Sam Nujoma

Samuel Shafiishuna Daniel Nujoma,[1] (/nuːˈjoʊmə/; born 12 May 1929) is a Namibian revolutionary, anti-apartheid activist and politician who served three terms as the first President of Namibia, from 1990 to 2005. Nujoma was a founding member and the first president of the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) in 1960. Prior to 1960, SWAPO was known as the Ovambo People's Organisation (OPO). He played an important role as leader of the national liberation movement in campaigning for Namibia's political independence from South African rule. He established the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN) in 1962 and launched a guerrilla war against the apartheid government of South Africa in August 1966 at Omungulugwombashe, beginning after the United Nations withdrew the mandate for South Africa to govern the territory. Nujoma led SWAPO during the lengthy Namibian War of Independence, which lasted from 1966 to 1989.

His Excellency Sam Nujoma
Nujoma in 2003
1st President of Namibia
In office 21 March 1990 – 21 March 2005
Prime Minister	Hage Geingob (1990–2002) Theo-Ben Gurirab (2002–2005)
Preceded by	office established
Succeeded by	Hifikepunye Pohamba
President of SWAPO
In office 19 April 1960 – 29 November 2007
Preceded by	office established
Succeeded by	Hifikepunye Pohamba
President of OPO
In office 19 April 1959 – 19 April 1960
Preceded by	office established
Succeeded by	office abolished
Personal details
Born	12 May 1929 Ongandjera, Ovamboland, South West Africa (now Omusati Region, Namibia)
Political party	SWAPO, OPO
Spouse(s)	Kovambo Theopoldine Nujoma (m. 1951)
Children	Utoni Nujoma John Ndeshipanda Sakaria Nefungo Nelago (deceased) Usuta
Alma mater	University of Namibia
Religion	Lutheran
Website	www.samnujomafoundation.org

During World War I, South Africa defeated the German colonial forces in South West Africa and established martial law in the colony after making a peace treaty in July 1915. After the war, the League of Nations officially assigned the former German colony to the United Kingdom as a mandate under the administration of South Africa. When the National Party won the 1948 election in South Africa, it passed laws establishing racial segregation known as apartheid. It applied these laws to South West Africa as well, which it governed as the de facto fifth province of South Africa. Apartheid created strict racial classifications and reduced the rights of natives, in particular.

Nujoma became involved in anti-colonial politics during the 1950s. In 1959, he cofounded and served as the first president of the Ovamboland People's Organization (OPO), a nationalist organization advocating an independent Namibia. In December 1958 he was an organizer of the Old Location resistance and was arrested and deported to Ovamboland. In 1960 he escaped and went into exile in Tanzania where he was welcomed by Julius Nyerere.

Namibia finally achieved independence in 1990, holding its first democratic elections. SWAPO won a majority and Nujoma was elected as the country's first President on 21 March 1990. He was re-elected for two more terms in 1994 and 1999. Nujoma retired as SWAPO party president on 30 November 2007.

He published his autobiography Where Others Wavered in 2005. He has received multiple honors and awards for his leadership, including the Lenin Peace Prize, Indira Gandhi Peace Prize, and the Ho Chi Minh Peace Prize. The Parliament of Namibia honored him with the titles "Founding President of the Republic of Namibia" and "Father of the Namibian Nation". In 2007 SWAPO named him as "Leader of the Namibian Revolution."

Early life

Samuel Shafiishuna Daniel Nujoma was born at Etunda, a village in Ongandjera, near the town of Okahao, Ovamboland, Southwest Africa on 12 May 1929.[2] Nujoma was born to Helvi Mpingana Kondombolo (1898–2008) and Daniel Uutoni Nujoma (1893–1968). His mother Helvi was an Uukwambi princess by virtue of descent, and this fact would later reinforce Nujoma's charismatic influence during his political career. He is the eldest of his parents' eleven children.

Nujoma spent much of his early childhood looking after his siblings and tending to the family's cattle and traditional farming activities. His educational opportunities were limited. He started attending a Finnish missionary school at Okahao when he was ten and completed Standard Six, which was as high as possible for blacks during the time. In 1946, at age 17, he moved to Walvis Bay to live with his aunt, where he began his first employment at a general store for a monthly salary of 10 Shillings. He would later also work at a whaling station. While there he was exposed to world politics by meeting soldiers from Argentina, Norway and other parts of Europe who had come during World War II.

