Psi1 Draconis

Psi¹ Draconis (ψ¹ Draconis, abbreviated Psi¹ Dra, ψ¹ Dra), also designated 31 Draconis, is a triple star system in the northern constellation of Draco. The system is fairly close, and is located about 75 light-years (23 parsecs) from the Sun, based on its parallax.[1]

ψ¹ Draconis

ψ¹ Draconis in optical light
Observation data Epoch J2000      Equinox J2000
Constellation	Draco
ψ¹ Dra A
Right ascension	17^h 41^m 56.35536^s[1]
Declination	+72° 08′ 55.8481″[1]
Apparent magnitude (V)	4.58[2]
ψ¹ Dra B
Right ascension	17^h 41^m 58.10460^s[1]
Declination	+72° 09′ 24.8581″[1]
Apparent magnitude (V)	5.82[3]
Characteristics
ψ¹ Dra A
Spectral type	F5IV-V[4]
U−B color index	+0.01[2]
B−V color index	+0.43[2]
ψ¹ Dra B
Spectral type	F8V[5]
U−B color index	+0.04[2]
B−V color index	+0.525[2]
Astrometry
ψ¹ Dra A
Radial velocity (Rv)	-13.30 ± 0.2[6] km/s
Proper motion (μ)	RA: 25.32[1] mas/yr Dec.: -268.47[1] mas/yr
Parallax (π)	43.79 ± 0.45[1] mas
Distance	74.5 ± 0.8 ly (22.8 ± 0.2 pc)
ψ¹ Dra B
Radial velocity (Rv)	-11.20 ± 0.3[6] km/s
Proper motion (μ)	RA: 34.89[1] mas/yr Dec.: -275.94[1] mas/yr
Parallax (π)	43.36 ± 0.51[1] mas
Distance	75.2 ± 0.9 ly (23.1 ± 0.3 pc)
Orbit[7]
Primary	ψ¹ Dra Aa
Companion	ψ¹ Dra Ab
Period (P)	6774+271 −167 d
Semi-major axis (a)	9.1+0.4 −0.3 AU
Eccentricity (e)	0.679+0.006 −0.004
Inclination (i)	31 ± 1°
Periastron epoch (T)	2450388+169 −273
Argument of periastron (ω) (secondary)	32.6 ± 0.7°
Semi-amplitude (K1) (primary)	5.18+0.04 −0.03 km/s
Semi-amplitude (K2) (secondary)	11.1 ± 0.2 km/s
Details
ψ¹ Dra A
Mass	1.38+0.15 −0.08 / 0.70 ± 0.07[7] M☉
Radius	1.2–1.3[8] R☉
Surface gravity (log g)	3.90 ± 0.11[9] cgs
Temperature	6544 ± 42 / 4400 ± 300[7] K
Metallicity [Fe/H]	−0.10 ± 0.05[9] dex
ψ¹ Dra B
Mass	1.19 ± 0.07[9] M☉
Radius	1.5[8] R☉
Surface gravity (log g)	4.20 ± 0.12[9] cgs
Temperature	6212 ± 75[9] K
Age	3.3 ± 1.0[9] years
Other designations
31 Dra, ADS 10759 AB, Gliese 694.1
ψ¹ Dra A: BD+72° 804, HD 162003, HIP 86614, HR 6636, SAO 8890[4]
ψ¹ Dra B: BD+72° 805, HD 162004, HIP 86620, HR 6637, SAO 8891[5]
Database references
SIMBAD	ψ¹ Dra AB
	ψ¹ Dra A
	ψ¹ Dra B

Psi¹ Draconis was considered a binary star consisting of an F-type subgiant and an F-type main-sequence star, designated Psi¹ Draconis A (officially named Dziban /ˈzaɪbən/, from the traditional name of the system)[10] and Psi¹ Draconis B, respectively. In 2015, Psi¹ Draconis A was itself found to be a double-lined spectroscopic binary, making the system a triple. The companion to Psi¹ Draconis A was designated Psi¹ Draconis C by its discoverers.[7]

Also in 2015, Psi¹ Draconis B was discovered to be orbited by an exoplanet, designated Psi¹ Draconis Bb.[9]

Nomenclature

ψ¹ Draconis (Latinised to Psi¹ Draconis) is the system's Bayer designation and 31 Draconis its Flamsteed designation. The designation of the components – ψ¹ Draconis A and B – derives from the convention used by the Washington Multiplicity Catalog (WMC) for multiple star systems, and adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU).[11]

Psi¹ Draconis bore the traditional name of Dziban or Dsiban, derived from the Arabic Adh-Dhi'ban, meaning "The two wolves" or "The two jackals".[12] In 2016, the IAU organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)[13] to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN decided to attribute proper names to individual stars rather than entire multiple systems.[14] It approved the name Dziban for the component Psi¹ Draconis A on 5 September 2017 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names.[10]

