"AmphibiaWeb - Kaloula conjuncta".
Blackburn, D. C., Siler, C. D., Diesmos, A. C., McGuire, J. A., Cannatella, D. C. and Brown, R. M. (2013), An adaptive radiation of frogs in a southeast Asian island archipelago. Evolution, 67: 2631–2646.

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[van-1] van der Meijden, A., M. Vences, S. Hoegg, R. Boistel, A. Channing, and A. Meyer. 2007. Nuclear gene phylogeny of narrow-mouthed toads (family: Microhylidae) and a discussion of competing hypotheses concerning their biogeographical origins. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 44:1017–1030.

[iucn-2] IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2018). "Kaloula conjuncta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T57850A58477817. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T57850A58477817.en. Retrieved 15 January 2020.

[3] "AmphibiaWeb - Kaloula conjuncta".

[Blackburn-4] Blackburn, D. C., Siler, C. D., Diesmos, A. C., McGuire, J. A., Cannatella, D. C. and Brown, R. M. (2013), An adaptive radiation of frogs in a southeast Asian island archipelago. Evolution, 67: 2631–2646.