San Antonio Gunslingers

The San Antonio Gunslingers were a professional American football team based in San Antonio, Texas that played in the USFL in 1984 and 1985. Owned by oil magnate Clinton Manges, the team played its home games in Alamo Stadium and its colors were kelly green, royal blue, silver, and white. Rick Neuheisel was the team's quarterback.

San Antonio Gunslingers
Founded	1983
Folded	1985
Based in	San Antonio, Texas, United States
Home field	Alamo Stadium
League	USFL
Conference	Western Conference
Division	Central Division
Team History	San Antonio Gunslingers (1984–1985)
Team colors	Royal Blue, Kelly Green, Silver, White
Head coaches	1984 Gil Steinke (7-11) 1985 Jim Bates (3-9) 1985 Gil Steinke (2-4)
Owner(s)	Clinton Manges

History

Manges had previously owned the San Antonio Bulls in the American Football Association, a lower-budget professional league that operated from 1981 to 1983. Under Manges, the Bulls were successful, appearing in the AFA's final championship (but losing in a shutout to the Carolina Chargers). Manges was unable to carry the Bulls name over because the Jacksonville Bulls claimed the name first.[1]

Going into the 1984 season, the USFL made the decision to expand to eighteen franchises in order to boost league capital. However, efforts to expand to Minneapolis-St. Paul and Seattle fell through. San Antonio was mentioned as a possible market for expansion, as rapid growth through the 1970s propelled it to major-city status. By 1984, almost 800,000 people lived in San Antonio, making it the 11th largest city in the United States. Despite this, a series of studies of possible new cities concluded that San Antonio could not support a USFL team. The San Antonio area, then as now, was considered a medium-sized market because the surrounding suburban and rural areas were far smaller than the city itself.

The owners were also somewhat skeptical about Manges's bid, not in the least because he planned to base the team at Alamo Stadium, a Works Progress Administration project and high school stadium that seated only 18,000 people. Ultimately, fears that Manges would seek a franchise in a proposed league started by WFL, American Basketball Association, and World Hockey Association co-founder Dennis Murphy tipped the scales in his favor. At the time, the flamboyant oil baron was a member of the Forbes 400, and was thought to be one of the richest men in Texas. The USFL did not want to risk losing his apparent wealth to a rival league. Ultimately, the league folded before it could get off the ground when the USFL placed teams in three of its potential markets–San Antonio, Memphis, and Houston.[2]

The USFL had endeavored to avoid the mistakes of the ill-fated World Football League by requiring perspective owners to undergo a detailed due diligence and requiring franchises to meet strict capitalization requirements. However, as the league had initially not planned to expand to San Antonio, it neglected to perform any meaningful due diligence on Manges's original application. Once the franchises in Minnesota and Seattle had fallen through, the league had few options that could fall back on if it was to field 18 teams for the 1984 campaign. With little time to examine Magnes's financial situation, league officials apparently concluded that given the San Antonio owner's perceived wealth, his application carried little risk. Additionally, despite – or perhaps, because of – his apparent oil fortune, the league also didn't require Manges to make an initial capital investment (as is standard for most major league sports franchises).[3] Instead, Manges appeared to pay team expenses out-of-pocket as they arose.

The result was an organization that was notoriously cheap, even by USFL standards. The front office was staffed mainly by friends and family. The team bus was an old San Antonio Independent School District bus with a malfunctioning gas gauge; the driver had to manually check the tank. The Gunslingers had to add 14,000 folding chairs around the end zones to bring the stadium to the USFL's minimum capacity. The team office was located in a double-wide trailer in the Alamo Stadium parking lot.[3][2]

Manges hired local coaching legend Gil Steinke to run the team as general manager and head coach. In 23 years at nearby Texas A&I, Steinke had a record of 195-63-5, including a 6-1 record in NAIA Championship games. However, Steinke had been off the sidelines for almost a decade, and was displaying clear signs of mental deterioration. He frequently forgot plays and play calls, and got lost in cities that he supposedly knew well.[3] In a league with free-spending owners, Steinke's Gunslingers rarely had the edge in talent but most games were very disciplined on the field, allowing them to remain somewhat competitive in spite of the team's shoestring budget.

