Prudential (Guaranty) Building

The Guaranty Building, formerly called the Prudential Building, is an early skyscraper in Buffalo, New York. Designed by Louis Sullivan and Dankmar Adler, it was completed in 1896. The building has been declared a National Historic Landmark.

Prudential (Guaranty) Building
Prudential (Guaranty) Building in 2013. The three zones of Sullivan's design are visible in the large open windows of the ground zone, the thin vertical elements of the office zone, and the arches and curves of the terminating zone at the top of the building.
LocationChurch and Pearl Sts.
Buffalo, NY
Coordinates42°52′57.94″N 78°52′36.26″W
Built1896
ArchitectLouis H. Sullivan and Dankmar Adler
NRHP reference No.73001187
Significant dates
Added to NRHPMarch 20, 1973[1]
Designated NHLMay 15, 1975[2]

Building context
Guaranty Building, 1896

The building was the brainchild of a Buffalonian businessman and entrepreneur Hascal T. Taylor. He planned to construct a speculative office building called "The Taylor Building" in the developing downtown district. The site Taylor chose was strategically located adjacent to the then County and City Municipal building and near a number of institutional structures. The intention was to attract high quality tenants such as lawyers through proximity, desirable amenities, and the captivating design of an avant garde architect like Sullivan. The Guaranty Construction Company was contracted to build it. The untimely demise of Mr. Taylor as the project was reaching its apogee resulted in the Guaranty's decision to take on the project alone.

The Guaranty Building was not alone among major private building projects in Buffalo at the time. Two blocks away, the Ellicott Square Building was being built to be the largest retail building in the world. This structure, extant today, exhibits an alternate exploration in the possibilities of new commercial urban architecture by Charles B. Atwood and Daniel Burnham.

As Buffalo's downtown rose above Lake Erie, further feats of engineering were securing the future of the city and the built environment. Although earlier attempts had harnessed the power of nearby Niagara Falls, it was just after the Guaranty building was constructed in 1896 that the power was sent to Buffalo, illuminating the city with hydroelectricity.

Buffalo's rise to prominence in the built environment was matched in the political. As the Guaranty building was being drafted, Grover Cleveland was re-elected 22nd president of the United States. A former Erie County Sheriff, Cleveland had risen meteorically to mayor of Buffalo, governor of New York and then the presidency within five years. His platform of reform against entrenched political machines, bossism, and patronage was desperately needed, especially in major urban centers such as New York and Chicago. Cleveland's fiscal policies had resulted in his loss of the presidency in 1888, but the results of Benjamin Harrison's interim term brought him back to the office in 1892. Curiously the panic of 1893 which ultimately destroyed the firm of Adler & Sullivan had destroyed Cleveland's first presidential term, but also resulted in Cleveland's return to office and the final commission of Adler & Sullivan in Buffalo.

Plan
Typical upper floor plan

Sullivan's design for the building was based on his belief that "form follows function". He and Adler divided the building into four zones. The basement was the mechanical and utility area; since this level was below ground, it did not show on the face of the building. The next zone was the ground-floor zone which was the public areas for street-facing shops, public entrances and lobbies. The third zone was the office floors with identical office cells clustered around the central elevator shafts. The final zone was the terminating zone, consisting of elevator equipment, utilities and a few offices.[3]

The supporting steel structure of the building was embellished with terra cotta blocks. Different styles of block delineated the three visible zones of the building. Writing in his Kindergarten Chats, Sullivan said that a tall building "must be every inch a proud and soaring thing, rising in sheer exultation that from bottom to top it is a unit without a single dissenting line."[3]

While the exterior skin of the Guaranty expresses a new form for the steel skyscraper, its plan indicates those hard realities of function necessary to construct such a building and to sell it. The building is essentially a U-shaped plan stacked upon a rectangular solid. The interstitial spaces between wings of the "U" create opportunities to introduce skylights to the lobby below, and to cover the ceilings with stained glass. The plan contained a single vertical circulation core with four elevators, a mail slot, and staircase. No fire-stair was provided or necessary. The internal portion of the "U" faces south so as to collect light for the interior recesses of the building- light being a necessary commodity to attract good tenants. Sullivan spared nothing to accomplish this end for: "In order to increase the amount of light to the interior, the stairwell and the light slit facing the inner courtyard were lined with white glazed terra-cotta that was more costly than normal tiles."[4]

The first and second floors are united both spatially and visually through additional staircases and the intention of retail occupation. Mechanical systems were relegated to the basement, including the motors for the elevators, boilers, and electrical "dynamos." Entrances were provided on both Church and Pearl Streets. A concierge desk offered services to tenants and guests including mail delivery. Above the "base" of the building a series of office floors of identical plan were placed. These floors featured private lavatories in reconfigurable office spaces. The halls were defined by wood and glass partition walls, intended to give the interior a bright and "club" like feeling. The elevators and staircases were enclosed not by walls, but metal cages permitting southern light to penetrate through the circulatory systems and into the hallways.

