Ramaria flavosaponaria

Ramaria flavosaponaria is a species of coral fungus in the family Gomphaceae. It is found in the mountains of eastern North America from Georgia and Tennessee to Nova Scotia.[2][3]

For the chickpea product, see aquafaba.

Ramaria flavosaponaria
Ramaria flavosaponaria found in North Adams, Massachusetts
Not evaluated (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Gomphales
Family: Gomphaceae
Genus: Ramaria
Subgenus: Laeticolora
Species:
R. flavosaponaria
Binomial name
Ramaria flavosaponaria
Synonyms[2]
Ramaria flavosaponaria
float
Mycological characteristics
smooth hymenium
no distinct cap
hymenium attachment is not applicable
stipe is bare
spore print is ochre to buff
ecology is mycorrhizal
edibility: unknown

Names

The specific epithet is from the flavo ('yellow')[4] and saponaria ('soapy'),[5] both of which are distinguishing features of the mushroom.[2] The name was originally published as Ramaria flavo-saponaria, including a hyphen.[2] However, this is considered erroneous by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, so the proper orthography is Ramaria flavosaponaria.[6]

Before being formally described in 1986 by Ron Petersen, the species was labelled in scientific collections under various names.[2] Ramaria aurea sensu mihi was used for its resemblance to the European Ramaria aurea.[2] It was also sometimes labeled Ramaria aquafaba,[2] at least as early as 1969,[7] predating the 2015 coinage of the term aquafaba in an unrelated culinary usage.[8] This term possibly relates to the use of some yellow species of Ramaria (possibly including R. flavosaponaria) to make flavorful broth.[9] cooked R. flavosaponaria has a beany flavor,[2][3] so this 'bean water' (Latin aqua + faba[8]) likely led to the early R. aquafaba name.

Description

R. flavosaponaria is easily distinguished from related mushrooms by the brilliant gold color, the large number of aborted branchlets, a surface that feels slippery, a lack of clamp connections, and a complex spore ornamentation.[2] It is sometimes confused with Ramaria aurea, which only grows in Europe.[2] Ramaria stuntzii also lacks clamps, has small spores, and aborted branchlets, but is a bright red color and not slippery to the touch.[2] There is also a similar Ramaria species in Nova Scotia that is bronze-colored and also not slippery.[2] Macroscopically Ramaria primulina closely resembles R. flavosaponaria, but the former produces larger spores, has clamps, and flesh that is more gelatinous than soapy.[3]

R. flavosaponaria has fruiting bodies up to 8 by 12 centimetres (3.1 in × 4.7 in) in size[3] that are broadly obovate to circular in shape and cespitose or scattered.[2] The irregularly shaped stipe grows up to 3 by 1.5 centimetres (1.18 in × 0.59 in) with much aborted branching, giving an appearance like cauliflower.[2][3] The flesh is white to yellow, does not bruise, but has a soapy texture without being gelatinous.[2][3] The above-ground parts are weakly vinescent (turning to a red wine color[10]) around particles of soil.[2][3] The flesh is brittle whether dried or fresh.[2]

The odor of fresh specimens is fabaceous (bean-like), which becomes like fenugreek upon drying.[2][3] The taste is described as moderately fabaceous,[2][3] but it is not known if the species is edible. A Colorado couple suffered gastrointestinal distress and cramps from a mushroom similar to the European R. aurea, but if this was R. flavosaponaria or another species is uncertain.[11]

The species tests positive with pyrogallol.[2][3] It is moderately positive in response to ferric chloride.[2][3] Tincture of guaiac is negative on the branch sections but weakly positive on the surface of the stipe.[2][3] Ammonium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide cause bleaching.[2][3] Testing with melzer's reagent is negative.[3]

The trama hyphae of the upper branches are no bigger than 7 μm in diameter and appear glassy, are hyaline, and lack clamp connections.[2][3] The areas near the septa are inflated up to 15 μm and are ornamented delicately.[2][3] Gloeoplerous hyphae are not present.[3][2] The hymenium is thickening, with clavate basidia that also lack clamp connections.[2][3]

The subcylindrical or narrowly ovate spores are 3.6-5.4 × 7.2-11.2 μm with roughened profiles.[2] The spores have walls up to 0.3 μm thick, with ornamentation of low warts and meandering, reticulate, and complex cyanophilous ridges.[2][3] Spore prints are cinnamon buff.[2][12]

