Pyrenomonadaceae

Pyrenomonadaceae is a family of cryptomonads which includes three or four known genera. They are distinguished from other cryptomonads by their nucleomorphs being imbedded into the pyrenoid, and the presence of distinctive pigment phycoerythrin 545.[1]

Pyrenomonadaceae
Rhodomonas salina
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
(unranked):	Hacrobia
(unranked):	Cryptista
Phylum:	Cryptophyta
Class:	Cryptophyceae
Order:	Pyrenomonadales
Family:	Pyrenomonadaceae Novarino & Lucas 1993
Genera
Proteomonas Pyrenomonas Rhinomonas Rhodomonas Storeatula

Taxonomy

Rhodomonas was the first genus within today's Pyrenomonadaceae identified, being described in 1898.[2] For most of the 20th century, all other genera now recognized as Pyrenomonadaceae were placed into various other taxa (ex. Rhinomonas fulva as Cryptochrysis fulva)[3] Adolf Pascher placed Rhodomonas within his subfamily Cryptochrysideae in 1913.[4] Butcher's highly influential 1967 phylogeny of all then-known Cryptophytes did not recognize Rhodomonas, reclassifying all previously described Rhodomonas species as Chroomonas.[5]

Between 1982 and 1986, a series of ultrastructure studies by Uwe J. Santore found considerable morphological inconsistencies within Butcher's Chroomonas, leading him to identify the new genus Pyrenomonas in 1984.[6][7] Two years later, he revived genus Rhodomonas and proposed the existence of a clade largely consisting of "reddish-brown cryptomonads".[8][9] Expanding upon Santore's research, in 1988 D.R.A. Hill and R. Wetherbee analyzed various cryptomonads that had been treated as Cryptochrysis by early 20th century researchers. From this they identified several new species of Rhodomonas, and introduced the new genus Rhinomonas.[3] Hill would identify another "reddish-brown cryptomonad" genus in 1991, Storeatula.[10] In 1989, Hill and Wetherbee argued that Rhodomonas was synonymous with Pyrenomonas, triggering an academic debate regarding whether or not each genus should be treated separately.[11] This debate remains unresolved as of 2019.[12]

The earliest reference to Pyrenomonadaceae in an approximately modern sense was made by Gianfranco Novarino and Ian Lucas in their 1993 classification scheme for the Cryptophyceae.[1] In this classification scheme, the family included Rhinomonas and Pyrenomonas. An updated scheme in 1999 added Storeatula as well.[13]

Overall monophyly of the Pyrenomonadaceae has been universally supported by electron-microscope and molecular-based studies in the 1990s and 2000s.[12] A 2002 phylogenic study of 18s rDNA suggested that, while the family itself was monophyletic, Rhodomonas was not, with R. abbreviata forming a clade with Storeatula while all other Rhodomonas species examined formed a clade with Rhinomonas.[14] A more comprehensive phylogenetic study in 2014 largely agreed with and expanded upon earlier findings, presenting a preliminary classification scheme with three unnamed clades.[15]

Clay et al, 1999

Pyrenomonadaceae	Rhinomonas     Pyrenomonas     Storeatula

Deane et al, 2002

"Clade E" Cryptomonads	Rhodomonas sp.         Rhodomonas maculata     Rhodomonas marina       Rhinomonas         Pyrenomonas       Storeatula     Rhodomonas abbreviata

Majaneva et al, 2014

Pyrenomonadaceae	Rhodomonas duplex     Rhodomonas marina       Storeatula sp.     Rhodomonas abbreviata             Rhodomonas lens     Rhodomonas sp.         Rhodomonas baltica     Rhodomonas sp.             Rhinomonas pauca     Storeatula major         Rhinomonas reticulata     Rhinomonas nottbecki

References

1. Novarino and Lucas (1993), "Some proposals for a new classification system of the Cryptophyceae", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 111 (1): 3–21, doi:10.1006/bojl.1993.1002
2. Karsten G (1898). "Rhodomonas baltica, n.g. et sp". 3. Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, Abteilung Kiel: 15–16. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
3. Hill and Wetherbee (1988), "The structure and taxonomy of Rhinomonas pauca gen. et sp. nov. (Cryptophyceae)", Phycologia, 27 (3): 355–365, doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-27-3-355.1
4. Pascher, Adolf (1913), Die Süsswasser-Flora: Deutschlands, Österreichs und der Schweiz, 2, pp. 100–103
5. Butcher (1967), An Introductory Account of the Smaller Algae of British Coastal Waters.
6. Santore UJ (1982). "Comparative ultrastructure of two members of the Cryptophyceae assigned to the genus Chroomonas — with comments on their taxonomy". Arch. Protistenkd. 125 (1–4): 5–29. doi:10.1016/S0003-9365(82)80002-X.
7. Santore UJ (1984). "Some aspects of taxonomy in the Cryptophyceae". New Phytol. 98 (4): 627–46. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1984.tb04153.x.
8. Santore UJ (1985). "A cytological survey of the genus Cryptomonas (Cryptophyceae) with comments on its taxonomy". Arch. Protistenkd. 130 (1–2): 1–52. doi:10.1016/S0003-9365(85)80031-2.
9. Santore UJ (1986). "The Ultrastructure of Pyrenomonas heteromorpha comb. nov. (Cryptophyceae)". Botanica Marina. 20 (1): 75–82. doi:10.1515/botm.1986.29.1.75.
10. Hill, D. R. A. (1991-03-01). "A revised circumscription of Cryptomonas (Cryptophyceae) based on examination of Australian strains". Phycologia. 30 (2): 170–188. doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-30-2-170.1.
11. Hill D, Wetherbee R (1989). "A reappraisal of the genus Rhodomonas (Cryptophyceae)". Phycologia. 28 (2): 143–158. doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-28-2-143.1.
12. Novarino, G. (2012). "Cryptomonad taxonomy in the 21st century: The first 200 years". Phycological Reports: Current Advances in Algal Taxonomy and Its Applications: Phylogenetic, Ecological and Applied Perspective: 19–52. Retrieved 2018-10-16.
13. Clay, Brec; Kugrens, Paul; Lee, Robert (October 1999). "A revised classification of Cryptophyta". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 131 (2): 131–151. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1999.tb01845.x – via Oxford Academic.
14. Deane, et al. (2002), "Cryptomonad Evolution: Nuclear 18S rDNA phylogeny versus cell morphology and pigmentation", Journal of Phycology, 38 (6): 1236–1244, doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2002.01250.x
15. Majaneva, et al. (2014), "Rhinomonas nottbecki n. sp. (Cryptomonadales) and Molecular Phylogeny of the Family Pyrenomonadaceae", Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 61 (5): 480–492, doi:10.1111/jeu.12128, PMID 24913840