The only exception to the rise of offices was the seventh floor with lavatories and a barbershop, and the top floor with a US Weather Service Bureau office and spaces for building attendants.

Ornamentation
Detailed ornamentation above the building's entrance
Decorative capital on a column
Exterior light fixtures

The most remarkable problem for those wishing to cast Sullivan exclusively in the camp of proto-modernist designers is his steadfast and adroit insistence to ornament his buildings. Ornament is one of the most defining characteristics of the Guaranty as "The entire façade of this building is clothed in ornament, like hieroglyphs on the columns and walls of temples in ancient Egypt." Sullivan's ornament is unmistakably original, but it is not without precedents in the contemporary tradition of the English Arts and Crafts movement. "The numerous parallels between Sullivan's ornament and the architectural decoration of Furness make it clear that Sullivan's ornament came directly from Furness and, through him, from earlier ornament by English architects."[5] The context of his ornament is important as it was seen as a salient amenity for the attraction of tenants to his buildings. For all the "good taste" his ornament might project to the tenant of the 19th century, it situated his design within an anti-classicist categorization out of "good taste" in the 20th century. This change was precipitated by the World's Columbian Exposition where Sullivan was the only American to win a European design medal and the only American to offer non-classically inspired design.

The Guaranty, for all its evocative general expression of tectonics is equally as evocative at the scale of its modular terracotta components. "Here the balance of interest between the individuals and the group to which they belong is precarious, and the sheer number of compositional elements makes it difficult to attend to the individually."[6] It is difficult to determine whether the ornament serves to reinforce the building or the building reinforces the ornament. The experiential effect of so much pattern and repetitive design is homogeneity in tension with the expression of individual components. Unlike the Wainwright building, where ornament is more directly patterned on historical forms and where spandrels are self differentiated, the Guaranty is almost brutal in the hierarchical treatment of and expression within its terracotta relief. Such conforming treatment is at odds with the supposedly democratic naturalism Sullivan claims for the design.

Especially near the base, ornamental patterns reflect the span and connection of underlying steel members. As the components rise, a rigid pattern is followed, story upon story until the cornice where the pattern explodes into an umbrageous tangle of leaves and vines, encapsulating the windows and reaching outward over the street below. The ornament tells the same story as the theory which created it: bottom, middle, top- light steel skeleton within.

The modulating ornament of the Guaranty also indicates the evolution of the medium for Sullivan as an artist. His initial explorations were inspired directly by contemporary work and historical precedent. Eventually his contact with Adler and work involving the "engineers aesthetic" led to more structurally expressive forms, and eventually to an art only his own, florid and organic. "From 1885 through 1889 Sullivan's ornament lost much of its former angularity and became more sophisticated and luxuriant."[5] It is perhaps due to Sullivan's experiences at the Ecole des Beaux Arts that his ornaments as well as his building are given so much expressive and didactic energy. "His evident haste in wanting to set down the architectural vision before it became blurred even in the slightest degree presumably derives from the method at the French school of working from, and staying as close as possible to, the esquisse."[5] This is an idea he apparently held for designing ornamental elements as well. His sketch for a column capital at the Guaranty labeled "finis" indicates the level of development with which his draftsmen began work. While containing some specific information, the sketch indicates more a painterly composition than a design document.