In 1949, Nujoma moved to Windhoek, where he started work as a cleaner for the South African Railways (SAR), while attending adult night school at St Barnabas Anglican Church School in the Windhoek Old Location, mainly with the aim of improving his English. He further studied for his Junior Certificate through correspondence at the Trans‐Africa Correspondence College in South Africa.[3]

Political career

Nujoma became involved in politics in the early 1950s through trade unions. Nujoma's political outlook was shaped by his work experiences, his awareness of the contract labour system, and his increasing knowledge of the independence campaigns across Africa. In 1957, at age 29, Nujoma resigned from SAR so he could devote more time to politics. In 1957, a group of Namibians working in Cape Town led by Andimba Toivo ya Toivo formed the Ovamboland People's Congress (OPC). OPC was opposed to South African policies in South West Africa including the inhumane contract labour system under which people were forced to work for meagre wages. In 1958, ya Toivo sent a petition to the United Nations (UN) to force the apartheid regime to relinquish South West Africa to the Trusteeship Council of the United Nations. Consequently, he was expelled from Cape Town to Windhoek and then to Ovamboland where he was restricted. On 19 April 1959, Nujoma and OPC cofounder Jacob Kuhangua adapted a copy of the OPC constitution and formed the Ovamboland People's Organization (OPO) in Windhoek. At its first congress Nujoma was elected president. During the next year he travelled Namibia in secret mobilizing and setting up branch structures of OPO. In September 1959, the South West African National Union (SWANU) was formed as an umbrella body for anti-colonial resistance groups. Nujoma joined its executive committee representing OPO.

Sam Nujoma pictured in 1979.

After the Old Location Massacre on 10 December 1959, Nujoma was arrested and charged for organising the resistance and faced threats of deportation to the north of the country. By the directive of OPO leadership and in collaboration with Chief Hosea Kutako, it was decided that Nujoma join the other Namibians in exile who were lobbying the United Nations on behalf of the anti-colonial cause for Namibia. In 1960, Nujoma petitioned the UN through letters and eventually went into exile in February of that year. He left Namibia on 29 February, crossing into Bechuanaland and from there travelling to Bulawayo in Southern Rhodesia by train. He flew from Bulawayo to Salisbury and on to Ndola in Northern Rhodesia. With the assistance of a member of the Northern Rhodesian United National Independence Party (UNIP) he crossed into the Katanga Province of Belgian Congo. There Nujoma met Moise Tshombe from the Conakat Party of Congolese. Crossing back over the border to Ndola he boarded a flight to Mbeya. In Mbeya, he was treated for malaria and escaped from the hospital after being threatened with arrest by the colonial authorities. From Mbeya, Nujoma travelled with the assistance of officials of the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) via Njombe, Iringa and Dodoma to Dar-Es-Salaam. With the assistance of Julius Nyerere, then president of TANU, he received a passport. While in Tanganyika, he received permission to address the UN Committee on South West Africa in New York. In April 1960, Nujoma travelled from Tanganyika to Khartoum, Sudan, and from there to Accra, Ghana, where he attended the All African People's Conference organised by Kwame Nkrumah against the French atom bomb test in the Sahara Desert. Nujoma met with other African nationalist leaders such as Patrice Lumumba, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Joseph Kasa-Vubu and Frantz Fanon at the conference. His early encounters with other African nationalist leaders left a lasting impression and informed his Pan-African outlook. Kwame Nkrumah assisted Nujoma to travel to United States and later to Liberia, where a case on South West Africa was being presented to the International Court of Justice.

Sam Nujoma statue in front of the Independence Memorial Museum

After breaking away from SWANU, OPO reconstituted itself as the South West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO) in New York on 19 April 1960, Nujoma was elected president in absentia. He arrived in New York in June 1960 where he petitioned before the Sub Committee of the Fourth Committee of the General Assembly of the United Nations. Nujoma demanded that South West Africa be given its independence by 1963 at the latest. He then returned to Tanganyika in 1961, from where he and a small group of activists would develop SWAPO into an international force. He received support from other African nationalists and received strong backing from Julius Nyerere. Nujoma established SWAPO's Provisional headquarters in Dar es Salaam and arranged scholarships and military training for Namibians who had started to join him there. Among the first arrivals were Mzee Kaukungwa, Mosé Tjitendero and Hifikepunye Pohamba.

