Piaractus brachypomus

Piaractus brachypomus, the pirapitinga, is a large species of pacu, a close relative of piranhas and silver dollars, in the serrasalmid family.[1][2] It is native to the Amazon basin in tropical South America, but it formerly included populations in the Orinoco, only described in 2019 as a separate species, P. orinoquensis.[3] Additionally, P. brachypomus is widely farmed and has been introduced to other regions.[4] In South Florida they are invasive in rivers, canals or lakes.[5]

Piaractus brachypomus
Juvenile Piaractus brachypomus
Not evaluated (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Actinopterygii
Order:
Characiformes
Family:
Serrasalmidae
Genus:
Piaractus
Species:
P. brachypomus
Binomial name
Piaractus brachypomus
(G. Cuvier, 1818)
Synonyms

Colossoma bidens[1]
Colossoma brachypomum[1]

As with a number of other closely related species, P. brachypomus is often referred to as the red-bellied pacu in reference to the appearance of the juveniles. This has resulted in a great deal of confusion about the nature and needs of all the species involved, with the reputation and requirements of one frequently being wrongly attributed to the others.[6]

Ecology

In general, the behavior resembles that of the closely related tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). The pirapitinga is migratory, but the pattern is poorly understood.[7] Spawning occurs at the beginning of the flood season between November and February.[8] Larvae of the pirapitinga are found in whitewater rivers, but adults mainly live in flooded forests and floodplains of variours river types, including both nutrient-rich and nutrient-poor.[7] Unlike the tambaqui, the pirapitinga also occurs in the headwaters of nutrient-poor rivers (not just in the lower sections).[7]

It mainly feeds on fruits, seeds and nuts, but it is opportunistic and will also take zooplankton, insects, crustaceans and small fish, especially in the dry season.[4][9] In general, more seeds are able to pass undamaged through the pirapitinga than the tambaqui, meaning that the former overall is a more efficient seed disperser.[10]

Appearance
Skull from side and above

P. brachypomus can reach up to 88 cm (2.9 ft) in length and 25 kg (55 lb) in weight.[2]

Juveniles have a distinct red chest and belly, and are easily confused with the carnivorous red-bellied piranha (Pygocentrus nattereri), but the two can be separated by their teeth, which are molar-like in Piaractus.[1] This similarity is believed to be mimicry by P. brachypomus in an attempt of avoiding predation by other species.[4] Adults lack the bright red chest and belly, and resemble the tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), but can be separated by several meristic and morphological features: The pirapitinga has a smaller adipose fin that lacks rays, as well as differences in teeth and operculum.[1][11] The pirapitinga also has a more rounded head profile (less elongated and pointed).[11][12] The other member of its genus, P. mesopotamicus, can be distinguished by its smaller scale-size[13] and the higher number of lateral scales (more than 110).[1]

Connection to humans

The pirapitinga supports major fisheries and based on a review by IBAMA, it was the 12th most caught fish by weight in the Brazilian Amazon in 1998 (just after of the tambaqui).[7]

The pirapitinga is often kept in aquaculture. Hybrids between this species and the tambaqui have been produced in aquaculture.[14] It can also hybridize with P. orinoquensis, but the offspring appears to be sterile.[3]

In aquariums

Juvenile pirapitinga 5–7.5 cm (2–3 in) long, sometimes labelled as "vegetarian piranha" or "red-bellied pacu", are frequently seen in the aquarium trade, but they rapidly grow to a large size and require an enormous tank.[4]

It reaches a very large size, but is smaller than its well-known relative Colossoma macropomum.[7] It can and will grow quickly under favourable conditions. The overall size to which it can grow remains a matter of considerable debate and no small amount of confusion. Much of the confusion stems from the fact that one species can and often is easily mistaken for another, and the size attainable in captivity is usually less than the size attainable in the wild. However, it can easily outgrow the majority of home aquaria: they are strong and robust fish which need a lot of swimming space and make very heavy demands of the filtration system.

At larger sizes, the P. brachypomus needs a correspondingly large tank to thrive in captivity. The temperature of the water in which they are kept should be within 78–82 °F (26–28 °C) and the system should be well filtered and oxygenated. Larger P. brachypomus are sometimes classed as "monster fish" and find a place in aquariums which house other large fish. They tend to be timid and retiring and will retreat to cover if they feel insecure. Some squabbling may become apparent if they are kept in a group.It can take a lot of time for them to get accustomed to the aquarium, and may try to jump out frequently.

Captive diet

In the aquarium offer it a varied diet consisting of quality dried pellets or floating sticks, along with plenty of fruit and vegetables. Spinach, lettuce leaves, and fruit and vegetables such as apple, banana, peach, grapes, courgette, peas, cabbage and carrot all work well.[4] They will also sometimes "snatch" floating food, which results in a lot of splashing and makes a lid essential. In captivity, it is inadvisable to keep this species with anything small enough to be regarded as food, though they are usually safe around larger fish.

References
  1. Nico, L.; P. Fuller; and M. Neilson (22 October 2013). Piaractus brachypomus. USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
  2. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2017). "Piaractus brachypomus" in FishBase. March 2017 version.
  3. Escobar, M.D., R.P. Ota, A. Machado-Allison, I.P. Farias and T. Hrbek (2019). A new species of Piaractus (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) from the Orinoco Basin with a redescription of Piaractus brachypomus. Journal of Fish Biology: [1-x]. doi:10.1111/jfb.13990
  4. SeriouslyFish: Piaractus brachypomus. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
  5. Everglades Cooperative Invasive Species Management Area
  6. Gamefish of the Amazon Basin, Tambaqui and Pirapitinga
  7. Araujo-Lima, C.A.R.M.; and M.L. Ruffino (2003). Migratory Fishes of the Brazilian Amazon. Pp. 233—302 in: Carolsfeld, J.; B. Harvey; C. Ross; and A. Baer (editors). Migratory Fishes of South America. ISBN 9781552501146
  8. Nascimentoa, A.F.; A.N. Maria; N.O. Pessoa; M.A.M. Carvalho; and A.T.M. Viveiros (2010). "Out-of-season sperm cryopreserved in different media of the Amazonian freshwater fish pirapitinga (Piaractus brachypomus)". Animal Reproduction Science. 118 (2–4): 324–329. doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2009.07.002. PMID 19679412.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  9. Hintz, B. (2012). "Piaractus brachypomus". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 13 March 2017.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  10. Lucas, Christine M. (September 2008). "Within Flood Season Variation in Fruit Consumption and Seed Dispersal by Two Characin Fishes of the Amazon". Biotropica. 40 (5): 581–589. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2008.00415.x. JSTOR 20492487.
  11. Lauzanna, L.; and G. Loubens (1985). Peces del Rio Marmoré. ISBN 2-7099-0779-8.
  12. Cagauan, A.G (2007). Red-bellied Pacu in the Philippines. Journal of Environmental Science and Management 10(1): 42—47.
  13. OPEFE (27 December 2011). genus Piaractus. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
  14. Gomes, Schneider, Barros, Sampaio, Hashimoto, Porto-Foresti, and Sampaio (2012). Innovative molecular approach to the identification of Colossoma macropomum and its hybrids. An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc. 84(2).
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