Curiously, the process of design used by Sullivan to create such innovation was precisely that which prevented him from evolving his conception of plan and section to something his "modern" successors would explore. "In embracing the French theories of plan and esquisse, Sullivan remained firmly wedded to his time and place. . . By insisting upon the preeminence of plan, he could hardly have begun to imagine buildings with the spatial complexity of a Wright or a Le Corbusier."[5]

Comparison with the Wainwright Building

Comparisons with the firm's first major success in tall buildings, the Wainwright are instructive insofar as the refinements of the Guaranty are more evident. "Although this building [the Guaranty] is considered by critics to be the "twin" of the Wainwright Building, the elegance of the underlying steel-frame construction behind the red terra-cotta tiles is more apparent here than in the Wainwright."[4] Unlike its predecessor, the entirety of street facades on the Guaranty are shrouded with the same material- red terracotta. Gone are the heavy corner piers of the Wainwright and in their place a constant rhythm of equal bays echoing the steel frame underneath. The two do share many traits: Simplicity of form, richness of detail. Red color not chaste white of renaissance typical buildings characterizes both buildings. The site for the Guaranty building is smaller than the Wainwright, yet called for an equivalent number of offices, resulting in an additional three stories.[7] Both the Guaranty and the Wainwright occupy corner lots. "The Wainwright may indeed represent the single episode of most aesthetic consequence in the shift from the tall office building in masonry to its skeletal predecessor; yet not only does the masonry tradition persist in the Wainwright, ornament also assumes a traditional, even if exceptionally conspicuous, role in its design." It is an explainable transition piece. The Guaranty Building is a radical departure however from the masonry prototype. Ornament and "cladding" cover the surface of the Guaranty's steel frame, a thin covering over a flexible skeleton.[8]

Critical reception of the Guaranty Building was quite strong upon its opening. The critic Barr Ferree in 1895 opined: "though possibly the most richly decorated commercial building in America, the skill of the artist has produced a design of structural sobriety with great richness of effect.' This unity of structure and aesthetics 'has been attained' he diagnosed, 'by the long unbroken vertical lines of the superstructure.' Montgomery Schuyler knew of 'no steel-framed building in which the metallic construction is more palpably felt through the envelope of baked clay.'"[7]

The Wainwright building may fairly be said to have revolutionized the emergent form of the skyscraper, with ramifications felt for the next hundred years. The Guaranty Building is a refinement and perfection of the form which the Wainwright found, and its transfiguration into a spirit of design.

Decline and restoration

As was true of many older office buildings, the Guaranty Building was "modernized" during the mid-20th century. Fluorescent lighting, wood paneling and a dropped ceiling were installed in the historic lobby. The exterior storefronts were sheathed in fiberglass. A fire occurred in 1974, and by that time the building was dilapidated and threatened with demolition.

Herculean efforts were made to save the building, and the support of Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan was secured for its restoration. This restoration occurred in the early 1980s. It was undertaken by architects [[CannonDesign]. Funding came in part from the federal preservation tax credit program.[9]

In 2002, the building was purchased by law firm Hodgson Russ. In 2008, after a further rehabilitation,[9] it became the firm's headquarters.

The building underwent a further series of restorations in the mid-to-late 2000s. The restoration, which totaled $15.6 million, was designed by Gensler Architects of Washington, D.C; M/E Engineering of Buffalo; and Flynn Battaglia Architects of Buffalo.[9]

Landmark status

The building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1975.

See also

References
  1. "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.
  2. "Prudential (Guaranty) Building". National Historic Landmarks Program. National Park Service. September 11, 2007. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011.
  3. Roth, Leland M. (1993). Understanding Architecture: Its Elements, History and Meaning (First ed.). Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. p. 450. ISBN 0-06-430158-3.
  4. Frei, Hans (1992). Louis Henry Sullivan. Zurich: Artemis Verlags-AG. p. 114. ISBN 1874056153.
  5. Sprague, Paul Edward (1979). The Drawings of Louis Henry Sullivan: A Catalogue of the Frank Lloyd Wright Collection at the Avery Architectural Library. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691039244.
  6. Andrew, David S. (1985). Louis Sullivan and the Polemics of Modern Architecture: The Present Against the Past. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0252010446.
  7. Twombly, Robert C. (1986). Louis Sullivan: His Life and Work. New York: Viking. ISBN 9780670804597.
  8. Van Zanten, David; Chicago Historical Society; Cooper-Hewitt Museum (1986). de Wit, Wim (ed.). Louis Sullivan: The Function of Ornament. Norton Critical Studies in Art History. W.W. Norton. ISBN 9780393304985.
  9. PRESERVATION WORKS IN NEW YORK STATE: Western New York Project Portfolio (PDF), New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, p. 3, archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016 – via Preservation Buffalo Niagara
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