In Chinese astronomy, Psi¹ Draconis is called 女史, Pinyin: Nǚshǐ, meaning Female Protocol, because this star is marking itself and stands alone in the asterism Female Protocol in the Purple Forbidden enclosure (see Chinese constellation).[15] 女史 (Nǚshǐ) has been Latinised into Niu She by R.H. Allen, meaning "the Palace Governess", or "a Literary Woman".[12]

Properties

ψ¹ Draconis AC and ψ¹ Draconis B are separated by about 31 arcseconds. Only a very small fraction of the orbit has been observed: an orbit of with a period 10,000 years has been calculated,[16] but it is extremely preliminary and likely to be in high error.

ψ¹ Draconis A and C have varying radial velocities in respect to Earth, indicating that there must be orbital motion. The orbital period is estimated to be around 20 years, and the eccentricity must be fairly high, around 0.679.[7]

Exoplanet

Psi¹ Draconis Bb is a Jupiter-like exoplanet orbiting Psi¹ Draconis B, the secondary star. The planet was discovered when periodic Doppler shifts in the star's spectrum revealed the presence of a planet, similar to the spectroscopic binary nature of Psi¹ Draconis AC. Its minimum mass is 1.53 M_J, and it orbits its host star every 8.5 years taking a relatively eccentric orbit.[9]

The ψ¹ Draconis B planetary system[9]

Companion (in order from star)	Mass	Semimajor axis (AU)	Orbital period (days)	Eccentricity	Inclination	Radius
b	≥1.53 ± 0.10 MJ	4.43 ± 0.04	3117 ± 42s	0.40 ± 0.05	—	—

References

1. van Leeuwen, F.; et al. (2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 474 (2): 653–664. arXiv:0708.1752. Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357.
2. Johnson, H. L. (1966). "UBVRIJKL Photometry of the Bright Stars". Communications of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory. 4: 99. Bibcode:1966CoLPL...4...99J.
3. Mermilliod, J.-C. (1986). "Compilation of Eggen's UBV data, transformed to UBV (unpublished)". Catalogue of Eggen's UBV Data. Bibcode:1986EgUBV........0M.
4. "psi01 Dra A". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
5. "psi01 Dra B". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
6. Gontcharov, G. A. (2006). "Pulkovo Compilation of Radial Velocities for 35 495 Hipparcos stars in a common system". Astronomy Letters. 32 (11): 759–771. arXiv:1606.08053. Bibcode:2006AstL...32..759G. doi:10.1134/S1063773706110065.
7. Gullikson, Kevin; Endl, Michael; Cochran, William D.; MacQueen, Phillip J. (2015). "Mining Planet Search Data for Binary Stars: The ψ¹ Draconis system". The Astrophysical Journal. 815: 62. arXiv:1511.01903. Bibcode:2015ApJ...815...62G. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/815/1/62.
8. Pasinetti Fracassini, L. E.; et al. (2001). "Catalogue of Apparent Diameters and Absolute Radii of Stars (CADARS) – Third edition – Comments and statistics". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 367 (2): 521–24. arXiv:astro-ph/0012289. Bibcode:2001A&A...367..521P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20000451.
9. Endl, Michael; Brugamyer, Erik J.; Cochran, William D.; MacQueen, Phillip J.; Robertson, Paul; Meschiari, Stefano; Ramirez, Ivan; Shetrone, Matthew; Gullikson, Kevin; Johnson, Marshall C.; Wittenmyer, Robert; Horner, Jonathan; Ciardi, David R.; Horch, Elliott; Simon, Attila E.; Howell, Steve B.; Everett, Mark; Caldwell, Caroline; Castanheira, Barbara G. (2016). "Two New Long-Period Giant Planets from the Mcdonald Observatory Planet Search and Two Stars with Long-Period Radial Velocity Signals Related to Stellar Activity Cycles". The Astrophysical Journal. 818: 34. arXiv:1512.02965. Bibcode:2016ApJ...818...34E. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/818/1/34.
10. "Naming Stars". IAU.org. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
11. Hessman, F. V.; Dhillon, V. S.; Winget, D. E.; Schreiber, M. R.; Horne, K.; Marsh, T. R.; Guenther, E.; Schwope, A.; Heber, U. (2010). "On the naming convention used for multiple star systems and extrasolar planets". arXiv:1012.0707 [astro-ph.SR].
12. Star Name – R.H. Allen p.212
13. "IAU Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)". Retrieved 22 May 2016.
14. "WG Triennial Report (2015–2018) - Star Names" (PDF). p. 5. Retrieved 2018-07-14.
15. (in Chinese) AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 6 月 10 日
16. "Sixth Catalog of Orbits of Visual Binary Stars". United States Naval Observatory.