In 1962, SWAPO founded its armed wing, the South West African Liberation Army (SWALA), later renamed the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN). Nujoma himself procured the first weapons from Algeria via Egypt, Sudan, Tanzania and Zambia, from where they were taken to Omugulugwombashe in Ovamboland. On 21 March 1966, in a bid to test South Africa's claims at the International Court of Justice at the Hague that Namibians in exile were free to return and assertion that they were in self-imposed exile, Nujoma, accompanied by Hifikepunye Pohamba, chartered a plane to Windhoek. On arrival at the airport, they were arrested and deported to Zambia the next day. On 26 August 1966 the first armed clash between SWALA and the South African security forces took place when paratroopers and police attacked SWALA combatants who had set up a camp at Omugulugwombashe. The attack would mark the beginning of the Namibian War of Independence which would last more than 25 years. In 1969, Nujoma was re-affirmed as SWAPO President at the Tanga Consultative Conference in Tanzania.

In the late 1960s Nujoma continued his diplomatic rounds as SWAPO set up offices across Africa, Europe and the Americas. He represented SWAPO at the founding of the Non-Aligned Movement on 1 September 1961 in Belgrade, Yugoslavia as well as at the founding of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia on 25 May 1963. In 1965, the OAU recognised SWAPO as the only lawful representative of the Namibian people.[4]

Günter Sieber (right), member of the SED Central Committee and head of the International Relations Department, greets Sam Nujoma on arrival in Berlin, August 1989. Shikwetepo Haindongo, representative of SWAPO in the GDR, is at the rear left.

In 1974, the Portuguese empire collapsed and Namibia's border with Angola opened up. Nujoma recognised that this paved the way for major changes in the way the war was being fought and over the next two years SWAPO's military campaign shifted its base from Zambia to Angola. The opening of the border enabled thousands of SWAPO supporters to stream out of Namibia to join the movement in exile. Nujoma's son Utoni Nujoma and his two brothers were among those who arrived in Zambia. At the 1977 World Conference Against Apartheid in Lisbon Nujoma underlined the necessity to destroy the colonial system and institutions of South-African racist regime in Namibia in order to build those which will serve the interest of people irrespective of race, religion or origin.[5] He also warned of the danger of installation of neocolonialist marionettes which will superficially change the visible colonial regime while the position of the majority of people will stay the same.[5] In the late 1970s Nujoma led the SWAPO negotiations team between the Western Contact Group (WCG), which consisted of West Germany, Britain, France, US and Canada, and South Africa on the one hand, and the Frontline States and Nigeria on the other, about proposals that would eventually become United Nations Security Council Resolution 435, passed in September 1978. While agreement on Resolution 435, which embodied the plan for free and fair elections in Namibia, was undoubtedly a diplomatic coup, its implementation became bogged down for another ten years. South African delaying tactics and the American president Ronald Reagan administration's decision to link a Cuban withdrawal from Angola to Namibia independence frustrated hopes of an immediate settlement. On 19 March 1989, the signing of the cease-fire agreement with South Africa took place, which resulted in the implementation of the UN Security Council Resolution 435.

After 29 years in exile, Nujoma returned to Namibia on September 1989 to lead SWAPO to victory in the UN-supervised elections that paved the way for independence. Nujoma returned a day before the UN deadline for the Namibia people to register to vote for an election that would draft a constitution when it received its Independence from South Africa.[6] The Constituent Assembly, elected in November 1989, chose him as Namibia's first president. Nujoma was sworn in on 21 March 1990, in the presence of Javier Perez de Cuellar, Secretary General of the UN, Frederik de Klerk, president of South Africa, and Nelson Mandela, just released from prison.

President of SWAPO

External image
http://www.klausdierks.com/images/Nujoma_1960s.jpg Sam Nujoma (right) with Bishop Colin Winter and Shapua Kaukungua, 1960s. Original source: Namibia State Archive.

In 1959 Nujoma co-founded the Ovamboland People's Organization (OPO) and became its first president. The next year in 1960 he became the first president of the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO). At the time South Africa administered the land under a policy of apartheid, in which the best resources were reserved for those classified white, while other Namibians were treated as inferior. After years of asking the United Nations to ensure the occupying power South Africa released control of South West Africa, he authorised armed resistance in 1966. This began the Namibian War of Independence, which lasted 24 years. During the struggle, Nujoma took the combat name "Shafiishuna", meaning "lightning", as the name was in his family on his father's side.[7] During the liberation struggle Nujoma was also the commander-in-chief of the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN) and the chairman of the Swapo Military Council, which was the biggest decision making body of PLAN.[8]

