Plus–minus sign

±
Plus–minus sign
In Unicode	U+00B1 ± PLUS-MINUS SIGN (HTML ± · ±, &PlusMinus;, &pm;)
Related
See also	U+2213 ∓ MINUS-OR-PLUS SIGN (HTML ∓ · &MinusPlus;, &mnplus;, &mp;)

The plus–minus sign (also, plus or minus sign), ±, is a mathematical symbol with multiple meanings.

In mathematics, it generally indicates a choice of exactly two possible values, one of which is obtained through addition and the other through subtraction.[1][2]
In experimental sciences, the sign commonly indicates the confidence interval or error in a measurement, often the standard deviation or standard error.[3] The sign may also represent an inclusive range of values that a reading might have.
In engineering, the sign indicates the tolerance, which is the range of values that are considered to be acceptable, safe, or which comply with some standard, or with a contract.[4]
In botany, it is used in morphological descriptions to notate "more or less".
In chemistry, the sign is used to indicate a racemic mixture.
In chess, the sign indicates a clear advantage for the white player; the complementary minus or plus sign, ∓, indicates the same advantage for the black player.[5]

History

A version of the sign, including also the French word ou ("or"), was used in its mathematical meaning by Albert Girard in 1626, and the sign in its modern form was used as early as 1631, in William Oughtred's Clavis Mathematicae.[6]

Usage

In mathematics

In mathematical formulas, the ± symbol may be used to indicate a symbol that may be replaced by either the plus and minus signs, + or −, allowing the formula to represent two values or two equations.[7]

For example, given the equation $x 2 = 9$ , one may give the solution as $x = \pm3$ . This indicates that the equation has two solutions, each of which may be obtained by replacing this equation by one of the two equations $x = +3$ or $x = -3$ . Only one of these two replaced equations is true for any valid solution. A common use of this notation is found in the quadratic formula

x={\frac {-b\pm {\sqrt {b^{2}-4ac}}}{2a}},

which describes the two solutions to the quadratic equation ax² + bx + c = 0.

Similarly, the trigonometric identity

\sin(A\pm B)=\sin(A)\cos(B)\pm \cos(A)\sin(B)

can be interpreted as a shorthand for two equations: one with + on both sides of the equation, and one with − on both sides. The two copies of the ± sign in this identity must both be replaced in the same way: it is not valid to replace one of them with + and the other of them with −. In contrast to the quadratic formula example, both of the equations described by this identity are simultaneously valid.

The minus–plus sign (also minus-or-plus sign), ∓,[8] is generally used in conjunction with the ± sign, in such expressions as $x \pm y \mp z$ , which can be interpreted as meaning $x + y - z$ and/or $x - y + z$ , but not $x + y + z$ nor $x - y - z$ . The upper − in ∓ is considered to be associated to the + of ± (and similarly for the two lower symbols), even though there is no visual indication of the dependency.

(However, the ± sign is generally preferred over the ∓ sign, so if both of them appear in an equation, it is safe to assume that they are linked. On the other hand, if there are two instances of the ± sign in an expression, without a ∓, it is impossible to tell from notation alone whether the intended interpretation is as two or four distinct expressions.)

The original expression can be rewritten as $x \pm (y - z)$ to avoid confusion, but cases such as the trigonometric identity are most neatly written using the "∓" sign:

\cos(A\pm B)=\cos(A)\cos(B)\mp \sin(A)\sin(B)

which represents the two equations:

{\begin{aligned}\cos(A+B)&=\cos(A)\cos(B)-\sin(A)\sin(B)\\\cos(A-B)&=\cos(A)\cos(B)+\sin(A)\sin(B)\end{aligned}}

Another example where the minus–plus sign appears is

x^{3}\pm 1=(x\pm 1)\left(x^{2}\mp x+1\right)

A third related usage is found in this presentation of the formula for the Taylor series of the sine function:

\sin \left(x\right)=x-{\frac {x^{3}}{3!}}+{\frac {x^{5}}{5!}}-{\frac {x^{7}}{7!}}+\cdots \pm {\frac {1}{(2n+1)!}}x^{2n+1}+\cdots .

Here, the plus-or-minus sign indicates that the term may be added or subtracted, in this case depending on whether n is odd or even, the rule can be deduced from the first few terms. A more rigorous presentation of the same formula would multiply each term by a factor of (−1)ⁿ, which gives +1 when n is even, and −1 when n is odd.

In statistics

The use of ± for an approximation is most commonly encountered in presenting the numerical value of a quantity, together with its tolerance or its statistical margin of error.[3] For example, 5.7 ±0.2 may be anywhere in the range from 5.5 to 5.9 inclusive. In scientific usage, it sometimes refers to a probability of being within the stated interval, usually corresponding to either 1 or 2 standard deviations (a probability of 68.3% or 95.4% in a normal distribution).

