Renalia

Renalia is a genus of extinct vascular plants from the Early Devonian (around 420 to 390 million years ago). It was first described in 1976 from compressed fossils in the Battery Point Formation (Gaspé, Québec, Canada). It is difficult to reconstruct the original form of the complete plant, but it appears to have consisted of leafless branching stems whose side branches had sporangia (spore-forming organs) at their tips. It is regarded as an early relative of the lycophytes (clubmosses and relatives).

Renalia
Temporal range: Early Devonian
Scientific classification
(unranked): Viridiplantae
Clade: Tracheophyta
Genus: †Renalia
Gensel (1976)[1]
Species

† R. hueberi Gensel (1976)[1]
† R. grabertii Schweitzer (1980)[2]
† R. major Schweitzer (1980)[2]

Description

The species R. hueberi was described by Patricia G. Gensel in 1976 from compressed fossils. As with all compressions, it is difficult to reconstruct the entire plant, but the sporophyte is thought to have been about 30 cm tall, with bare stems (axes) up to 1.5 mm wide. The main stem had lateral branches which divided into two equal branches (dichotomized) several times. Tracheids (specialized cells serving the purpose of water transport) were present in the stems. The rounded to reniform (kidney-shaped) sporangia (spore-forming organs) were born at the tips of the lateral branches and dehisced (split) along the distal margin into two equal parts. The spores were trilete (multiple spores shared a common origin, and were in contact with each other).[1][3]

Two further species, R. grabertii and R. major were described later by Schweitzer. The sporangia are similarly reniform, differing in their placement. In R. major, they are inserted laterally on the stem on small stalks, too short to be called branches.[4]

Phylogeny

The absence of leaves, the presence of vascular tissue, the terminal position of the sporangia and the form of the branching of the stems (pseudomonopodial) suggest a relationship with the Rhyniaceae; however, the shape of the sporangia and the form of their dehiscence suggest a relationship with the lycophytes.[3] Hence the position of the genus in the cladogram for the polysporangiophytes which Crane et al. published in 2004; Renalia is placed basal to the lycophytes (clubmosses and relatives).[5]

tracheophytes
 

† Rhyniaceae (Huvenia, Rhynia, Stockmansella)

 
 
 

† basal groups (Aberlemnia caledonica [=Cooksonia caledonica], Cooksonia pertoni)

 
 
 

† basal groups (Cooksonia cambrensis, Renalia, Sartilmania, Uskiella, Yunia)

 
 

lycophytes

 
 
 

euphyllophytes

 
 
 

References
  1. Gensel, Patricia G. (1976), "Renalia hueberi, a new plant from the lower Devonian of Gaspé", Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 22 (1): 19–37, doi:10.1016/0034-6667(76)90009-9
  2. Schweitzer, H.J. (1980), "Die Gattungen Renalia Gensel und Psilophyton Dawson im Unterdevon des Rheinlandes", Bonner Paläobotanische Mitteilungen (in German), 6: 1–34, cited in Fairon-Demaret 1986
  3. Taylor, T.N.; Taylor, E.L. & Krings, M. (2009), Paleobotany : The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants (2nd ed.), Amsterdam; Boston: Academic Press, p. 250, ISBN 978-0-12-373972-8
  4. Fairon-Demaret, M. (1986), "Les plantes emsiennes du Sart Tilman (Belgique). II. Sartilmania jabachensis (Kräusel et Weyland) comb. nov.", Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology (in French), 47 (3–4): 225–39, doi:10.1016/0034-6667(86)90038-2
  5. Crane, P.R.; Herendeen, P.; Friis, E.M. (2004), "Fossils and plant phylogeny", American Journal of Botany, 91 (10): 1683–99, doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1683, PMID 21652317, retrieved 2011-01-27
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