1984 season

The Gunslingers showed moments of offensive competence most games, but lacked the game breakers that other teams had. The team was populated with football players, not athletes. If they were going to score, it would be a long, drawn-out drive. The Gunslingers were an average rushing team, in spite of having no true feature back. QB Rick Neuheisel played solidly for the team, nickel and diming the team up and down the field, and the intense "Bounty Hunter" defense led by players like Jeff McIntyre, John Barefield, Peter Raeford, Rich D'Amico, Jim Bob Morris, and Putt Choate kept the Gunslingers within striking distance almost every week. Notably, the team was +13 in turnovers---a sign of a well coached team.

Coach/general manager Steinke managed to rally the modestly talented team to a 7-7 finish after an 0-4 start, keeping them in the playoff race until the last few weeks of the season. However, the Gunslingers' most enduring memory of that first season was when the lights at Alamo Stadium went out during their second game—and didn't come back on for 48 minutes. According to Neuheisel, the head of municipal power company City Public Service deliberately cut the power after having a falling-out with Manges.[3] They finished the game with temporary lights, though by most accounts it was still somewhat dark.[2]

The team remained competitive despite Alamo Stadium's poor playing conditions. The locker rooms were cramped and had no air conditioning.[2] The playing surface was an extremely thin AstroTurf carpet atop a concrete slab, resulting in numerous knee injuries. Many players came down with skin infections because Manges was unwilling to pay to keep the field clean. The field was painted with industrial-grade paint that dried hard. Combined with the thin surface, this turned rug burns usually common on artificial surfaces into severe rashes and scabs in San Antonio.[3]

Additionally, team officials frequently deactivated non-marquee players every third game in a cost-cutting move. The standard USFL contract required players to be active in three consecutive games to earn their full salaries. Neuheisel recalled that players often faked injuries to keep from being deactivated.[3]

The Gunslingers only drew 15,444 fans per game, in large part because they had already built a reputation for being short of professional standards. For instance, they tried to save money by mailing press releases in bulk, resulting in them arriving days after games. Among the promotions they attempted were cowboys firing real guns into the air.[2]

Offseason

Defensive coordinator Jim Bates was rewarded with a promotion to head coach in 1985. However, according to Bates's successor as defensive coordinator, Tim Marcum, who would later go on to fame in the Arena Football League, the coaches and players already considered Bates to be their true on-field leader.[2] Steinke remained general manager. They also acquired Larry Canada, the Chicago Blitz' leading rusher.[4]

1985 season

Despite their strong finish, by the start of the 1985 season, the Gunslingers were known to be badly undercapitalized, unlike most of their USFL brethren.

The Gunslingers' ramshackle financial structure caught up with them early in 1985. The price of oil tumbled as low as $11 or $12 a barrel, decimating Manges's fortune. The Gunslingers quickly fired all of their secretaries, and virtually all of the public relations staffers resigned. The on-field operation suffered as well; they had no scouts or practice squad.[2] It would soon emerge that the Gunslingers' owner had been in financial trouble since at least 1980.

With Manges suddenly unwilling and/or unable to continue using his personal wealth to underwrite the franchise's mounting expenses, the club found itself in a situation not unlike those faced by many teams in the ill-fated WFL. Players and coaches frequently had their checks bounce. Neuheisel and linebacker Jeff McIntyre were the only two players with a personal services contract. When the San Antonio Express-News broke the story, Manges reacted by revoking the paper's press credentials. The situation got so dire at one point that several players traded tickets for food and stayed with sympathetic fans because they couldn't afford to pay the rent for their apartments.[5] Years later, Neuheisel told ESPN that the players raced each other to the bank to cash their checks, knowing that half (if not more) of them would bounce. However, the team had to use creative methods to meet payroll even before then; as mentioned above, they were notorious for deactivating players every third game.

The San Antonio Light reported that the Internal Revenue Service had slapped two liens on the Gunslingers for over $400,000 in back payroll taxes, further squeezing the franchise's financial picture. Eventually, Manges ordered his employees not to discuss the team's finances, and even had reporters bounced from the locker room.[2]

On April 7, Manges promised that the payroll problem would be fixed, going as far as to issue promissory notes. However, the checks bounced again on the following payday, which particularly rankled the players when they saw Manges and his top staffers riding limousines. A month later, the team was nearly left stranded in Orlando when the check for the flight home bounced. They only made it back to San Antonio after Lieutenant Governor Bill Hobby, a Manges confidant, intervened to guarantee payment.[3] After another late payroll on May 29, the players walked out of practice, and only returned after Manges told team president Bud Haun that he would shut the team down if they didn't return.[2]

On one occasion, an arbitrator threatened to release 30 players from their contracts if Manges didn't make good on their bounced checks. On another, several players threatened to sit out a June 9 game against the Los Angeles Express unless they were paid.[6] After a month of missed paydays, Bates threatened to quit unless the players were paid by the team's contest against the Oakland Invaders. The money never arrived, and Bates walked out, forcing Steinke to take over for the last six games of the season.

