Phyllomedusa bicolor

Phyllomedusa bicolor, also known as the blue-and-yellow frog, bicolour tree-frog, giant monkey frog,[2] giant leaf frog,[3] or waxy-monkey treefrog,[4] is a species of leaf frog. It can be found in the Amazon basin of Brazil, Colombia, Bolivia, and Peru, and can also be found in the Guianan Region of Venezuela and the Guianas, and in Cerrado of the state of Maranhão in Brazil.[5]

Phyllomedusa bicolor
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Phyllomedusidae
Genus: Phyllomedusa
Species:
P. bicolor
Binomial name
Phyllomedusa bicolor
(Boddaert, 1772)
Synonyms
  • Rana bicolor Boddaert, 1772
  • Hyla bicolor (Boddaert, 1772)

Description

Males measure 91–103 mm (3.6–4.1 in) and females 111–119 mm (4.4–4.7 in) in snout–vent length. The dorsum is lime green whereas the belly is white to yellow-white or cream. Lower lips, chest and front legs bear sparse white spots with dark frames; these are more dense on the flanks and hind legs. Fingers are transparent brown and have large, green adhesive discs. There is a prominent gland extending from behind each eye over the tympanum. The iris is dark gray.[4]

Distribution

It is found throughout the Amazon Rain forest of northern Bolivia, western and northern Brazil, south-eastern Colombia, eastern Peru, southern and eastern Venezuela, and the Guianas. Occasionally, it is also found in the riparian forest area of the Cerrado, a vast tropical savanna ecoregion of Brazil.[1]

Habitat and behaviour
P. bicolor seated.

Phyllomedusa bicolor is a nocturnal, arboreal frog. Males call from trees in tropical humid forests. Males fight each other for mating rights by using their heads to attempt to separate another male who is attached to a female. Males fend off rivals using a series of aggressive calls and use their hind legs to push away the rival.[5] During mating season, males may be targeted more by predators as the fights between males very vocal and can be easily heard by predators. However, to combat this, Phyllomedusa bicolor produce peptides in their skin that serves as a chemical defense.[5] Phyllomedusa bicolor reproduce like most frog species through amplexus, where the male climbs onto the females back to fertilize the eggs.[5] Female and male construct a leaf-nest above forest pools, where the eggs are laid in a gelatinous mass of about 70 cm above the water. The eggs hatch from these nests approximately 14 days and the tadpoles fall into the water, where they continue the development into adult frogs. Peak reproduction occurs during the rainy season.[4][5] Eggs of Phyllomedusa bicolor are heavily predated and have a predation rate of up to 61%. Species that prey on the eggs include Staphilynid beetles, phorid flies, mammals, specifically Cebus apella, and other predators such as snakes. The eggs are predated because they are source of protein for predators.[6]

Conservation

The IUCN endangered species database lists them in the "Least Concern" category, in view of their current wide distribution and large population.[1]

Medicinal use
Main article: Kambo cleanse

The skin secretion of the frog is known as Vacina do sapo (frog vaccine) and contains the opioid peptides deltorphin, deltorphin I, deltorphin II and dermorphin.[7][8][9][10] The secretion, known as Kambo or Sapo, has seen increasing popularity in cleansing rituals, where it induces intense vomiting.[11][12] Claims of medicinal effects have not been supported by medical evidence.[13][12]

References
  1. Claudia Azevedo-Ramos; Enrique La Marca (2010). "Phyllomedusa bicolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T55841A11378972. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T55841A11378972.en.
  2. Frost, Darrel R. (2015). "Phyllomedusa bicolor (Boddaert, 1772)". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
  3. "Phyllomedusa bicolor Giant Leaf Frog". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
  4. "Phyllomedusa bicolor". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
  5. Venâncio, Nathocley; Melo-Sampaio, Paulo (2010). "Reproductive behavior of the giant leaf frog Phyllomedusa bicolor (Anura: Hylidae) in the western Amazon". Phyllomedusa: Journal of Herpetology. 9 (1): 63–67. doi:10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v9i1p63-67.
  6. Neckel-Oliveira, Selvino; Wachlevski, Milena (2004). "Predation on the Arboreal Eggs of Three Species of Phyllomedusa in Central Amazonia". Journal of Herpetology. 38 (2): 244–248. doi:10.1670/162-03A. S2CID 86277566.
  7. Erspamer V, Melchiorri P, Falconieri-Erspamer G, et al. (July 1989). "Deltorphins: a family of naturally occurring peptides with high affinity and selectivity for delta opioid binding sites". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 86 (13): 5188–92. Bibcode:1989PNAS...86.5188E. doi:10.1073/pnas.86.13.5188. PMC 297583. PMID 2544892.
  8. Lacombe C, Cifuentes-Diaz C, Dunia Iz Auber-Thomay M, Nicolas P, Amiche M (September 2000). "Peptide secretion in the cutaneous glands of South American tree frog Phyllomedusa bicolor: an ultrastructural study". European Journal of Cell Biology. 79 (9): 631–641. doi:10.1078/0171-9335-00085. PMID 11043404.
  9. Melchiorri P, Negri L (1996). "The dermorphin peptide family". General Pharmacology: The Vascular System. 27 (7): 1099–107. doi:10.1016/0306-3623(95)02149-3. PMID 8981054.
  10. Amiche M, Delfour A, Nicolas P (1998). "Opioid peptides from frog skin". EXS. 85: 57–71. doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-8837-0_4. ISBN 978-3-0348-9794-5. PMID 9949868.
  11. Leban, V; Kozelk, G; Brvar, M (2016). "The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion after giant leaf frog (Phyllomedusa bicolor) venom exposure". Toxicon. 120: 107–109. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.07.007. PMID 27421671.
  12. Daly, Max (May 10, 2016). "How Amazonian Tree Frog Poison Became the Latest Treatment for Addiction". Vice. Archived from the original on September 7, 2018. Retrieved October 31, 2018.
  13. Lavoipierre, Angela (September 6, 2018). "Tree frog poison being used as an alternative medicine". ABC Australia. Archived from the original on September 7, 2018. Retrieved September 7, 2018.
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