Renaud Camus

Jean Renaud Gabriel Camus (/kæˈmuː/; French: [ʁəno kamy]; born 10 August 1946) is a French writer and novelist. He is known as the creator of the "Great Replacement", a far-right conspiracy theory which claims that a global elite is colluding against the white population of Europe to replace them with non-European peoples.[1][2]

Renaud Camus
Camus in 2019
BornJean Renaud Gabriel Camus
(1946-08-10) 10 August 1946
Chamalières, France
NationalityFrench
Education
Notable works
  • Tricks (1979)
  • The Great Replacement (2011)
Notable awards

Camus' views on "the great replacement" have been translated on far-right websites and adopted by far-right groups to reinforce their white genocide conspiracy theory.[3]

Early life and career as a fiction writer

Family and education (1946–1977)

Renaud Camus was born on 10 August 1946 in Chamalières, Auvergne, a conservative rural town in central France.[4][5] Raised in a bourgeois family,[6] he is the son of Léon Camus, an entrepreneur, and Catherine Gourdiat, a lawyer.[7] His parents cut him from their will after he revealed his homosexuality. At 21, then a socialist, he participated in pro-LGBT marches during the May 1968 events in Paris.[8]

Camus earned a baccalauréat in philosophy in Clermont-Ferrand, Auvergne, in 1963. He studied law at a non-university college, St Clare's, Oxford (1965–1966), earned a bachelor in French literature at the Sorbonne University in Paris (1969), a master in philosophy at the Paris Institute of Political Studies (1970),[4][9] and two Master of Advanced Studies (DES) in political science (1970) and history of law (1971) at the University Panthéon-Assas. He taught French literature at the Hendrix College in Conway, Arkansas from 1971 to 1972, then was redactor in political sciences for the encyclopedia publisher Grolier from 1972 to 1976. He was also a professional reader and literature advisor at French book publisher Denoël from 1970 to 1976.[4]

Influential gay writer (1978–1995)

After settling back in Paris in 1978, Camus quickly began to circulate among writers and artists the likes of Roland Barthes, Andy Warhol, or Gilbert & George.[6] Known exclusively as a novelist and poet until the late-1990s, Camus received the Prix Fénéon in 1977 for his novel Échange;[10] and in 1996 the Prix Amic from the Académie Française for his previous novels and elegies.[11][12] This period of Camus' life has led American magazine The Nation in 2019 to label him a "gay icon" who "became the ideologue of white supremacy,"[12] although Camus had rejected the concept of "homosexual writer" by 1982.[13]

Called retrospectively by some English-language media an "edgy gay writer,"[6][12] Camus published in 1979 Tricks, a "chronicle" consisting of descriptions of homosexual encounters in France and elsewhere, with a preface by philosopher Roland Barthes; it remains Camus' most translated work.[5] Tricks and Buena Vista Park, published in 1980, were deemed influential in the LGBT community at that time.[14][15][12] Camus was also a columnist for the French gay magazine Gai Pied.[15][6]

Camus had been a member of the Socialist Party during the 1970s and 1980s and voted for François Mitterrand in 1981, winner of the French presidential election.[8] Thirty-one years later, during the 2012 presidential campaign, he dismissed the party in those terms: "The Socialist Party has published a political program titled Pour changer de civilisation ("To change civilization"). We are among those who, to the contrary, refuse to change civilization."[16]

In 1992, at the age of 46, using the money from the sale of his Paris apartment, Camus bought and began to restore a 14th-century castle in Plieux, a village in Occitanie. Several years later, he had the epiphany which he said led to the concept of the "Great Replacement". As of 2019, Camus still lives in the castle. Because he received government funds to assist in the restoration of the castle – which included the rebuilding of a 10-story tower removed in the 17th century – Camus is required to open it to the public for a part of the year.[5][6][12]

The Great Replacement
Main article: Great Replacement

Development (1996–2011)
The castle of Plieux, built in 1340 and Camus' home in Occitanie, southern France

Camus stated in a 2016 interview with British magazine The Spectator that he began to think up his conspiracy theory in 1996, while editing a guidebook about the department of Hérault. He claimed that he "suddenly realised that in very old villages (...) the population had totally changed too," and added, "this is when I began to write like that."[6]

