Sheriff Personal Injury Court

The Sheriff Personal Injury Court is a Scottish court with exclusive competence over claims relating to personal injury where the case is for a work-related accident claim in excess of £1,000, where the total amount claimed is in excess of £5,000, or where a sheriff in a local sheriff court remits proceedings to the Personal Injury Court. It has concurrent jurisdiction with the Court of Session for all claims in excess of £100,000, and concurrent jurisdiction with the local sheriff courts for personal injury claims within its competence.

Sheriff Personal Injury Court
Royal Court of Arms of the United Kingdom as used by the Courts in Scotland
Established	22 September 2015
Location	Sheriff Court House, 27 Chambers Street, Edinburgh, EH1 1LB
Coordinates	55.9479192°N 3.1907488°W
Composition method	Appointed by Sheriff Principal of Lothian and Borders
Authorized by	Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014 and The All-Scotland Sheriff Court (Sheriff Personal Injury Court) Order 2015
Appeals to	Sheriff Appeal Court
Website	www.scotcourts.gov.uk/the-courts/sheriff-court/personal-injury-court
Sheriff Principal of Lothian and Borders
Currently	Mhairi M. Stephen QC
Since	9 May 2011

The choice of using a local sheriff court or the Personal Injury Court is left to the pursuer. However, if the sheriff believes the case is a complex one, requiring specialist expertise, then it can be remitted to the Personal Injury Court.

The Sheriff Personal Injury Court was established on 22 September 2015 by The All-Scotland Sheriff Court (Sheriff Personal Injury Court) Order 2015. The power to establish specialist, all-Scotland courts is derived from the Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014.

History

Scottish Civil Courts Review

The Sheriff Personal Injury Court's foundation was one of the results of Lord Gill's Scottish Civil Courts Review (published in 2009), which identified several ways in which civil justice could be expedited through improving access to justice, reducing costs for parties litigant, and reducing the time to conclusion of cases. Lord Gill was critical of the civil justice system in place at the time, describing it as "a Victorian model that had survived by means of periodic piecemeal reforms", and concluding that, "It is failing the litigant and it is failing society."[1]

All-Scotland specialist court

Lord Gill's report identified that many litigants and legal practitioners had been happy with the improvements to personal injury claims in the Court of Session by the introduction of new rules, but concluded that creating an all-Scotland specialist sheriff court for personal injury claims was the best option. This would relieve pressure on the Court of Session, and reduce cost to litigants as they would not need to engage an advocate or solicitor advocate as solicitors have the right of audience before the sheriff courts. At the same time, he allowed for the pursuer to a have a choice between the local sheriff court or the new specialist court in Edinburgh.[2]

Exclusive jurisdiction

The report also recommended increasing the exclusive jurisdiction of the sheriff court to all claims of less than £150,000. A similar proposal was eventually implemented, but with exclusive jurisdiction limited to claims of less than £100,000.[3]

Dominic Scullion (Solicitor Advocate) writing in The Scotsman in August 2015 commented on the increase in the exclusive jurisdiction of the sheriff courts to claims of less than £100,000 and the creation of the Personal Injury Court. Scullion identified that an advocate can only charge a separate fee for representation in the sheriff courts if the court certifies that the case requires counsel. If a certification is not granted the advocate and solicitor have to share the single fee paid by the client.[4]

With it no longer being possible to raise a claim for less than £100,000 in the Court of Session, the Edinburgh-based Personal Injury Court could see costs for solicitors reduced as they will not need to travel to local sheriff courts. BTO Solicitors identified that a specialised court should be able to be more consistent in its judgments than would be possible from the various local sheriff courts spread throughout Scotland.[5]

Jury trials

In Volume 2 of his review, Lord Gill also recommended that the new Personal Injury Court should be able to make use of both jury trials and the Chapter 43 rules of the Court of Session. Lord Gill concluded that judge-led trials tended to be more conservative in monetary awards, with juries being more perceptive and ready to award larger amounts. As such, early settlement (negotiated cases) would result in larger settlements as a consequence. He recommended that jury trials should be by right and not by exception.[2][6]

Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014

The Scottish Government responded to the Report from Lord Gill in November 2010. Following that, Lord Gill's recommendations were implemented in the Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014, with the Personal Injury Court established by The All-Scotland Sheriff Court (Sheriff Personal Injury Court) Order 2015.[7][3][8]

Remit and jurisdiction

Exclusive competence and concurrent jurisdiction

In Scotland, all monetary claims for amounts not in excess of £100,000 are in the exclusive jurisdiction of the sheriff courts, with the Court of Session having concurrent jurisdiction for amounts of more than £100,000.[9] As such, the Sheriff Personal Injury Court has exclusive competence but concurrent jurisdiction with local sheriff courts over claims relating to personal injury where the case is for a work-related accident claim in excess of £1,000, or where the total amount claimed is in excess of £5,000. Where a sheriff believes the case is so complex as to require the specialist expertise of the personal injury sheriffs, they can remit the case to the Sheriff Personal Injury Court.[5]

Time limits

Any personal injury action brought before a sheriff court, the Personal Injury Court, or the Court of Session is subject to a 3 year time limit.[10]

Remit to Court of Session

Claims for personal injury with a value of under £100,000 can be remitted to the Court of Session by request of a sheriff under Section 92 of the Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014. A Lord Ordinary in the Outer House of the Court of Session will determine if the case can be remitted. The decision of the Lord Ordinary is not subject to appeal, and should a request to remit fail then the case will continue at the Personal Injury Court or a local sheriff court.[3]^{:Section 92}[11]

Remittance to the Court of Session will normally be considered when the case is of particular importance or complexity.[12] This principle is incorporated into the Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014, which states:

On the application of any of the parties to the proceedings, the sheriff may, at any stage, request the Court of Session to allow the proceedings to be remitted to that Court if the sheriff considers that the importance or difficulty of the proceedings makes it appropriate to do so.

— Section 92(4), Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014[3]

It is for the sheriff to make the determination whether or not a request to remit should be made.

Pelvic mesh cases

In 2016, four cases were remitted by Lord Boyd of Duncansby to the Outer House at the request of Sheriff Katherine Mackie in the Edinburgh Sheriff Court as the cases each represented "considerable public interest". The cases all related to vaginal tape and mesh products for the treatment of urinary incontinence or prolapse. In his judgment, Lord Boyd cited:

• There were 350 cases relating to pelvic mesh products before the Court of Session;
• All but one other case raised relating to pelvic mesh products had been raised in the Court of Session;
• Significant public interest was demonstrated through cases being raised in the Petitions Committee of the Scottish Parliament;
• That Practice Direction No. 2 of 2015 applied which stated that pelvic mesh cases should be dealt with under ordinary cause rules under Chapter 42A of the Rules of the Court of Session 1994, to an appointed Lord Ordinary.[13][14][15]

Procedure

Electronic disposal

Motions and interlocutors can and should be submitted to the Personal Injury Court by electronic means unless an application is made to the court to set aside this requirement. The clerks of court, under the direction the Sheriff Clerk of Edinburgh, are able to exercise quasi-judicial powers to grant motions which are "common and straightforward."[16]

Chapter 43 Rules

Chapter 43 rules, first implemented by Act of Sederunt of the Court of Session in 2003, sought to bring about swift resolution through negotiation of cases by allowing for pre-proof discussions with all the relevant details. It was noted by the Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service that 95% of personal injury claims in the Court of Session were settled before proof. As such, these rules were extended to the new Personal Injury Court.[17][18][19]

Ordinary cause

All cases heard at proof by the Personal Injury Court are heard under ordinary cause rules as defined by the Personal Injury Act of Sederunt of 2009 (as amended). Ordinary cause procedures are more complex than small claims or summary cause, and as such a solicitor will likely be required as legal documents will need to be drafted. A person can represent themselves as a litigant in person but many organisations including Shelter Scotland advise against it. Use of a lay representative is not permitted.[20][21]