In June, Manges simply stopped paying the franchise's bills.[7] The players and coaches played the last four games of the season without being paid. Not surprisingly, the Gunslingers barely survived the season. Due in large part to a nonexistent rushing attack (their leading rusher, George Works, only ran for a total of 452 yards), they finished with the second-worst record in the league. Attendance crashed to 11,721, the second-worst in the league. Shortly after the season, after another missed payroll, the entire roster was put on waivers.[2]

Aftermath

A month after the season, Commissioner Harry Usher had seen enough. He ordered Manges to make restitution for the team's debts in 15 days, or lose the franchise. When this didn't occur, the Gunslingers became the only USFL franchise to be revoked. The dubious distinction was, to an extent, academic. The USFL, which had been planning to move to a fall schedule in 1986, ultimately folded without playing another game.

The Gunslingers' holding company, South Texas Sports, was auctioned off to pay more than $650,000 of debts to former players.[8] The players also sued Manges to recover back pay, but that suit collapsed when Manges filed for bankruptcy. At least some of the players still hadn't been paid at the time of a 1998 reunion, and no players or staff members that were owed back wages had been paid at the time of Manges's death in 2010.

Average home attendance

• 1984: (15,444)
• 1985: (11,721)

Game results

1984

Week	Day	Date	Opponent	Game site	Attendance	Television	Final score	W/L	Record
Preseason
1	Bye								—
2	Saturday	February 4, 1984	vs. Houston Gamblers	Harlingen, Texas			17–19	L	0–1
3	Saturday	February 11, 1984	vs. Memphis Showboats	Shreveport, Louisiana			13–3	W	1–1
4	Saturday	February 18, 1984	Birmingham Stallions	Alamo Stadium			15–23	L	1–2
Regular Season
1	Sunday	February 26, 1984	New Orleans Breakers	Alamo Stadium	18,233		10–13	L	0–1
2	Monday	March 5, 1984	Houston Gamblers	Alamo Stadium	10,023	ESPN	7–35	L	0–2
3	Sunday	March 11, 1984	at Oklahoma Outlaws	Skelly Stadium	24,311		7–14	L	0–3
4	Saturday	March 17, 1984	Los Angeles Express	Alamo Stadium	9,821		12–13	L	0–4
5	Saturday	March 24, 1984	Oakland Invaders	Alamo Stadium	11,012	KGGP	14–10	W	1–4
6	Sunday	April 1, 1984	at Michigan Panthers	Pontiac Silverdome	42,692		10–26	L	1–5
7	Saturday	April 7, 1984	at Chicago Blitz	Soldier Field	9,412		10–16	L	1–6
8	Saturday	April 14, 1984	at Jacksonville Bulls	Gator Bowl Stadium	35,084		20–0	W	2–6
9	Sunday	April 22, 1984	Philadelphia Stars	Alamo Stadium	16,590	ABC	14–20	L	2–7
10	Saturday	April 28, 1984	at Arizona Wranglers	Sun Devil Stadium	12,259		24–23	W	3–7
11	Sunday	May 6, 1984	Chicago Blitz	Alamo Stadium	15,231		30–21	W	4–7
12	Friday	May 11, 1984	at Memphis Showboats	Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium	32,406	ESPN	14–38	L	4–8
13	Sunday	May 20, 1984	at Washington Federals	RFK Stadium	6,159		30–14	W	5–8
14	Friday	May 25, 1984	Denver Gold	Alamo Stadium	20,077		20–27	L	5–9
15	Friday	June 1, 1984	Michigan Panthers	Alamo Stadium	16,384		17–23 OT	L	5–10
16	Monday	June 11, 1984	at Pittsburgh Maulers	Three Rivers Stadium	17,148	ESPN	17–3	W	6–10
17	Monday	June 18, 1984	at Houston Gamblers	Houston Astrodome	30,184	ESPN	26–29	L	6–11
18	Sunday	June 24, 1984	Oklahoma Outlaws	Alamo Stadium	21,625		23–0	W	7–11