Camus supported for a time the left-wing souverainist politician Jean-Pierre Chevènement, then voted for the ecologist candidate Noël Mamère in the 2002 presidential election.[8] The same year, he founded his own racialist political party,[17] the Parti de l’In-nocence ("Party of No-harm"), although it was not publicly launched until the 2012 presidential election.[6] The party advocates remigration, i.e. sending all immigrants and their families back to the country of their origin, and a complete cessation of future immigration.[5]

He also declared that a key to understanding his "Great Replacement" theory can be found in a book about aesthetics he published in 2002, titled Du Sens ("Of Meaning").[6] In the latter, inspired by a dialog between Plato and Cratylus, he wrote that the words "France" and "French" equal a natural and physical reality, not a legal one; it is a cratylism similar to Charles Maurras' distinction between the "legal country" and the "real country."[lower-alpha 1][18]

Since his 2010 and 2011 books L'Abécédaire de l'in-nocence ("Abecedarium of no-harm") and Le Grand Remplacement ("The Great Replacement")—both unpublished in English—Camus has been warning of the purported danger of the "Great Replacement".[19] The conspiracy theory supposes that "replacist elites"[lower-alpha 2] are colluding against the White French and Europeans in order to replace them with non-European peoples—specifically Muslim populations from Africa and the Middle East—through mass migration, demographic growth and a drop in the European birth rate; a supposed process he labeled "genocide by substitution."[1][20] To promote his theory, Camus participated in two conferences organised by Bloc Identitaire in December 2010 and November 2012.[17]

Political activism (2012–present)

He was a candidate in the 2012 French presidential election, with a program ranging from "serious proposals, such as the repatriation of foreign-born criminals", to unusual themes in French politics, such as "the right to silence, abolishing wind-farms, banning roadside ads, making sanctuaries of remaining unspoiled places, stopping the production of cars that can go faster than the speed limit, and recognising Israel, Palestine and a Greater Lebanon for Christians in the Middle East."[6] He nonetheless failed to gain enough elected representatives presentations to be able to run for president, and eventually decided to support Marine Le Pen.[16][21]

Renaud Camus with Karim Ouchikh during their 2019 European campaign

In 2017, French essayist Alain Finkielkraut caused controversy after he invited Camus to debate the "Great Replacement" on the literary talk show Répliques at the public radio France Culture. Finkielkraut justified his choice by arguing that Camus, who "is heard and seen nowhere, has shaped an expression that we hear everywhere."[22][23]

On 9 November 2017, Camus founded, with Karim Ouchikh, the National Council of European Resistance, an allusion to the WWII French National Council of the Resistance.[24] The pan-European movement—with other members the likes of Jean-Yves Le Gallou, Bernard Lugan, Václav Klaus, Filip Dewinter or Janice Atkinson[25]—seeks to oppose the "Great Replacement", immigration to Europe, and to defeat "replacist totalitarianism."[26][27]

In December 2017, he declared: "The presidential election that took place [in 2017] was the last chance for a political solution. I don't believe in a political solution (...) because in 2022, this time, it will be the occupants, the invaders, [i.e. the immigrants] who will vote, who will be the masters of the elections, so anyway the solution is no longer political".[17]

After white supremacist protesters at the 2017 Unite The Right Rally in Charlottesville, Virginia were heard chanting "You will not replace us" and "Jews will not replace us,"[28] Camus stated that he did not support Nazis or violence, but that he could understand why white Americans felt angry about being replaced, and that he approved of the sentiment.[29] In November 2018, he released a book directly written in English and intended for an international audience, titled You Will Not Replace Us![30]

In May 2019, Camus ran, along with Karim Ouchikh, for the European parliament elections: "we shall not leave Europe, we shall make Africa leave Europe," they wrote to define their agenda.[31][32] During the campaign, a photograph of a candidate on his ballot kneeling before a giant swastika drawn on a beach re-emerged on social media. Camus decided to withdraw from the election, claiming that the swastika was "the opposite of everything [he had] fought for [his] whole life."[12][33] As of March 2020, he still defends his "Great Replacement" conspiracy theory on his Twitter account,[34] where he is very active[6] and has more than 40,000 followers.[35]