After serving 47 years as leader of SWAPO, he was succeeded by Hifikepunye Pohamba in 2007. There was speculation that he would be re-elected as SWAPO leader in 2007 and that he was planning to run for president again in 2009.[9] In early October 2007, however, Nujoma said that he had no intention of seeking re-election as SWAPO President and would stand aside in favour of Pohamba.[10][11] Pohamba was accordingly elected unopposed as SWAPO president on 29 November 2007 at a party congress. Nujoma said that he was "passing the torch and mantle of leadership to comrade Pohamba".[12] The congress also decided to give Nujoma the title of Leader of the Namibian Revolution, in addition to his existing title, Founding Father of the Namibian Nation.[13] Choosing to leave active politics, Nujoma was not re-elected to the SWAPO Central Committee nor the Politburo,[14] but the congress granted him permission to attend meetings of the Central Committee and Politburo "at his discretion". He may also receive the title of National Chairman of SWAPO.[13]

President of Namibia

Nujoma pictured on an HIV billboard in 2004

As head of SWAPO, Nujoma was unanimously declared president upon the victory of SWAPO in a United Nations-supervised election in 1989, and was sworn in by UN Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar on 21 March 1990.

At independence, Namibia was gravely divided as a result of a century of colonialism, dispossession, and racial discrimination, compounded by armed struggle and propaganda. For instance, SWAPO had been so demonised by the colonial media and by official pronouncements that most white people, as well as many members of other groups, regarded the movement with the deepest fear, loathing, and suspicion. One of Nujoma's earliest achievements was to proclaim the policy of "national reconciliation", which aimed to improve and harmonise relations amongst Namibia's various racial and ethnic groups. Under his presidency, Namibia made steady if unspectacular economic progress, maintained a democratic system with respect for human rights, observed the rule of law, and worked steadily to eradicate the heritage of apartheid in the interests of developing a non-racial society. Nujoma successfully united all Namibians into a peaceful, tolerant and democratic society governed by the rule of law.

In 1992 Norway decided to stop drought relief to Namibia in response to the purchase of an expensive new presidential jet and two new VIP helicopters. The planes were bought a few weeks after Nujoma had appealed to the international community for drought aid.[15]

In 1990 Nujoma initiated a plan for land reform, in which land would be redistributed from whites to blacks. Some 12% of the total commercial farmland in the country was taken away from white farmers and given to black citizens by 2007.[16] However, according to a 1998 statement made by the Cabinet of Namibia "the agricultural base is too weak to offer a sustainable basis for prosperity" and 38% of Namibia's rural population continue to live beneath the poverty line as of 2010.[17]

Nujoma was re-elected as President of Namibia in December 1994 with 76.3% of the vote.[18] The constitution of Namibia was changed to allow Nujoma to run for a third five-year term in 1999; this was justified on the grounds that he had not been directly elected for his first term, and the change applied only to Nujoma. He won the 1999 election with 76.8% of the vote.[18] The constitution did not allow Nujoma to run in November 2004 for a fourth term, and there was not much enthusiasm even within SWAPO to change it again. Hifikepunye Pohamba, described as Nujoma's "hand-picked successor", was elected as the candidate for the presidential election during the SWAPO congress held on 30 May 2004, defeating two other candidates, Nahas Angula and Hidipo Hamutenya. The latter had been dismissed from his post of Foreign Affairs minister by Nujoma barely two days before the congress. Pohamba was elected with a large majority and was sworn in as second President of Namibia on 21 March 2005.

In 1998 Nujoma came to the defence of the Democratic Republic of Congo President Laurent Kabila when his rule came under threat from rebels backed by Rwanda and Uganda during the Second Congo War. Namibia became involved in the war on behalf of its commitment to the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Namibian, Angolan and Zimbabwean troops helped Kabila fend off the attacks – a move which Nujoma saw as defending the DRC's sovereignty against outside interference.[19][20][21]

Nujoma was the international patron and a strong supporter of the Cheetah Conservation Fund, based in Namibia.[22]

Post-presidency

Nujoma meets with Russian President Dmitry Medvedev in Windhoek on 25 June 2009.

Despite stepping down from a formal role, Nujoma is still active in the political sphere, regularly campaigning for SWAPO at various rallies and functions across the country. In 2009, Nujoma attained a master's degree in Geology from the University of Namibia.