Operations involving uncertain values should always try to preserve the uncertainty—in order to avoid propagation of error. If $n = a \pm b$ , any operation of the form $m = f(n)$ must return a value of the form $m = c \pm d$ , where c is f(n) and d is range updated using interval arithmetic.

A percentage may also be used to indicate the error margin. For example, 230 ±10% V refers to a voltage within 10% of either side of 230 V (from 207 V to 253 V inclusive). Separate values for the upper and lower bounds may also be used. For example, to indicate that a value is most likely 5.7, but may be as high as 5.9 or as low as 5.6, one may write 5.7+0.2
−0.1.

In chess

The symbols ± and ∓ are used in chess notation to denote an advantage for white and black, respectively. However, the more common chess notation would be only + and –.[5] If a difference is made, the symbols + and − denote a larger advantage than ± and ∓. When finer evaluation is desired, three pairs of symbols are used: ⩲ and ⩱ for only a slight advantage, ± and ∓ for a significant advantage, and +– and –+ for a potentially winning advantage, in each case for white or black respectively.[9]

Encodings

In Unicode: U+00B1 ± PLUS-MINUS SIGN
In ISO 8859-1, -7, -8, -9, -13, -15, and -16, the plus–minus symbol is code 0xB1_hex. This location was copied to Unicode.
The symbol also has a HTML entity representations of ± and ±.
The rarer minus–plus sign is not generally found in legacy encodings, but is available in Unicode as U+2213 ∓ MINUS-OR-PLUS SIGN so can be used in HTML using ∓ or ∓.
In TeX 'plus-or-minus' and 'minus-or-plus' symbols are denoted \pm and \mp, respectively.
Although these characters may also be produced using underlining or overlining + symbol ( + or + ), this is deprecated because the formatting may stripped at a later date, changing the meaning. It also makes the meaning less accessible to blind users with screen readers.

Typing

Windows: Alt+241 or Alt+0177 (numbers typed on the numeric keypad).
Macintosh: ⌥ Option+⇧ Shift+= (equal sign on the non-numeric keypad).
Unix-like systems: Compose,+,- or ⇧ Shift+Ctrl+u B1space (second works on Chromebook)
AutoCAD shortcut string: %%p

Similar characters

The plus–minus sign resembles the Chinese characters 土 (Radical 32) and 士 (Radical 33), whereas the minus–plus sign resembles 干 (Radical 51).

References

"Compendium of Mathematical Symbols". Math Vault. 2020-03-01. Retrieved 2020-08-28.
Weisstein, Eric W. "Plus or Minus". mathworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved 2020-08-28.
Brown, George W. (1982), "Standard Deviation, Standard Error: Which 'Standard' Should We Use?", American Journal of Diseases of Children, 136 (10): 937–941, doi:10.1001/archpedi.1982.03970460067015, PMID 7124681.
Engineering tolerance
Eade, James (2005), Chess For Dummies (2nd ed.), John Wiley & Sons, p. 272, ISBN 9780471774334.
Cajori, Florian (1928), A History of Mathematical Notations, Volumes 1-2, Dover, p. 245, ISBN 9780486677668.
"Definition of PLUS/MINUS SIGN". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2020-08-28.
"List of Arithmetic and Common Math Symbols". Math Vault. 2020-03-17. Retrieved 2020-08-28.
For details, see Chess_annotation_symbols#Positions.

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[1] "Compendium of Mathematical Symbols". Math Vault. 2020-03-01. Retrieved 2020-08-28.

[2] Weisstein, Eric W. "Plus or Minus". mathworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved 2020-08-28.

[stderror-3] Brown, George W. (1982), "Standard Deviation, Standard Error: Which 'Standard' Should We Use?", American Journal of Diseases of Children, 136 (10): 937–941, doi:10.1001/archpedi.1982.03970460067015, PMID 7124681.

[4] Engineering tolerance

[chess-5] Eade, James (2005), Chess For Dummies (2nd ed.), John Wiley & Sons, p. 272, ISBN 9780471774334.

[6] Cajori, Florian (1928), A History of Mathematical Notations, Volumes 1-2, Dover, p. 245, ISBN 9780486677668.

[7] "Definition of PLUS/MINUS SIGN". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2020-08-28.

[8] "List of Arithmetic and Common Math Symbols". Math Vault. 2020-03-17. Retrieved 2020-08-28.

[9] For details, see Chess_annotation_symbols#Positions.