Relugolix

Relugolix, sold under the brand names Orgovyx and Relumina, is a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist (GnRH receptor antagonist) medication which is used in the treatment of prostate cancer in men and uterine fibroids in women.[2][3][4][1] It is also under development for use in the treatment of endometriosis.[3][5][6][7][8][9][10] It is taken by mouth once per day.[1][4]

Relugolix
Clinical data
Trade namesOrgovyx, Relumina
Other namesRVT-601; TAK-385
License data
Routes of
administration		By mouth[1]
Drug classGnRH antagonist
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein binding68–71%[1]
Elimination half-life36 to 65 hours[1]
ExcretionFeces: 82%[1]
Urine: 4%[1]
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC29H27F2N7O5S
Molar mass623.64 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)

Side effects of relugolix include menstrual abnormalities, hot flashes, excessive sweating, headache, and decreased bone mineral density.[4][1] Relugolix is a GnRH antagonist, or an antagonist of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor.[1] Unlike most other GnRH modulators, but similarly to elagolix (brand name Orilissa), relugolix is a non-peptide, small-molecule compound and is orally active.[9][10][11] It suppresses sex hormone levels to the postmenopausal or castrate range in both women and men with administration once per day.[1][12][2]

As of February 2019, relugolix is in phase III clinical trials for endometriosis.[3] It was approved for use for the treatment of uterine fibroids in Japan in January 2019, and for the treatment of prostate cancer in the United States in December 2020.[3][13]

Medical uses

Relugolix is approved in the United States for the treatment of prostate cancer in men and in Japan for the treatment of uterine fibroids (uterine leiomyoma) in women.[3][4][2] It is used at a dosage of 120 mg once daily by mouth in the treatment of prostate cancer (after a single 360 mg loading dose on the first day of therapy) and at a dosage of 40 mg once daily in the treatment of uterine fibroids.[1][2]

Available forms

Relugolix is available in the form of 40 and 120 mg oral tablets.[2][13][4]

Side effects

The main side effects of relugolix for uterine fibroids include abnormal uterine bleeding (24.6–48.6% vs. 6.3% for placebo), hot flashes (42.8–45.5% vs. 0% for placebo), heavy menstrual bleeding (12.1–49.3% vs. 9.4% for placebo), headache (12.3–15.2%), and excessive sweating (9.4–15.2% vs. 0% for placebo).[1][4] In addition, decreased bone mineral density occurs with relugolix (21.7% decrease by week 12, 24.4% decrease by week 24).[1]

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics
Estradiol levels with 40 mg relugolix once per day in premenopausal women relative to untreated premenopausal women.[4]

Relugolix is a selective antagonist of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR), with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.12 nM.[1][9][10]

A dosage of relugolix of 40 mg once per day has been found to suppress estradiol levels to postmenopausal levels (<20 pg/mL) within 24 hours in premenopausal women.[1] In the control group of women, estradiol levels fluctuated between 50 and 250 pg/mL.[1] Estradiol levels have been found to return to normal concentrations within 4 weeks of discontinuation of relugolix in premenopausal women.[1] The medication additionally suppresses levels of progesterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone in premenopausal women.[1] Relugolix at a dosage of 40 mg or more once per day has been found to reduce testosterone levels to sustained castrate levels (<20 ng/dL) in men.[12] It additionally suppresses luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels in men.[12]

Lower doses of relugolix (<40 mg/day) are under investigation for achieving partial sex hormone suppression in the treatment of endometriosis and uterine fibroids.[7] This is intended to reduce the incidence and severity of menopausal symptoms such as hot flushes and decreased bone mineral density that are secondary to estrogen deficiency.[7][14]

Pharmacokinetics

A single 40-mg oral dose of relugolix has been found to result in peak levels of relugolix of 29 ng/mL (47 nmol/L) after 1.5 hours.[1] Steady-state levels are reached within 7 days with 40 mg/day relugolix administration.[1] There is an approximate 2-fold accumulation of relugolix by 2 weeks of continuous administration.[1] Food diminishes the oral bioavailability of relugolix by about 50%.[1]

Relugolix is a substrate for P-glycoprotein, which may have a limiting effect on its absorption and distribution.[1] The plasma protein binding of relugolix is approximately 68 to 71% over a concentration range of 0.05 to 5 μg/mL.[1]

Relugolix is not a substrate for CYP3A4.[1] The elimination half-life of relugolix is 36 to 65 hours across a dosage range of 20 to 180 mg/day.[1] There is moderate to high interindividual variability in systemic exposure to relugolix.[1]

Relugolix is excreted mainly in feces (83%) and to a small degree in urine (4%).[1] Only about 6% of a dose of relugolix is excreted unchanged.[1]

Chemistry

Relugolix is a non-peptide, small-molecule compound, and is structurally distinct from GnRH analogues.[11] It is an N-phenylurea derivative.[1]

History

Relugolix was first described in 2004.[15][9] It superseded sufugolix (developmental code name TAK-013), which was developed by the same researchers.[9] Relugolix was approved for the treatment of uterine fibroids in Japan on 8 January 2019.[3][13] It was the second orally active GnRH antagonist to be introduced for medical use, following elagolix (brand name Orilissa) in July 2018.[3][16] Relugolix was approved for the treatment of prostate cancer in the United States on 18 December 2020.[3][2]