Views

On white nationalist violence

Camus has repeatedly said that he condemns the violent attacks and terrorism committed which echo his ideas,[22][36] dismissing them as "Occupier's [i.e. immigrant's] practices."[37] However, his use of strong terms, such as "colonizers" and "Occupiers"[lower-alpha 3] to label non-European immigrants and their children,[22][38] has been described as implicit calls to violence.[39] While he denies stigmatizing all Muslims, Camus believes in an unbroken line between petty crime and Islamic terrorism: "all the terrorists are known by the police, not for terrorist acts or for religious extremism, but by petty larceny and bank attacks, or even by very small things like attacking old ladies in suburban trains, or conflicts between neighbours,"[6] adding in another speech: "we are talking about the fight against terrorism: in my opinion there are no terrorists, not a single one. There are occupants who (...) kill a few hostages from time to time to better remind us who the master is."[17]

Camus' tract for his 2014 "day of anger" manifestation against the "great replacement": "No to the change of people and of civilization, no to antisemitism"

I therefore believe that we are entering into an absolute necessity of a struggle that will no longer be political, [...] for which there are two main sources of inspiration: that of the Resistance and that of anti-colonial struggles. We are under occupation—I am absolutely not afraid of the word, I often speak of the second occupation. [...] We also follow the tradition of all anti-colonial struggles. [...] Algeria, which has become independent, has considered that it would not be truly independent without the departure of the settlers [...] I also believe that there will be no liberation of the territory without the departure of the occupier or colonization, i. e. without remigration. All the major texts in the fight against decolonization apply admirably to France, in particular those of Frantz Fanon. [...] Faced with this, I propose open resistance, that is, to revolt.

— Renaud Camus. Speech of the 10 years of Riposte Laïque, 2 December 2017.

Scholars Nicolas Bancel, Pascal Blanchard and Ahmed Boubeker state that "the announcement of a civil war is implicit in the theory of the 'great replacement' (...) This thesis is extreme—and so simplistic that it can be understood by anyone—because it validates a racial definition of the nation."[40] In April 2014, Camus was fined 4,000€ for referring to Muslims as "hooligans" and "soldiers", and as "the armed wing of a group intent on conquering French territory and expelling the existing population from certain areas" during a conference organised by Bloc Identitaire and Riposte Laïque in December 2010.[41][6] In April 2015, the Court of Appeal of Paris confirmed this decision.[42]

Allegations of antisemitism

In his diary of 1994—published in 2000 under the title La campagne de France—Renaud Camus commented on the fact that the membership of a regular panel of literary critics on the public radio France Culture comprised a majority of Jewish members who, in his views, tended to exclusively focus discussion on Jewish authors and community-centered issues.[43][12] This accusation drew much criticism among some French journalists such as Marc Weitzmann or Jean Daniel, who denounced Camus' remarks as anti-Semitic.[44][12] One editorial, signed by Frédéric Mitterrand, Emmanuel Carrère, Christian Combaz or Camille Laurens, defended Camus in the name of free speech, while another, signed by Jacques Derrida, Serge Klarsfeld, Claude Lanzmann, Jean-Pierre Vernant or Philippe Sollers, contended that racism and antisemitism, as allegedly displayed by Camus in his diary, are not entitled to this freedom.[44]

Camus has since gained a number of defenders among French-Jewish conservative thinkers, most notably Alain Finkielkraut, who has taken his side in the controversy since 2000. "Demographic substitution," Finkielkraut said to The Nation in 2019, is "not a conspiracy theory," but he dismissed Camus' frequent talk of "genocide by substitution."[12] Éric Zemmour, a French conservative journalist of Sefardi Jewish descent, is one of the most prominent mainstream advocates of Camus' theory.[23][45] Additionally, various right-wing and far-right French-speaking Jewish websites, such as Dreuz.info, Europe-Israël or JssNews, have positively received Camus' conspiracy theory and call their readership to study his books.[46]