Sources[9][10][11]

1985

Week	Day	Date	Opponent	Game site	Attendance	Television	Final score	W/L	Record
Preseason
1	Saturday	February 2, 1985	Birmingham Stallions	Alamo Stadium			0–0	T	0–0–1
2	Saturday	February 9, 1985	vs. Houston Gamblers	McAllen, Texas			21–28	L	0–1–1
3	Saturday	February 16, 1985	Denver Gold	Alamo Stadium			36–13	W	1–1–1
Regular Season
1	Monday	February 25, 1985	Memphis Showboats	Alamo Stadium	10,983	ESPN	3–20	L	0–1
2	Sunday	March 3, 1985	Arizona Outlaws	Alamo Stadium	11,151		16–14	W	1–1
3	Sunday	March 10, 1985	Tampa Bay Bandits	Alamo Stadium	21,822		18–31	L	1–2
4	Saturday	March 16, 1985	at Los Angeles Express	Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum	10,410	ESPN	7–38	L	1–3
5	Monday	March 25, 1985	at Denver Gold	Mile High Stadium	13,901	ESPN	2–16	L	1–4
6	Monday	April 1, 1985	at Portland Breakers	Civic Stadium	19,882	ESPN	33–0	W	2–4
7	Sunday	April 7, 1985	Birmingham Stallions	Alamo Stadium	8,873		15–14	W	3–4
8	Friday	April 12, 1985	at Jacksonville Bulls	Gator Bowl Stadium	32,097	ESPN	17–28	L	3–5
9	Monday	April 22, 1985	at Oakland Invaders	Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum	18,215	ESPN	20–27	L	3–6
10	Sunday	April 28, 1985	Houston Gamblers	Alamo Stadium	9,723		29–38	L	3–7
11	Sunday	May 5, 1985	Denver Gold	Alamo Stadium	9,753		9–35	L	4–8
12	Monday	May 13, 1985	at Orlando Renegades	Florida Citrus Bowl	22,404	ESPN	20–21	L	3–9
13	Saturday	May 18, 1985	Oakland Invaders	Alamo Stadium	7,118		21–24	L	3–10
14	Sunday	May 26, 1985	at Baltimore Stars	Byrd Stadium	8,633		10–28	L	3–11
15	Saturday	June 1, 1985	at Arizona Outlaws	Sun Devil Stadium	11,151		3–13	L	3–12
16	Sunday	June 9, 1985	Los Angeles Express	Alamo Stadium	4,963		31–27	W	4–12
17	Monday	June 17, 1985	at Houston Gamblers	Houston Astrodome	11,780	ESPN	21–49	L	4–13
18	Sunday	June 23, 1985	Portland Breakers	Alamo Stadium	19,603		21–13	W	5–13

Sources[12][13][14]

