Rock tapaculo

The rock tapaculo or Espinhaço tapaculo (Scytalopus petrophilus) is a species of bird in the family Rhinocryptidae. It is endemic to altitudes of 900–2,100 metres (3,000–6,900 ft) in the central and southern Espinhaço Mountains, and the Mantiqueira Mountains in Minas Gerais, Brazil, though it may also occur in adjacent parts of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo.[2] It is found in shrubby and grassy habitats in rocky regions, and in elfin and cloud forest.[2] It closely resembles the Diamantina tapaculo and Planalto tapaculo in appearance and voice (especially song; less so in call).[2]

Rock tapaculo
At Serra da Mantiqueira, Monteiro Lobato; São Paulo state, Brazil.
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Rhinocryptidae
Genus: Scytalopus
Species:
S. petrophilus
Binomial name
Scytalopus petrophilus
Whitney et al., 2010[2]

Here we follow South American Classification Committee (SACC),[3] but the taxonomy is extremely complex, and it is possible the correct scientific name of this relatively pale inland species is S. speluncae, in which case the closely related darker species from the Serra do Mar region would be S. notorius.[4]

Taxonomy

Scientific name

In 2006, doubt about the use of the scientific name S. speluncae for the mouse-coloured tapaculo surfaced.[4] An examination of the type specimen of S. speluncae (Ménétriés, 1835) resulted in the conclusion that this name belonged to a relatively pale population from the Espinhaço Mountains that had been included within S. novacapitalis (vocally, this population is closer to S. pachecoi).[4] This meant that the relatively dark population of the Serra do Mar region –the population that traditionally had been called S. speluncae– had to receive a new name: S. notorius ("notorius" to illustrate its problematic taxonomic history).[4] This conclusion was questioned in 2007, which maintained that the population of the Serra do Mar region is S. speluncae, while the population of the central and southern Espinhaço Mountains was considered undescribed, and the population of the northernmost Espinhaço Mountains was described as a new species, S. diamantinensis.[5] Although the possibility of two species in the Espinhaço Mountains was not questioned in an article published the following year, the conclusion that the name S. speluncae belonged to the species of the Serra do Mar was; mainly on the basis that no direct comparison of the type specimen of S. speluncae had been made in 2007 (unlike in the article from 2006).[6] In 2010, other authors came to a different conclusion, as they suggested the original description by Édouard Ménétries in 1835 more closely matched the relatively dark species of the Serra do Mar region.[7] They also concluded that the original type locality of São João del Rei (within the range of the relatively pale central and south Espinhaço Mountains species) provided by Ménétries was incorrect, and it actually was collected somewhere in central Rio de Janeiro (within the range of the Serra do Mar species).[7] Following this, the relatively pale species of the southern and central Espinhaço Mountains region was described as a new species, S. petrophilus.[2] This view was supported by SACC.[3]

Phylogenetic evidence suggests that undescribed taxa from the genus Scytalopus remain in eastern Brazil.[8]

English name

Regardless of the correct scientific name, three different English names have been used for the relatively pale species of the central and southern Espinhaço Mountains: Mouse-coloured tapaculo (used briefly by Comitê Brasileiro de Registros Ornitológicos, but not anymore), Espinhaço tapaculo and rock tapaculo. The name mouse-coloured tapaculo is likely to cause confusion, as it, until 2006, always had been used for other populations, and most, if not all, Scytalopus tapaculos are largely mouse-grey in colour.[4][9] The northernmost population in the Espinhaço Mountains is now considered a separate species, S. diamantinensis, which makes the name Espinhaço tapaculo for the population in the central and southern part of this range non-unique.[5] Many species of tapaculos are found in rocky habitats,[9] and the species of the central and southern Espinhaço Mountains is not entirely restricted to rocky habitats,[2] which makes the name rock tapaculo less than perfect.

References
  1. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016. 2016. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  2. Whitney, B.M.; Vasconcelos, M.F.; Silveira, L.F.; Pacheco, J.F. (2010). Scytalopus petrophilus (Rock Tapaculo): a new species from Minas Gerais, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 18 (2): 73-88.
  3. Van Remsen, J. (2010). Recognize newly described Scytalopus petrophilus. SACC. Accessed 15 May 2011.
  4. Raposo, Marcos A.; Stopiglia, Renata; Loskot, Vladimir & Kirwan, Guy M. (2006). The correct use of the name Scytalopus speluncae (Ménétriés, 1835), and the description of a new species of Brazilian tapaculo (Aves: Passeriformes: Rhinocryptidae). Zootaxa 1271: 37-56. Accessed 15 May 2011.
  5. Bornschein, M. R.; Maurício, G. N.; Belmonte-Lopes, R.; Mata, H.; Bonatto, S. L. (2007). Diamantina Tapaculo, a new Scytalopus endemic to the Chapada Diamantina, northeastern Brazil (Passeriformes: Rhinocryptidae). Archived 2011-07-06 at the Wayback Machine Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 15(2): 151-174. Accessed 15 May 2011.
  6. Raposo, Marcos A.; & Kirwan, Guy M. (2008). The Brazilian species complex Scytalopus speluncae: how many times can a holotype be overlooked?. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 16(1): 78-81. Accessed 15 May 2011.
  7. Maurício, G.N.; Bornschein, M.R.; Vasconcelos, M.F.; Whitney, J.F.; Pacheco, J.F.; Silveira, L.F. (2010). Taxonomy of “Mouse‑colored Tapaculos”. I. On the application of the name Malacorhynchus speluncae Ménétriès, 1835 (Aves: Passeriformes: Rhinocryptidae). Zootaxa 2518: 32-48
  8. Mata, Helena; Fontana, Carla S.; Maurício, Giovanni N.; Bornschein, Marcos R.; Ferreira de Vasconcelos, Marcelo & Bonatto, Sandro L. (2009). Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the eastern Tapaculos (Aves: Rhinocryptidae: Scytalopus, Eleoscytalopus): Cryptic diversification in Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 53(2): 450-462.
  9. Krabbe, N. K.; Schulenberg, T. S. (2003). Rhinocryptidae (Tapaculos). Pp. 748-787 in: del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Christie, D., eds. (2003). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 8. Broadbills to Tapaculos. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-50-4

Further reading
  • Nemésio, A.; Rasmussen, C.; Aguiar, A.P.; Pombal, Jr., J.P. & Dubois, A. (2013). Nomenclatural issues in ornithology: the incredible controversy on the identity of a long overlooked Brazilian bird. Zootaxa 3734: 241–258.
  • Raposo, M.A.; Kirwan, G.M.; Loskot, V. & Pinto de Assis, C. (2012). São João del Rei is the type locality of Scytalopus speluncae (Aves: Passeriformes: Rhinocryptidae)—a response to Maurício et al. 2010. Zootaxa 3439: 51–67.
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