Political scientist Jean-Yves Camus and historian Nicolas Lebourg have noted that, contrary to its parent the white genocide conspiracy theory, Renaud Camus' "Great Replacement" does not include an anti-antisemitic Jewish plot, which is, according to them, a reason for its success.[47] French journalist Yann Moix, who had accused Camus of being an anti-Semite in 2017, was fined 3,000€ by a French Court of Appeal for libel on 13 March 2019.[48] Moix's conviction was overturned in January 2020 by the French Court of Cassation, judging that his comments "were the expression of an opinion and a value judgment on the personality of the plaintiff (...) and not the imputation of a specific fact."[49]

Democracy and multiculturalism

Camus sees democracy as a degradation of high culture and favors a system whereby the elite are guardians of the culture, thus opposing multiculturalism.[18]

LGBT rights

Camus is openly gay and has given lukewarm support to same-sex marriage.[15] He has said that homophobia and opposition to LGBT rights within conservative Islam justifies anti-Muslim sentiment, and that the mainstream left has often prioritised defending Islam and anti-racism over criticising Muslim homophobia.[18]

Influence

In a survey led by Ifop in December 2018, 25% of the French subscribed to the theory of the "Great Replacement"; as well as 46% of the responders who defined themselves as "Gilets Jaunes".[50] The theory has been cited by Canadian political activist Lauren Southern in a YouTube video of the same name released in July 2017.[51] Southern's video had attracted in 2019 more than 670,000 viewers[52] and is credited with helping to popularize the theory.[53]

The "Great Replacement" theory is a key ideological component of Identitarianism, a strand of white nationalism that originated in France and has since gained popularity in Europe and the rest of the Western world.[54] It was also the name of a manifesto by terrorist Brenton Harrison Tarrant, the Australian-born perpetrator of the Christchurch mosque shootings at Al Noor Mosque and Linwood Islamic Centre in Christchurch, New Zealand, that killed 51 people and injured 50 others. Likewise, the manifesto of Brenton Harrison Tarrant and the Great Replacement theory were also cited in The Inconvenient Truth by Patrick Crusius, the perpetrator of the 2019 El Paso shooting at a Walmart store in El Paso, Texas, United States, that killed 22 people and injured 24 others.[55][56]

Selected works

Novels

Passage. Flammarion (1975) ISBN 978-2080607829
Échange. Flammarion (1976) ISBN 978-2080608925
Roman roi. P.O.L. (1983) ISBN 978-2867440052
Roman furieux (Roman roi II). P.O.L. (1987) ISBN 978-2867440762
Voyageur en automne. P.O.L. (1992) ISBN 978-2867443022
Le Chasseur de lumières. P.O.L. (1993) ISBN 978-2867443725
L'épuisant désir de ces choses. P.O.L. (1995) ISBN 978-2867444494
L'Inauguration de la salle des Vents. Fayard (2003) ISBN 978-2213616643
Loin. P.O.L. (2009) ISBN 978-2846823524

Chronicles

Journal d'un voyage en France. Hachette (1981) ISBN 978-2010067815
Tricks. P.O.L. (1979) ISBN 978-2818001387
transl. Tricks: 25 encounters. Serpent's Tail (1995) ISBN 978-1852424145
Buena Vista Park. Hachette (1980) ISBN 978-2010073052
Incomparable, with Farid Tali. P.O.L. (1999) ISBN 978-2867447044
Retour à Canossa. Journal 1999. Fayard (2002) ISBN 978-2213614342

Political writings

Du sens. P.O.L. (2002) ISBN 978-2867448812
Le communisme du XXIe siècle. Xenia (2007) ISBN 978-2888920342
La Grande Déculturation. Fayard (2008) ISBN 979-1091681384
De l'In-nocence. Abécédaire. David Reinharc (2010) ISBN 978-2-35869-015-7
Décivilisation. Fayard (2011) ISBN 2-2136-6638-5
Le Grand Remplacement. David Reinharc (2011) ISBN 978-2-35869-031-7
L'Homme remplaçable. Self-published (2012) ISBN 979-10-91681-00-1
Le Changement de peuple. Self-published (2013) ISBN 979-10-91681-06-3
Les Inhéritiers. Self-published (2013) ISBN 979-10-91681-04-9
You Will Not Replace Us! Self-published (2018) ISBN 979-1091681575
Lettre aux Européens : entée de cent une propositions (with Karim Ouchikh). Self-published (2019)

References

Informational notes

  1. French: "pays légal" and "pays réel"
  2. French: "élites remplacistes."
  3. French: "colonisateurs" and "Occupants."

