Punctelia

Punctelia is a genus of foliose lichens belonging to the family Parmeliaceae. They are commonly known as speckled shield lichens or speckleback lichens. Characteristics that define this genus include the presence of hook-like to thread-like conidia, point-like pseudocyphellae, and simple rhizines. Punctelia lichens grow on bark, wood, and rocks. They are found in temperate to subtropical locations, and have centres of distribution in the Neotropics and Africa.

Punctelia
Punctelia jeckeri
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Lecanorales
Family: Parmeliaceae
Genus: Punctelia
Krog (1982)
Type species
Punctelia borreri
(Sm.) Krog (1982)

Taxonomy

Punctelia was circumscribed by lichenologist Hildur Krog in 1982. The genus originally contained 22 species segregated from Parmelia based on differences in the ontogeny of the pseudocyphellae, secondary chemistry, and phytogeography.[1] Krog divided Punctelia into two subgenera: Punctelia subgenus Punctelia, characterized by hook-shaped (unciform) spermatia and atranorin as a major cortical substance, and Punctelia subgenus Flavopunctelia characterized by bifusiform spermatia and usnic acid as a major cortical substance. Based on differences in spermatia shape as well as additional chemical characters, Flavopunctelia was recognized by Mason Hale as a separate genus consisting of four species.[2]

In 2017, Divakar and colleagues used a recently developed "temporal phylogenetic" approach to identify temporal bands for specific taxonomic ranks in the family Parmeliaceae, suggesting that groups of species that diverged within the time window of 29.45–32.55 million years ago represent genera. They proposed to synonymize the lichenicolous genus Nesolechia with Punctelia (its lichen forming sister group), because the former group of species originated relatively recently and fell under the timeframe threshold for genus level.[3] This synonymy was not accepted in a later analysis.[4]

In North American, member of the genus are commonly known as "speckled shield lichens" or "speckleback lichens".[5]

Description

Punctelia lichens are medium-sized, grey and foliose. They have conspicuous white pseudocyphellae on the upper surface. The lobes that comprise the thallus are typically 3–10 mm across. The medulla is white, while the lower surface ranges from pale to black. Simple, unbranched rhizines are present that extend to the edge of the lobe. The apothecia are lecanorine, with brown discs. Ascospores are colourless, ellipsoid, and number eight per ascus.[5]

Habitat and distribution

Punctelia lichens are found on bark, wood, and rocks.[5] They have a temperate to subtropical distribution with centers of distribution in the Neotropics and Africa.[6]

Species
Punctelia rudecta
  • Punctelia borreri (Turner) Krog (1982)
  • Punctelia caseana Lendemer & B.P.Hodk. (2010)[7]
  • Punctelia cedrosensis Egan & Elix (2004)[8]
  • Punctelia crispa Marcelli, Jungbluth & Elix (2009)[9] – Brazil
  • Punctelia digitata Jungbluth, Marcelli & Elix (2009)[9] – Brazil
  • Punctelia eganii B.P.Hodk. & Lendemer (2011) – Alabama
  • Punctelia fimbriata Marcelli & Canêz (2007)[10] – Brazil
  • Punctelia graminicola (B.de Lesd.) Egan (2003)
  • Punctelia guanchica Alors, A.Crespo & Divakar (2016)[6] – Canary Islands
  • Punctelia imbricata Marcelli, Jungbluth & Elix (2009)[9] – Brazil
  • Punctelia involuta Canêz & Marcelli (2010)
  • Punctelia jeckeri (Roum.) Kalb (2007)
  • Punctelia nashii Marcelli & Canêz (2011)[11]
  • Punctelia nebulata Elix & J.Johnst. (1988)[12]
  • Punctelia negata (Nyl.) Krog (1982)
  • Punctelia osorioi Canêz & Marcelli (2010)[13] – Brazil
  • Punctelia oxyspora (Tul.) Divakar, A.Crespo & Lumbsch (2017)
  • Punctelia pallescens Kurok. (1999)[14] – Australia
  • Punctelia pseudocoralloidea (Gyeln.) Elix & Kantvilas (2001)
  • Punctelia purpurascens Marcelli & Canêz (2007)[10] – Brazil
  • Punctelia roseola Jungbluth, Marcelli & Elix (2009)[9] – Brazil
  • Punctelia rudecta (Ach.) Krog (1982)
  • Punctelia ruderata (Vain.) Canêz & Marcelli (2016)
  • Punctelia subalbicans (Stirt.) D.J.Galloway & Elix (1984)
  • Punctelia subflava (Taylor) Elix & J.Johnst. (1988)[12]
  • Punctelia subrudecta (Nyl.) Krog (1982)
  • Punctelia toxodes (Stirt.) Kalb & M.Götz (2007) – South Africa
  • Punctelia transtasmanica Elix & Kantvilas (2005)[15] – Tasmania, New Zealand
  • Punctelia ulophylla (Ach.) Herk & Aptroot (2000)