Ecology

R. flavosaponaria forms ectomycorrhizal relationships with Fagus sylvatica (European beech).[13] It has been found growing under Tsuga canadensis (eastern hemlock) and Quercus (oak) trees.[2][14]

References
  1. "Ramaria flavosaponaria". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018. Retrieved 16 July 2018. This taxon has not yet been assessed for the IUCN Red List, but is in the Catalogue of Life: Ramaria flavosaponaria R.H. Petersen 1986
  2. Petersen, Ronald H. (November 1985). "Notes on Clavarioid Fungi. XX. New Taxa and Distributional Records in Clavulina and Ramaria". Mycologia. 77 (6): 903–919. doi:10.2307/3793302. ISSN 0027-5514. JSTOR 3793302. OCLC 7377077277.
  3. Petersen, Ronald H. (August 1986). "Some Ramaria taxa from Nova Scotia". Canadian Journal of Botany. 64 (8): 1786–1811. doi:10.1139/b86-238. ISSN 0008-4026. OCLC 4636218425.
  4. Griffith, Chuck (2005). "Dictionary of Botanical Epithets". Dictionary of Botanical Epithets. Retrieved 16 July 2018. flavus flav adj golden yellow, reddish yellow, flaxen, blonde o o cnct connective vowel in botanical Latin, usually for Greek words but in some cases, such as color tingeing, for Latin words
  5. Griffith, Chuck (2005). "Dictionary of Botanical Epithets". Dictionary of Botanical Epithets. Retrieved 16 July 2018. saponarius saponaria saponarium soapy sapo sapon noun/m soap (from German) arius ari adj adjective suffix for nouns or numbers: connected to or possessed by
  6. Turland, N. J.; Wiersema, J. H.; Barrie, F. R.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D. L.; Herendeen, P. S.; Knapp, S.; Kusber, W.-H.; Li, D.-Z.; Marhold, K.; May, T. W.; McNeill, J.; Monro, A. M.; Prado, J.; Price, M. J.; Smith, G. F., eds. (2018). "Chapter viii Orthography and gender of names Section 1 orthography Article 60". International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile. 159. Glashütten: Koeltz Botanical Books. doi:10.12705/Code.2018. ISBN 9783946583165. OCLC 1043224136. Retrieved 19 July 2018. The use of a hyphen in a compound epithet is treated as an error to be corrected by deletion of the hyphen. A hyphen is permitted only when the epithet is formed of words that usually stand independently, or when the letters before and after the hyphen are the same
  7. "Ramaria aquafaba". Consortium of Pacific Northwest herbaria. WTU Herbarium, Burke Museum, University of Washington. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  8. "aquafaba : Definition of aquafaba in English by Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford Living Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 19 July 2018. Coined in 2015 from Latin aqua ‘water’ + faba ‘bean’.
  9. Arora, David; Bergo, Alan (January 2016). "Thoughts on Ramarias / Coral Mushrooms". Forager Chef. Retrieved 20 July 2018. As they give off water in the skillet, taste their broth – in some of the yellow species it is quite delicious!
  10. Bensch, K. (ed.). "vinescent". MycoBank. Utrecht, The Netherlands. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
  11. Beug, Michael W.; Shaw, Marilyn; Cochran, Kenneth W. (Fall 2006). "Thirty-Plus Years of Mushroom Poisoning: Summary of the Approximately 2,000 Reports in the NAMA Case Registry" (PDF). McIlvainea. 16 (2): 64. ISSN 0099-8400. OCLC 703596018. Retrieved 20 July 2018. Ramaria cf. aurea CO 2 adult, 8 hr Gastrointestinal distress(2), cramp
  12. Ridgway, Robert (1912). Color standards and color nomenclature: With fifty-three colored plates and eleven hundred and fifteen named colors. Washington, DC: Robert Ridgway. p. Plate XXIX. ISBN 9781421261881. OCLC 191675138. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  13. Agerer, Reinhard, ed. (1987–2012). "Tables of identified ectomycorrhizae". Colour Atlas of Ectomycorrhizae. Schwäbisch Gmünd: Einhorn-Verlag. ISBN 9783921703779. OCLC 263940450. Retrieved 19 July 2018. Ramaria flavo-saponaria + Fagus selvatica (Raidl, Scattolin)
  14. Nirschl, Rick. "Mushrooms of the Oak Openings" (PDF). Toledo Naturalists' Association. Toledo Naturalists' Association. p. 4. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
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