Jury trials

Under Section 63 of the Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014, a case lodged with the Personal Injury Court that proceeds to proof will take the form of a jury trial. The jury will consist of 12 people, and can decide a verdict by majority decision. If the pursuer and defender both agree, then the proof can take place before a sheriff sitting alone as a judge in summary proceedings.[10][3]^{:Section 63}

The first jury trial to take place in the Personal Injury Court was in the case of Peter Allan v Plexus Corp (UK) Limited, where the defender had attempted to have the case taken under summary procedure. However, Sheriff Baird decided in August 2016 the case could, and should, be heard before a jury.[22]

Use of counsel

There is no automatic right for a pursuer or defender to have an advocate instructed for the case: it is for the court to make such a determination. Section 108 of Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014 which requires any sheriff court (including the Sheriff Personal Injury Court) to grant sanction for the use of counsel where the court considers that the case is likely to be difficult or complex, or important or of requisite value. At the same time, no party should be allowed an advantage over an other through the use of an advocate.[3]^{:Section 108}

Sanction granted

Use of counsel (advocate) was sanctioned by Sheriff Reith QC in the case of Sarah Dow v M & D Crolla Ltd, on 14 March 2016. Sheriff Reith QC granted sanction for counsel as the case was of significant importance to the pursuer.[23] BTO Solicitors, on 23 March 2016, evaluated the implications of Dow v M & D Crolla and V on behalf of J v M & D (Leisure) Ltd identifying possible trends: Dow's claim was for an amount 3 times her annual salary, and J was acting on behalf of V, who was a child. As such, individual factors—as expressed in the 2014 Act—are not the deciding element, but it is the cumulative effect of various factors that will make sheriffs likely to grant sanction.[24]

Sanction denied

In contrast, sanction was not granted in December 2016 for a personal injury case under summary cause. The case was heard at Livingston Sheriff Court by Sheriff Kinloch, and on that occasion the Sheriff denied sanction for the pursuer to instruct counsel. The pursuer, David Brown, had been informed that the defender, Aviva Insurance, was instructing counsel, and so sought to have sanction granted on the grounds of equality of arms. However, Sheriff Kinloch did not find that the case was complex, important, or of requisite value and therefore the pursuer was represented by a solicitor.[25][26]

Judges and office holders

The sheriffs appointed to hear cases in the Personal Injury Court are all sheriffs within the Sheriffdom of Lothian and Borders, and are appointed to the court by the Sheriff Principal of Lothian and Borders.[8] As of April 2017 all of the personal injury sheriffs had been appointed by Sheriff Principal Mhairi Stephen.[27]

Personal injury sheriffs

Current judges of the Sheriff Personal Injury Court[27]

Name	Judicical title	Office	Year appointed to Personal Injury Court
Paul Arthurson QC	Sheriff Arthurson	Sheriff	2015
Peter Baird	Sheriff Baird	Sheriff	2015
Gordon Liddle	Sheriff Liddle	Sheriff	2015
Katherine Mackie	Sheriff Mackie	Sheriff	2015
Kenneth McGowan	Sheriff McGowan	Sheriff	2015
Fiona Reith QC	Sheriff Reith	Sheriff	2015