Citations

  1. Taguieff, Pierre-André (2015). La revanche du nationalisme: Néopopulistes et xénophobes à l'assaut de l'Europe. Presses Universitaires de France. PT71. ISBN 9782130729501. To [the theory of a replacement through mass immigration], that claims itself to be an observation or a description, is added in the "anti-replacist" vision a conspiracy theory which attributes to the "replacist" elites the desire to achieve the "Great Replacement".
  2. Korte, Barbara; Wendt, Simon; Falkenhayner, Nicole (2019). Heroism as a Global Phenomenon in Contemporary Culture. Routledge. PT10. ISBN 9780429557842. This conspiracy theory, which was first articulated by the French philosopher Renaud Camus, has gained a lot of traction in Europe since 2015.
  3. Shafak, Elif (1 April 2019). "To understand the far right, look to their bookshelves". The Guardian.
  4. "Renaud Camus". Éditions P.O.L.
  5. Onishi, Norimitsu (20 September 2019). "The Man Behind a Toxic Slogan Promoting White Supremacy". The New York Times.
  6. Sexton, David (3 November 2016). "Non!". The Spectator.
  7. Qui est qui en France. J. Lafitte. 2010. p. 443. ISBN 9782857840503.
  8. Mahrane, Saïd (14 October 2013). "Ce Camus qui n'aime pas l'étranger". Le Point. Parce qu'il assume son homosexualité, après avoir tenté en vain de la refouler, il rompt avec ses parents, stricts et vindicatifs. Si bien qu'il n'apparaît pas dans le testament familial: une maison devait lui revenir; elle finira en ruine. [...] En Mai 68, de gauche, il défile au sein de la "composante homosexuelle" des cortèges [...] Plus tard, ce disciple de Roland Barthes prend sa carte au PS et vote, en 1981, pour François Mitterrand. Peu à peu, il se convertit au chevènementisme, puis... à l'écologie. En 2002, il donne sa voix à Noël Mamère.
  9. "Jean-Renaud Camus". Sciences Po Alumni.
  10. Baetens, Jan (2000). Etudes camusiennes. Rodopi. p. 61. ISBN 9789042007789.
  11. "Renaud Camus". Fayard. 4 June 2013.
  12. McAuley, James (17 June 2019). "How Gay Icon Renaud Camus Became the Ideologue of White Supremacy". The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378.
  13. Vercier, Bruno; Porter, Charles A.; Sarkonak, Ralph (1996). "An Interview With Renaud Camus". Yale French Studies. Yale University Press (90): 7–21. doi:10.2307/2930355. ISSN 0044-0078. JSTOR 2930355.
  14. Lestrade, Didier (4 April 2016). "Je suis trop longtemps resté fidèle à Renaud Camus, ce traître homosexuel". Slate.
  15. Le Bailly, David (29 June 2019). "Renaud Camus, des backrooms gays au "grand remplacement"". Le Nouvel Obs.
  16. Camus, Renaud (19 April 2012). "Nous refusons de changer de civilisation". Le Monde.
  17. De Boissieu, Laurent. "Parti de l'In-nocence (PI)". France-Politique.
  18. Chaouat, Bruno (27 August 2019). "The Gay French Poet Behind the Alt-Right's Favorite Catch Phrase". Tablet Magazine.
  19. Camus, Jean-Yves; Mathieu, Annie (19 August 2017). "D'où vient l'expression 'remigration'?". Le Soleil. Archived from the original on 24 May 2019.
  20. Verstraet, Antoine (2017). "C'est ça que tu veux ?". Savoirs et Clinique. 23 (2): 55. doi:10.3917/sc.023.0055. ISSN 1634-3298. [transl. from French] This theory states that the indigenous French ("Français de souche") could soon be demographically replaced by non-European peoples, especially from the Maghreb and sub-Saharan Africa.
  21. Staff (27 March 2012). "L'écrivain Renaud Camus appelle à voter Le Pen". Le Figaro.