Rosters

1984

NO. NAME (POS) - GP/GS

• 5. MIKE-MAYER, Nick (K) - 18/0
• 7. NEUHEISEL, Rick (QB) - 16/16
• 8. WHITE, Alvin (QB) - 3/0
• 9. HARTLEY, Ken (P) - 15/0
• 10. FORD, Mike (QB) - 2/1
• 11. TORCHIO, Lloyd J. (QB) - 3/0
• 14. MORTENSEN, Fred (QB) - IA/2G
• 16. DOUGLASS, Karl (QB) - 2/1
• 17. PRYOR, David (P) - 3/0
• 20. RAEFORD, Peter (CB) - 18/18
• 21. BONNER, Marcus (RB) - 18/7
• 22. GORDON, Jerry (WR) - 13/13
• 23. ULMER, Mike (FS) - 18/7
• 25. ANDERSON, Gary (CB) - IA/2G
• 26. JERNIGAN, Hugh (CB) - 2/0
• 27. SMITH, Daryl (FS) - IA/2G
• 28. MORRIS, Jim Bob (SS) - 15/14
• 29. RICHMOND, Rock (CB) - 17/6
• 30. STAMPER, Scott (FB) - 11/9
• 31. WHITE, Jafus (SS) - 7/0
• 34. HAGEN, Mike (FB) - 16/9
• 35. PENN-WHITE, Al (RB) - 7/6
• 40. WORKS, George (RB) - 8/2
• 41. GREENE, Doug (SS) - 1/0
• 41. BEDFORD, Vance (CB) - 1/0
• 42. TYLER, Maurice (CB) - 17/12
• 43. ROBERTS, Don (RB) - 15/3
• 44. ARMSTEAD, Charles (CB) - 7/2
• 47. WADDY, Ray (FS) - 17/17
• 49. RUSH, Mark (FB) - 7/0
• 49. THOMPSON, Emmuel (CB) - 2/0
• 50. NEAL, Tally (LB) - 15/0
• 51. D'AMICO, Rich (LB) - 18/18
• 52. OLIVER, Reggie (LB) - 17/2
• 53. CASTILLO, Juan (LB) - 6/0
• 54.MILLS,DAVE (LB) - 6/4
• 54. SPEROS, Pete (C/LS) - 9/0
• 55. CHOATE, Putt (LB) - 18/18
• 56. RIVERA, Jimmy (LB) - 5/0
• 57. SILIPO, Joe (C) - 9/0
• 58. BAREFIELD, John (LB) - 12/12
• 59. McCORMICK, Glenn (C/LS) - 7/3
• 59. McINTYRE, Jeff (LB) - 1/0
• 60. WINTERS, Bill (C) - 12/12
• 61. GARZA, Rich (G) - 18/18
• 62. MUESKE, Darryl (G) - IA/4G
• 63. THOMPSON, Arland (G) - 18/18
• 65. HANNA, Paul (NT) - 17/17
• 66. JOHNSON, Gary Don (DT) - 9/0
• 68. ZOGG, John (G/T) - 5/0
• 70. LOHMANN, Jim (T) - 2/0
• 71. WILLIAMS, Ralph (T) - 18/18
• 72. WHITE, Victor (T) - IA/2G
• 73. PEKAR, Jim (DT) - 1/1
• 72. JONKER, Kurt (T) - DNP/2G
• 75. SPIVEY, Lee (T) - 17/17
• 76. GILLEN, Ken (DE) - 18/18
• 77. TABOR, Tommy (NT) - 18/12
• 78. ST. CLAIR, Mike (DE) - 18/18
• 79. FIELDS, Gred (DE) - 17/0
• 81. HACKETT, Joey (TE) - 18/18
• 82. O'ROARK, Larry (WR) - 2/0
• 82. CRANE, Darryl (WR) - 3/0
• 83. OSBORNE, Rich (TE) - 7/0
• 84. VELA, David (WR) - 2/0
• 84. PARKER, Rodney (WR) - 4/1
• 85. PHEA, Lonell (WR) - 2/2
• 85. MONROE, Terry (DT) - 10/1
• 86. ARMSTRONG, Tony (TE) - 10/0
• 87. GABBIDON, Earl (TE) - 4/0
• 88. BUGGS, Danny (WR) - 17/17
• 89. STARKS, Glenn (WR) - 12/3
• 90. KIRKPATRICK, Ron (DE) - IA/1G
• 95. CASE, Frank (DE) - 18/0
• 99. FIELDS, Greg (DE) - 17/0