The FDA approved relugolix based on evidence from a clinical trial (NCT03085095) of 930 participants 48 to 97 years old with advanced prostate cancer.[17] The trial was conducted at 155 sites in the United States, Canada, and countries in South America, Europe and the Asia Pacific region.[17] All participants in the trial had advanced prostate cancer.[17] Participants were randomly assigned to receive either one relugolix tablet daily (on the first day they received three tables) or an active control (leuprolide acetate) which was given as an injection under the skin every three months.[17] The participants and healthcare providers were aware of which treatment was being given.[17] The treatment lasted for 48 weeks.[17] The efficacy of relugolix was assessed by the percentage of participants who achieved and maintained low testosterone level equal to castration.[17]

Society and culture

Generic names

Relugolix is the generic name of the drug and its INN, USAN, and JAN.[18][19] It is also known by its former developmental code names RVT-601 and TAK-385.[3][18]

Brand names

Relugolix is marketed under the brand name Orgovyx for prostate cancer and the brand name Relumina for uterine fibroids.[3][13][4][2]

Availability

Relugolix is available in the United States and in Japan.[3][13][4][2]

Research

Relugolix is under development by Myovant Sciences and Takeda for the treatment of uterine fibroids in countries besides Japan such as the United States.[3] Relugolix is also under development for the treatment of endometriosis in the United States and other countries.[3]

See also

References
  1. Barra F, Seca M, Della Corte L, Giampaolino P, Ferrero S (August 2019). "Relugolix for the treatment of uterine fibroids". Drugs Today. 55 (8): 503–512. doi:10.1358/dot.2019.55.8.3020179. PMID 31461087.
  2. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2020/214621s000lbl.pdf
  3. "Relugolix - Myovant/Takeda - AdisInsight".
  4. "Relumina (relugolix) Information - ASKA Pharmaceutical" (PDF) (in Japanese). ASKA Pharmaceutical. January 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2019.
  5. Goenka L, George M, Sen M (June 2017). "A peek into the drug development scenario of endometriosis - A systematic review". Biomed. Pharmacother. 90: 575–585. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2017.03.092. PMID 28407578.
  6. Dellis A, Papatsoris A (October 2017). "Therapeutic outcomes of the LHRH antagonists". Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 17 (5): 481–488. doi:10.1080/14737167.2017.1375855. PMID 28870102. S2CID 38014222.
  7. Streuli I, de Ziegler D, Borghese B, Santulli P, Batteux F, Chapron C (March 2012). "New treatment strategies and emerging drugs in endometriosis". Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 17: 83–104. doi:10.1517/14728214.2012.668885. PMID 22439891. S2CID 27472695.
  8. Elancheran, R.; Maruthanila, V. L.; Ramanathan, M.; Kabilan, S.; Devi, R.; Kunnumakara, A.; Kotoky, Jibon (2015). "Recent discoveries and developments of androgen receptor based therapy for prostate cancer". Med. Chem. Commun. 6 (5): 746–768. doi:10.1039/C4MD00416G. ISSN 2040-2503. S2CID 72654573.
  9. Miwa K, Hitaka T, Imada T, Sasaki S, Yoshimatsu M, Kusaka M, Tanaka A, Nakata D, Furuya S, Endo S, Hamamura K, Kitazaki T (July 2011). "Discovery of 1-{4-[1-(2,6-difluorobenzyl)-5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-3-(6-methoxypyridazin-3-yl)-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-6-yl]phenyl}-3-methoxyurea (TAK-385) as a potent, orally active, non-peptide antagonist of the human gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor". J. Med. Chem. 54 (14): 4998–5012. doi:10.1021/jm200216q. PMID 21657270.
  10. Nakata D, Masaki T, Tanaka A, Yoshimatsu M, Akinaga Y, Asada M, Sasada R, Takeyama M, Miwa K, Watanabe T, Kusaka M (January 2014). "Suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis by TAK-385 (relugolix), a novel, investigational, orally active, small molecule gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist: studies in human GnRH receptor knock-in mice". Eur. J. Pharmacol. 723: 167–74. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.12.001. PMID 24333551.
  11. Tukun FL, Olberg DE, Riss PJ, Haraldsen I, Kaass A, Klaveness J (December 2017). "Recent Development of Non-Peptide GnRH Antagonists". Molecules. 22 (12): 2188. doi:10.3390/molecules22122188. PMC 6149776. PMID 29232843.
  12. MacLean DB, Shi H, Faessel HM, Saad F (December 2015). "Medical Castration Using the Investigational Oral GnRH Antagonist TAK-385 (Relugolix): Phase 1 Study in Healthy Males". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 100 (12): 4579–87. doi:10.1210/jc.2015-2770. PMC 4667159. PMID 26502357.
  13. "Myovant Provides Corporate Updates and Reports Financial Results for Third Fiscal Quarter Ended December 31, 2018".
  14. Struthers RS, Nicholls AJ, Grundy J, Chen T, Jimenez R, Yen SS, Bozigian HP (February 2009). "Suppression of gonadotropins and estradiol in premenopausal women by oral administration of the nonpeptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist elagolix". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 94 (2): 545–51. doi:10.1210/jc.2008-1695. PMC 2646513. PMID 19033369.
  15. "Thienopyrimidine compounds and use thereof".
  16. "Elagolix - Abbvie/Neurocrine Biosciences - AdisInsight".
  17. "Drug Trial Snapshot: Orgovyx". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 18 December 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  18. "ChemIDplus - 737789-87-6 - AOMXMOCNKJTRQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N - Relugolix [USAN:INN] - Similar structures search, synonyms, formulas, resource links, and other chemical information".
  19. "KEGG DRUG: Relugolix".

Further reading
  • "Relugolix". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  • Clinical trial number NCT03085095 for "A Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Relugolix in Men With Advanced Prostate Cancer (HERO)" at ClinicalTrials.gov
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