  22. Heim, Joe; McAuley, James. "New Zealand attacks offer the latest evidence of a web of supremacist extremism". The Washington Post. Camus, now 72, told The Washington Post that he condemns the Christchurch attacks and has always condemned similar violence. [...] Camus added that he still hopes that the desire for a "counterrevolt" against "colonization in Europe today" will grow, a reference to increases in nonwhite populations. [...] France Culture is among the most highbrow radio programs in Europe, a French equivalent of NPR. Camus has also discussed the “great replacement” on “Répliques,” a program anchored by Alain Finkielkraut, a prominent French intellectual.
  23. Diallo, Rokhaya. "French Islamophobia goes global". The Washington Post.
  24. Sapiro, Gisèle (2018). Les écrivains et la politique en France - De l'affaire Dreyfus à la guerre d'Algérie. Le Seuil. PT377. ISBN 978-2-02-140215-5.
  25. "À propos". Conseil National de la Résistance Européenne. 29 November 2017.
  26. "Charte constitutive". Conseil National de la Résistance Européenne. 3 December 2017.
  27. Lambrecq, Maxence (7 May 2019). "Du jamais vu : deux listes anti-islam pour les élections européennes en France". France Inter.
  28. Weitzmann, Marc (1 April 2019). "The Global Language of Hatred Is French". Foreign Affairs.
  29. Wildman, Sarah (15 August 2017). ""You will not replace us": a French philosopher explains the Charlottesville chant". Vox.
  30. Chaouat, Bruno (18 March 2019). "La littérature, c'est le grand remplacement du monde". Le Point.
  31. AFP (4 April 2019). "Européennes: l'écrivain Renaud Camus en tête de liste". Le Figaro. «L'Europe, il ne faut pas en sortir, il faut en sortir l'Afrique» [...] «Jamais une occupation n'a pris fin sans le départ de l'occupant. Jamais une colonisation ne s'est achevée sans le retrait des colonisateurs et des colons. La Ligne claire, et seule à l'être, c'est celle qui mène du ferme constat du grand remplacement (...) à l'exigence de la remigration», ajoutent-ils.
  32. AFP (9 April 2019). "Renaud Camus, le chantre du "grand remplacement", tête de liste aux européennes". Le Parisien.
  33. AFP (22 May 2019). "Européennes : Renaud Camus "n'assume plus" sa liste à cause d'une co-listière". L'Express.
  34. Camus, Renaud (29 March 2020). "10:39 PM · 29 mars 2020". Twitter. Il n’y a pas de reconstruction possible de cette nation sans le départ de l’Occupant, qui montre et démontre avec emphase tous les jours, ces temps-ci, qu’il appartient à d’autres peuples, d’autres races, d’autres cultures, d’autres civilisations, totalement incompatibles.
  35. "@RenaudCamus". Twitter.
  36. Wildman, Sarah (15 August 2017). ""You will not replace us": a French philosopher explains the Charlottesville chant". Vox. He seemed surprised by the notion that his ideas could in any way be associated with the white nationalists marching in Charlottesville. He condemned the violence and insisted he has no connection to Nazism [...]
  37. Camus, Renaud (4 August 2019). "Renaud Camus - Twitter - 3:01PM, 4 Aug 2019". Twitter. J’appelle à la révolte anticoloniale, moi, à la décolonisation, à la libération du territoire, au départ de l'Occupant, à son Grand Rapatriement qui peut seul nous protéger de la violence — certainement pas au terrorisme et aux massacres de masse, ces pratiques d’Occupant. [I do call for an anti-colonial revolt, for decolonization, for territorial liberation, for the Occupier's departure, for its Great Repatriation which alone can protect us from violence—, certainly not for terrorism and mass massacres, those are Occupier's practices.]
  38. AFP (4 April 2019). "Européennes: l'écrivain Renaud Camus en tête de liste". Le Figaro. «L'Europe, il ne faut pas en sortir, il faut en sortir l'Afrique» [...] «Jamais une occupation n'a pris fin sans le départ de l'occupant. Jamais une colonisation ne s'est achevée sans le retrait des colonisateurs et des colons. La Ligne claire, et seule à l'être, c'est celle qui mène du ferme constat du grand remplacement (...) à l'exigence de la remigration», ajoutent-ils.