INJURED RESERVE

• 97. PRICE, Ernest (DT) - IR/16G

1985

NO. NAME (POS) - GP/GS

• 5. MIKE-MAYER, Nick (K) - 18/0
• 7. NEUHEISEL, Rick (QB) - 18/16
• 9. HARTLEY, Ken (P) - 5/0
• 10. TAYLOR, Whit (QB) - 17/1
• 11. ROBERTS, Buddy (P) - IA/1G
• 14. MORTENSEN, Fred (QB) - 12/1
• 20. RAEFORD, Peter (CB) - 18/17
• 21. BONNER, Marcus (RB) - 18/10
• 22. GORDON, Jerry (WR) - 18/17
• 23. ULMER, Mike (FS) - 8/0
• 24. JAMES, Larry (FS) - 18/3
• 25. MINOR, Vic (FS) - 18/16
• 26. McNEIL, Mark (CB) - 11/0
• 27. WORTHY, Gary (RB) - 10/7
• 28. MORRIS, Jim Bob (SS) - 17/17
• 29. WILLIAMS, Leon (CB) - 17/1
• 30. STAMPER, Scott (FB) - 18/11
• 32. JOHNSON, Clyde (SS) - 18/11
• 33. WORKS, George (RB) - 10/5
• 34. HAGEN, Mike (FB) - 10/0
• 35. CANADA, Larry (FB) - 17/4
• 43. ROBERTS, Don (RB) - 18/5
• 44. ARMSTEAD, Charles (CB) - 18/18
• 48. HADNOT, James (TE) - 14/9
• 49. RUSH, Mark (TE) - 5/1
• 50. NEAL, Tally (LB) - 5/0
• 51. D'AMICO, Rich (LB) - 18/13
• 52. OLIVER, Reggie (LB) - 18/1
• 53. CASTILLO, Juan (LB) - 7
• 54.MILLS,DAVE (LB) - 6/4
• 55. CHOATE, Putt (LB) - 18/18
• 56. MATHIS, Reggie (LB) - 13/0
• 57. SILIPO, Joe (C/LS) - 18/0
• 58. BAREFIELD, John (LB) - 7/7
• 60. LEIDING, Jeff (LB) - 11/4
• 61. GARZA, Rich (C) - 18/18
• 63. THOMPSON, Arland (G) - 18/14
• 65. HANNA, Paul (DT) - 7/4
• 68. ZOGG, John (G) - IA/3G
• 69. ROBERTS, Carl (G) - 18/0
• 70. WALTERS, Rod (G) - 18/18
• 71. WILLIAMS, Ralph (T) - 18/18
• 75. SPIVEY, Lee (T) - 16/16
• 76. GILLEN, Ken (DE) - 11/11
• 77. CHAFFIN, Jeff (DE) - 18/7
• 78. JENKINS, Mark (T) - 18/2
• 80. HILL, Al (WR) - IA/7G
• 80. LOCKETT, Frank (WR) - 8/6
• 81. HACKETT, Joey (TE) - 18/16
• 83. GREENE, Sammy (WR) - IA/1G
• 83. COFFMAN, Ricky (WR) - 9/0
• 85. TOLBERT, Mark (WR) - 5/0
• 86. WILLIAMS, Kevin (WR) - 8/5
• 87. WILLIAMS, Oliver (WR) - 5/0
• 88. BUGGS, Danny (WR) - 8/4
• 90. TABOR, Tommy (DT) - 12/0
• 91. GAYLORD, Jeff (DT) - 7/7
• 92. HAYES, Jay (DE) - IA/5G
• 92. RUSHING, Ralph (DE) - 1/0
• 93. ANAE, Brad (DE) - 16/0
• 94. SMITH, Bennie (DT) - 15/7
• 95. LESNIK, Ivan (DT) - 18/18
• 99. FIELDS, Greg (DE) - 18/18

Season-by-season

Season records

Season	W	L	T	Finish	Playoff results
1984	7	11	0	3rd WC Central	--
1985	5	13	0	6th WC	--
Totals	12	24	0

Single-season leaders

• Rushing yards: 500 Scott Stamper (1984), 452 George Works (1985)
• Receiving yards: 690 Jerry Gordon (1985), 650 Jerry Gordon (1984)
• Passing yards: 3068 Rick Neuheisel (1985), 2649 Rick Neuheisel (1984)

References

1. "1983 AFA Timeline".
2. Reeths, Paul (2017). The United States Football League, 1982-1986. McFarland & Company. ISBN 1476667446.
3. Pearlman, Jeff (2018). Football For A Buck: The Crazy Rise and Crazier Demise of the USFL. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0544454385.
4. "San Antonio Gunslingers". USFL.Info. Retrieved January 1, 2014.
5. "San Antonio Gunslingers Reunion Recap - USFL (United States Football League)". www.oursportscentral.com.
6. "Sports People: Gunslingers are Paid". New York Times. 1985-06-09.
7. http://www.usfl.info/manges.html
8. "Gunslingers to be auctioned off". Chicago Sun-Times, 1986-03-07.
9. statscrew.com 1984 San Antonio Gunslingers Game-by-Game Results Retrieved December 18, 2018
10. usflsite.com 1984 USFL Season Retrieved December 16, 2018
11. profootballarchives.com 1984 San Antonio Gunslingers (USFL) Retrieved December 18, 2018
12. statscrew.com 1985 San Antonio Gunslingers Game-by-Game Results Retrieved December 18, 2018
13. usflsite.com 1985 USFL Season Retrieved December 18, 2018
14. profootballarchives.com 1985 San Antonio Gunslingers (USFL) Retrieved December 18, 2018

External links

• USFL.info - San Antonio Gunslingers
• Powell, Shaun. "A U.S.F.L. Team That Played for the Love of the Game," The New York Times, Sunday, April 19, 2009.