The director of the National Society for Human Rights (NSHR) in Namibia stated that Nujoma had connections to the CIA.[23] The organisation has asked the International Criminal Court to investigate Nujoma and what they say is his role in disappearances during his term. To date, these claims have not been substantiated.[24]

Marriage and personal life

Nujoma married Kovambo Katjimune on 6 May 1951. The couple had three sons and two daughters; Utoni Nujoma (1952), John Nujoma (1954), Sakaria "Zacky" Nujoma (1957), Nelago Nujoma (1959), who died at 18 months while Nujoma was in exile and Usuta Nujoma (1964). Two decades elapsed before his wife joined him abroad. Nujoma's first-born son, Utoni, is a high ranking politician and member of SWAPO who is both a member of Cabinet and National Assembly of Namibia. His youngest son, Zacky, is a geologist by profession who has interest in business and mining.

Nujoma's father, Daniel Uutoni Nujoma, whose sole "crime" was being Nujoma's father, was arrested at Okahao and sent to Pretoria prison in 1966. There he developed tuberculosis from which he later died in 1968.[25] Nujoma's mother, Kuku Helvi Mpingana Kondombolo, lived to an exceptionally old age, dying in November 2008; she was reportedly more than 100 years old.[26]

Zacharias (Zacky) Nujoma, youngest son of Nujoma, has been named in association with the Panama Papers.[27]

Honours and recognition

	Date of award	Honour/Award Title	Reason for Award	Awarding Body
1	1973	Lenin Peace Prize		USSR
2	1980	Frederic Joliot Curie Gold Medal
3	1984	Medaglia Pontificia (Pope's Medal) Anno VI		The Vatican City, Italy
4	1988	Grant Master Order Merit: The Grant Cruz (Highest Order)		Brazil
5	1988	Ho Chi Minh Peace Award		Vietnam
6	1988	The Namibia Freedom Award	For his leadership role in the struggle against apartheid	California State University, USA
7	1988	Honorary Citizenship of the City of Atlanta	For his leadership role in the struggle for freedom, national independence and social justice	Atlanta, USA
8	1988	Recognition granted		City and County of San Francisco
9	1988	Recognition granted		City of Chicago
10	1988	Recognition granted		City of East Palo Alto
11	1990	Indira Gandhi Peace Prize for Disarmament and Development	In recognition of his outstanding contribution in leading the people of Namibia to freedom	India
12	1991	Medaglia Pontificia (Pope's Medal) Anno XIII		The Vatican City, Italy
13	1991	Order of José Marti		Cuba
14	1991	Ordre du Merite Congo		Republic of Congo
15	1992	Chief of Golden Heart		Kenya
16	1992	Order of the National Flag (First Class)		Democratic People's Republic of Korea
17	1994	"Grand Cordon" Decoration		Tunisia
18	1995	Grand Master of the Order of Welwitschia		Namibia
19	1995	Order of Liberty (Highest Cross)		Portugal
20	1995	Africa Prize for Leadership for the Sustainable End of Hunger		The Hunger Project
21	1996	Order of Good Hope (Gold)		South Africa
22	2002	Order of Friendship Award		Vietnam
23	2003	O.B.F.F.S.		Romania
24	2003	Fellowship Award of the Institute of Governance and Social Research	In recognition of his contribution to the liberation of his country, the establishment of Democratic foundation, peace and Political stability in Namibia, and the enhancement of the dignity of the Black Man	Institute of Governance and Social Research, Nigeria
25	2004	Companion of the Order of the Star of Ghana (Ghana National Highest Award)	As an expression of respect and admiration of the Government and people of Ghana	Ghana
26	2004	Founding President of the Republic of Namibia and Father of the Namibian Nation	In recognition of his dedication to his selfless sacrifice to the national liberation struggle and nation building	Namibian Parliament
27	2004	Lifetime Conservation Award		Cheetah Conservation Fund (Nujoma is the international patron of this organisation since 1991)[28]
28	2007	Leader of the Namibian Revolution		SWAPO Party of Namibia
29	2008	International KIM IL Sung Prize Certificate		Democratic People's Republic of Korea
30	2010	Sir Seretse Khama SADC Meda		SADC
31	2016	Order of Solidarity "El Mehdi Ben Barka"	Awarded to Third World personalities who have won the esteem of the peoples of Africa, Asia and Latin America because of their struggle and outstanding contribution in the common battle for freedom, independence, peace, economic development and social justice.	Cuba[29]
32	2018	Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo	For his opposition to the government of Apartheid South Africa	South Africa