  39. Finkelkraut, Alain. "Le grand déménagement du monde". France Culture. [audio; transl. from French] - Alain Finkielkraut: [23:05] 'The occupation provoked among the French, and especially among the resisters, a very intense feeling of hatred [...] Moreover this occupation was made of persons in uniforms [...] How could you not provoke, with such an analogy, a hatred that some will judge salutary towards all immigrants they will meet [...]? It appears to me contradictory on your side to say that you condemn hatred, while at the same time drawing inspiration from that incendiary analogy to describe our times.'
  40. Boubeker, Ahmed; Bancel, Nicolas; Blanchard, Pascal (2015). Le grand repli. La Découverte. pp. 141–152. ISBN 9782707188229.
  41. Staff (10 April 2014). "L'écrivain Renaud Camus condamné pour provocation à la haine contre les musulmans". Le Monde (in French).
  42. AFP (9 April 2015). "Provocation à la haine contre les musulmans: La condamnation de Renaud Camus confirmée". 20Minutes (in French).
  43. "Fragments du " Journal de 1994 "". Le Monde. 1 June 2000.
  44. Jaffrin, Ivan (2012). "D'un scandale l'autre: l'affaire Renaud Camus et la faillite de la critique intellectuelle". COnTEXTES. Revue de sociologie de la littérature (in French) (10). doi:10.4000/contextes.4975. ISSN 1783-094X.
  45. "Le grand remplacement, un virus français (4/5) : la décennie Zemmour". France Culture (in French). 5 November 2019.
  46. Courouble Share, Stéphanie; Rasplus, Valéry; Corcos, Jean (3 May 2017). "Le soutien de Renaud Camus à Marine Le Pen doit faire réfléchir les membres de la communauté juive". Le Monde.
  47. Jean-Yves Camus; Nicolas Lebourg (2017). Far-Right Politics in Europe. Harvard University Press. pp. 206–207. ISBN 978-0-674-97153-0. The success of that umpteenth incarnation of a theme launched immediately after World War II (Camus has personally declared his indebtedness to Enoch Powell) can be explained by the fact that he subtracted anti-Semitism from the argument
  48. Geffray, Émilie (14 March 2019). "Yann Moix condamné en appel pour avoir qualifié Renaud Camus d'"antisémite"". Le Figaro.
  49. AFP (7 January 2020). "Diffamation envers Renaud Camus : la condamnation de Yann Moix annulée". Le Figaro.
  50. Liabot, Thomas (11 February 2019). "Sondage : les Gilets jaunes sont plus sensibles aux théories du complot". Le Journal du Dimanche.
  51. Chatterton Williams, Thomas (4 December 2017). "The French Origins of "You Will Not Replace Us"". The New Yorker.
  52. Southern, Lauren (3 July 2017). "The Great Replacement". YouTube.
  53. Miller, Nick (19 March 2019). "'The Great Replacement': an idea now at the heart of Europe's politics". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  54. Dearden, Lizzie (9 November 2017). "Generation Identity: Far-right group sending UK recruits to military-style training camps in Europe". The Independent. Archived from the original on 25 September 2018. ...claims it represents "indigenous Europeans" and propagates the far-right conspiracy theory that white people are becoming a minority in what it calls the 'Great Replacement'
  55. McAuley, James (15 March 2019). "Renaud Camus' ideas may have inspired the Christchurch mosque slayings in New Zealand". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 16 March 2019.
  56. Weill, Kelly (4 August 2019). "From Christchurch to El Paso, a Racist Lie is Fueling Terrorist Attacks". The Daily Beast.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.