References

1. "Seven years on, Lord Gill's Civil courts reforms head to Parliament as Scots face prospect of little change on access to poor quality, expensive & selective civil justice system". A Diary of Injustice in Scotland. 7 February 2014. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
2. Gill, Brian (September 2009). "Report of the Scottish Civil Courts Review | Volume 1 (Chapters 1 to 9)" (PDF). www.scotcourts.gov.uk. Scottish Civil Courts Review. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
3. "Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014". www.legislation.gov.uk. The National Archives. 10 November 2014. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
4. Scullion, Dominic (10 August 2015). "Will personal injury court harm justice?". www.scotsman.com. Johnston Publishing Ltd. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
5. Stachura, Karen (25 June 2015). "Scottish Court Reform – What insurers need to know". www.bto.co.uk. BTO Solicitors LLP. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
6. Gill, Brian (September 2009). "Report of the Scottish Civil Courts Review | Volume 2 (Chapters 10 to 15)" (PDF). www.scotcourts.gov.uk. Scottish Civil Courts Review. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
7. "Scottish Government Response to the Reports and Recommendations of the Scottish Civil Courts Review" (PDF). www.gov.scot. Scottish Government. November 2010. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
8. Scottish Parliament. The All-Scotland Sheriff Court (Sheriff Personal Injury Court) Order 2015 as made, from legislation.gov.uk.
9. "Personal Injury Specialist Sheriffs Appointed | Media and Publications | Judiciary of Scotland". www.scotland-judiciary.org.uk. Judicial Office for Scotland. 22 September 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
10. Alistair Drummind; Gavin Deeprose (17 February 2016). "The Scottish Civil Justice System | Insights | DLA Piper Global Law Firm". www.dlapiper.com. DLA Piper. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
11. Scottish Parliament. Act of Sederunt (rules of the Court of Session 1994 and Sheriff Court Rules Amendment) (No. 2) (Personal Injury and Remits) 2015 as made, from legislation.gov.uk.
12. Cleland, Robin (23 March 2017). "All-Scotland Sheriff Personal Injury Court and Personal Injury Update" (PDF). www.compasschambers.com. Compass Chambers. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
13. "Pelvic mesh product cases remitted to Court of Session due to 'considerable public interest'". Scottish Legal News. Scottish Legal News Ltd. 15 August 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
14. AB vs NHS Ayrshire & Arran, and Johnson & Johnson; AS vs Greater Glasgow and Clyde (NHS Trust), and Johnson & Johnson; CK vs Greater Glasgow Health Board, and Johnson & Johnson; and SH vs RH, BMI Healthcare, and Johnson & Johnson, 2016 CSOH 120 (Outer House, Court of Session 12 August 2016).
15. Lord Sutherland (2 September 2015). "Direction No. 2 of 2015" (PDF). scotcourts.gov.uk. Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
16. "Personal Injury Court with National Jurisdiction". www.scotcourts.gov.uk. Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
17. Scottish Parliament. Act of Sederunt (Rules of the Court of Session Amendment No. 2) (Personal Injuries Actions) 2002 as made, from legislation.gov.uk.
18. "Chapter 43 Rules" (PDF). www.scotcourts.gov.uk. Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
19. Stevenons, David. "A Pursuers Agents Perspective" (PDF). www.scotcourts.gov.uk. Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
20. Scottish Parliament. Act of Sederunt (Ordinary Cause Rules Amendment) (Personal Injuries Actions) 2009 as made, from legislation.gov.uk.
21. "Representing yourself - Shelter Scotland". scotland.shelter.org.uk. Shelter Scotland. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
22. Peter Allan v Plexus Corp (UK) Limited, 2016 SC EDIN 59 (Sheriff Personal Injury Court 24 August 2016).
23. Sarah Dow v M & D Crolla Limited, 2016 SC EDIN 21 (Sheriff Personal Injury Court 14 March 2016).
24. Richardson, Lewis (23 March 2016). "Scottish Court Reforms: Sanction for Counsel". www.bto.co.uk. BTO Solicitors. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
25. "Sheriff refuses 'equality of arms' motion to sanction employment of counsel". ScottishLegal.com. Scottish Legal News Ltd. 20 January 2017. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
26. David Brown v Aviva Insurance, 2016 SC LIV 84 (Sheriffdom of Lothian and Borders at Livingston December 2016).
27. "Personal Injury Specialist Sheriffs Appointed | Judicial Office for Scotland". scotland-judiciary.org.uk. Judicial Office for Scotland. 22 September 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2017.

External links

• Official website