References
  1. Krog, Hildur (1982). "Punctelia, a new lichen genus in the Parmeliaceae". Nordic Journal of Botany. 2 (3): 287–292. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1982.tb01191.x.
  2. Hale Jr, Mason E. (1983). "Flavopunctelia, a new genus in the Parmeliaceae (Ascomycotina)". Mycotaxon. 20 (2): 681–682.
  3. Divakar, Pradeep K.; Crespo, Ana; Kraichak, Ekaphan; Leavitt, Steven D.; Singh, Garima; Schmitt, Imke; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2017). "Using a temporal phylogenetic method to harmonize family- and genus-level classification in the largest clade of lichen-forming fungi". Fungal Diversity. 84: 101–117. doi:10.1007/s13225-017-0379-z. S2CID 40674310.
  4. Lücking, Robert (2019). "Stop the Abuse of Time! Strict Temporal Banding is not the Future of Rank-Based Classifications in Fungi (Including Lichens) and Other Organisms". Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 38 (3): 199–253. doi:10.1080/07352689.2019.1650517. S2CID 202859785.
  5. Brodo, Irwin M.; Sharnoff, Sylvia Duran; Sharnoff, Stephen (2001). Lichens of North America. Yale University Press. pp. 605–606. ISBN 978-0300082494.
  6. Alors, David; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Divakar, Pradeep K; Leavitt, Steven D.; Crespo, Ana (2016). "An integrative approach for understanding diversity in the Punctelia rudecta species complex (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota)". PLOS ONE. 11 (2): 1–17. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1146537A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0146537. PMC 4749632. PMID 26863231.
  7. Lendemer, James C.; Hodkinson, Brendan P. (2011). "A new perspective on Punctelia subrudecta (Parmeliaceae) in North America: previously rejected morphological characters corroborate molecular phylogenetic evidence and provide insight into an old problem". Lichenologist. 42 (4): 405–421. doi:10.1017/S0024282910000101.
  8. Nash, T.H. III; Ryan, B.D.; Diederich, P.; Gries, C.; Bungartz, F. (2004). Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. 2. Tempe: Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University. p. 432. ISBN 978-0-9716759-1-9.
  9. Marcelli, Marcelo Pinto; Jungbluth, Patrícia; Elix, John A. (2009). "Four new species of Punctelia from São Paulo State, Brazil". Mycotaxon. 109: 49–61. doi:10.5248/109.49.
  10. Canêz, Luciana S.; Marcelli, Marcelo P. (2007). "Two new species of Punctelia from southern Brazil". Mycotaxon. 99: 211–216.
  11. Marcelli, Marcelo P.; Canêz, Luciana da Silva; Benatti, Michel Navarro; Spielmann, Adriano A.; Jungbluth, Patricia; Elix, John A. (2011). "Taxonomical novelties in Parmeliaceae". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 106: 211–224.
  12. Elix, John A.; Johnston, Jen (1988). "New species in the lichen family Parmeliaceae (Ascomycotina) from the southern hemisphere". Mycotaxon. 31 (2): 491–510.
  13. Canêz, Luciana da Silva; Marcelli, Marcelo P. (2010). "Punctelia osorioi, a new species of Parmeliaceae from South Brazil". Mycotaxon. 111: 45–49. doi:10.5248/111.45.
  14. Kurokawa, S. (1999). "Notes on Flavopunctelia and Punctelia (Parmeliaceae), with descriptions of four new species". Bulletin of the Botanical Garden of Toyama. 4: 25–32.
  15. John Elix; Gintaras Kantvilas (2005). "A new species of Punctelia (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) from Tasmania and New Zealand". Australasian Lichenology: 12–14. ISSN 1328-4401. Wikidata Q104113998.
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