Honorary doctorates

	Date of award	Title	Awarding University
1	1973	Honorary Doctorate of Law	Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria
1	1975	Honorary Doctorate of Computer Science	Ombwana University, Malawi
2	1986	Certificate of Honour	University of Ibadan, Nigeria
3	1990	Honorary Doctorate Degree of Law	Lincoln University, USA
4	1992	Honorary Doctorate Degree of Technology	Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
5	1993	Honorary Doctorate Degree in Education	University of Namibia
6	1993	Honorary Doctorate Degree of Law	Central State University, USA
7	1996	Doctor of Laws	University of Atlanta, USA,
8	1997	Honorary Doctorate Degree of Laws	Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, USA
9	1998	Honorary Doctorate Degree	Russian Economic Academy, Russia
10	1998	Honorary Doctorate Degree	Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Russia
11	1999	Honorary Degree of Doctor of Public Service	La Roche College, USA
12	1999	Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws	University of Zimbabwe
13	2003	Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science	Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Nigeria
15	2005	Honorary Doctorate in Public Management	Polytechnic of Namibia[30]
14	2006	Honorary Professor	China University of Geosciences
15	2015	Doctor of Philosophy in Peace and Conflict Studies	University of Zambia

See also

• History of Namibia
• Andimba Toivo ya Toivo, co-founder of both OPO and SWAPO
• Aaron Mushimba, brother-in-law and prominent businessperson

References

1. Adeola, Ade (19 January 2016). 2222 Facts About Africa. ISBN 978-1-783-01867-3.
2. McKenna, Amy (2010). The History of Southern Africa. Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 128. ISBN 978-1615303984.
3. Hilukilwa, Placido (8 December 2008). "Namibië begrawe sy volksmoeder" [Namibia buries her mother of the nation]. Die Republikein (in Afrikaans).
4. http://www.sahistory.org.za/places/namibia History of Namibia
5. Sorić, Maja (1978). "Afrički jug - anketa" [African South - Survey]. Croatian Political Science Review (in Serbo-Croatian) (3): 413–433. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
6. "As Crowds Cheer, Namibia Guerrilla Chief Ends Exile". The New York Times. 1989. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
7. Baffour Ankomah, Nujoma – 'No Fourth Term For Me', Swans, 17 November 2003.
8. Whatever happened to the Military Council? The Villager Newspaper, 27 August 2012
9. John Grobler, "Play it again, Sam" Archived 7 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Mail & Guardian Online (South Africa), 4 February 2007.
10. "Former president Nujoma to quit active politics", African Press Agency, 2 October 2007.
11. "Namibia's ex-president retires" Archived 4 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine, AFP (News24.com), 3 October 2007.
12. "Nujoma succeeded by Pohamba", AFP (IOL), 30 November 2007.
13. Brigitte Weidlich, "A title for Nujoma, brickbats for media", The Namibian, 3 December 2007.
14. Christof Maletsky, "Swapo big names dropped", The Namibian, 3 December 2007.
15. , 6 August 1992.
16. Land reform reproducing poverty IRIN News, 15 November 2007
17. http://www.lac.org.na/projects/lead/Pdf/livelihoods_report_a.pdf
18. Elections in Namibia, African Elections Database.
19. Scramble for the Congo Anatomy of an Ugly War Archived 29 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine
20. No Namibian troops to DRC Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine
21. "Namibia will withdraw troops once UN peacekeepers in place". IRIN. 25 November 1999. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
22. "Help CCF and Namibia Celebrate Our 25th Anniversaries! – Cheetah Conservation Fund : Cheetah Conservation Fund". cheetah.org. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
23. P. ya Nangoloh, An exposé about Nujoma's CIA connections. Part 1, 7 February 2007.
24. "Namibian group seeks ICC investigation of ex-leader". Reuters, republished on CNN.com. CNN. 31 July 2007. Retrieved 10 August 2007.
25. Profile at Namibian Parliament website. Archived 30 March 2004 at the Wayback Machine
26. "'Grandmother of the nation' passes away", The Namibian, 27 November 2008.
27. Mongudhi, Tileni; Kahiurika, Ndanki (7 April 2016). "Nujoma link in 'Panama Papers'". The Namibian.
28. "President Nujoma Given Conservation Award" (PDF). CCF News. Spring 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2012.
29. Cuba honours Nujoma Namibian Sun, 14 October 2016
30. Philander, Frederick (11 April 2005). "Namibia: Do We Have What It Takes?". New Era. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012.

Bibliography

• Sam Nujoma, Where Others Wavered, The Autobiography of Sam Nujoma, London 2001

External links

• Nujoma's interview to German magazine Die Welt (in German)
• Nujoma: Where Others Wavered (2006) imdb