Shoeless Joe Jackson

Joseph Jefferson Jackson (July 16, 1888 – December 5, 1951), nicknamed "Shoeless Joe", was an American outfielder who played Major League Baseball (MLB) in the early 1900s. He is remembered for his performance on the field and for his association with the Black Sox Scandal, in which members of the 1919 Chicago White Sox participated in a conspiracy to fix the World Series. As a result of Jackson's association with the scandal, Kenesaw Mountain Landis, Major League Baseball's first commissioner, banned Jackson from playing after the 1920 season despite his exceptional play in the 1919 World Series, in which he led both teams in several statistical categories and set a World Series record with 12 base hits. Since then, Jackson's guilt has been fiercely debated with new accounts claiming his innocence and urging Major League Baseball to reconsider his banishment. As a result of the scandal, Jackson's career was abruptly halted in his prime, ensuring him a place in baseball lore.

"Shoeless Joe" redirects here. For the novel, see Shoeless Joe (novel).
For other people with the same name, see Joe Jackson.
Shoeless Joe Jackson
Jackson with the Naps in 1913
Outfielder
Born: (1887-07-16)July 16, 1887
Pickens County, South Carolina
Died: December 5, 1951(1951-12-05) (aged 64)
Greenville, South Carolina
Batted: Left Threw: Right
MLB debut
August 25, 1908, for the Philadelphia Athletics
Last MLB appearance
September 27, 1920, for the Chicago White Sox
MLB statistics
Batting average.356
Hits1,772
Home runs54
Runs batted in785
Teams
Career highlights and awards

Jackson played for three Major League teams during his 12-year career. He spent 1908–1909 as a member of the Philadelphia Athletics and 1910 with the minor league New Orleans Pelicans before joining the Cleveland Naps at the end of the 1910 season. He remained in Cleveland through the first part of 1915; he played the remainder of the 1915 season through 1920 with the Chicago White Sox. Later in life, Jackson played ball under assumed names throughout the south.

Jackson, who played left field for most of his career, has the third-highest career batting average in major league history.[1] In 1911, Jackson hit for a .408 average. It is still the sixth-highest single-season total since 1901, which marked the beginning of the modern era for the sport. His average that year also set the record for batting average in a single season by a rookie.[2] Babe Ruth said that he modeled his hitting technique after Jackson's.[3]

Jackson still holds the Indians and White Sox franchise records for both triples in a season and career batting average. In 1999, he ranked number 35 on The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players and was nominated as a finalist for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. The fans voted him as the 12th-best outfielder of all-time. He also ranks 33rd on the all-time list for non-pitchers according to the win shares formula developed by Bill James.

Early life
Jackson (middle row, second from left) with the 1907 Victor Mills team

Jackson was born in Pickens County, South Carolina, the oldest son in the family. His father George was a sharecropper; he moved the family to Pelzer, South Carolina, while Jackson was still a baby.[4] A few years later, the family moved to a company town called Brandon Mill on the outskirts of Greenville, South Carolina.[5] An attack of measles almost killed him when he was 10. He was in bed for two months, paralyzed, while he was nursed back to health by his mother.[6]

Starting at the age of 6 or 7, Jackson worked in one of the town's textile mills as a "linthead", a derogatory name for a mill hand.[5] Family finances required Joe to take 12-hour shifts in the mill, and since education at the time was a luxury the Jackson family couldn't afford, Jackson was uneducated.[5] His lack of education ultimately became an issue throughout Jackson's life. It even affected the value of his memorabilia in the collectibles market; because Jackson was illiterate, he often had his wife sign his signature. Consequently, anything actually autographed by Jackson himself brings a premium when sold, including one autograph which was sold for $23,500 in 1990 (equivalent to $46,000 in 2019).[7] In restaurants, rather than ask someone to read the menu to him, he would wait until his teammates ordered and then order one of the items that he heard.[8]

In 1900, when he was 13 years old, his mother was approached by one of the owners of the Brandon Mill and he started to play for the mill's baseball team.[9] He was the youngest player on the team. He was paid $2.50 to play on Saturdays (equivalent to $77 in 2019).[6] He was originally a pitcher, but one day he accidentally broke another player's arm with a fastball. No one wanted to bat against him so the manager of the team placed him in the outfield. His hitting ability made him a celebrity around town. Around that time he was given a baseball bat that he named Black Betsy.[9] He was compared to Champ Osteen, another player from the mills who made it to the Majors.[9] He moved from mill team to mill team in search of better pay, playing semi-professional baseball by 1905.[9]

Nickname

In an interview published in the October 1949 edition of Sport magazine, Jackson recalls he got his nickname during a mill game played in Greenville, South Carolina. Jackson had blisters on his foot from a new pair of cleats, which hurt so much that he took his shoes off before he was at bat. As play continued, a heckling fan noticed Jackson running to third base in his socks, and shouted "You shoeless son of a gun, you!" and the resulting nickname "Shoeless Joe" stuck with him throughout the remainder of his life.[10][11]

How Joe Jackson Received His Nickname: Although many articles stated that Joe Jackson received his nickname in Anderson, South Carolina at Buena Vista Park, this actually happened in Greenville, South Carolina at Memminger Street Park, but it was an Anderson fan who gave him this famous nickname. This event took place on June 6th, 1908 and these are the events that led up to it.[12] Joe, not normally a pitcher for his first place Greenville Spinners team, on June 4th 1908 finished the last 3 innings of a game at Memminger Street Park after his team ran out of pitchers from being walloped by the Anderson Electricians, a team at the bottom of the Carolina Association. When Joe was called in from center field to pitch, the telegraph operator at the ballpark sent a message to an auditorium in Anderson that the ten year old Greenville mascot was sent in to take Joe's place in centerfield, this was not true, only a prank, but the fans in Anderson never knew it. Joe pitched the last three innings and hit five batters, breaking a fellow named Meyers arm.[13] [14] [15] Obviously the Anderson fans were not happy about what they were hearing and in their paper the next morning, the Anderson News sportswriter was very upset with Tommy Stouch, the Greenville coach, for sending in the mascot, and he was calling Joe Jackson "Gatlingun Jackson." Two days later on Saturday June 6th 1908 in Greenville, the Spinners were again behind the Anderson team at the end of the sixth inning by one run. Joe came up to his coach Tommy Stouch asking to sit out, his feet were bothering him, possibly blisters from pitching two days earlier! Stouch would not allow it, so Joe removed his cleats and went out in his stockings to center field, no one seemed to notice.[16] [17] [18] Joe came in to bat and he hit what the papers called the longest homerun seen on the Greenville grounds, as Joe rounded third headed for home, one of these upset Anderson fans jumped up and shouted "You Shoeless so and so!" Joe came back an inning or two later and hit a single which drove in the winning run. Scoop Latimer was only 13 years old at this time, but we know he started reporting at a very young age and he did claim to pass on this nickname, maybe to some northern reporter. The first mention of "Shoeless" appeared in the Washington Times on July 20, 1908.[19] [20] [21]

Professional career

Early professional career

In 1908, Jackson began his professional baseball career with the Greenville Spinners of the Carolina Association, married 15-year-old Katie Wynn, and eventually signed with Connie Mack to play for the Philadelphia Athletics.[10]

Jackson with the Pelicans

Playing for his hometown team, Jackson hit .346 to lead the 1908 Carolina Association, while also leading the league in hits and RBI. Jackson had a salary of $75.00 a month playing for the Greenville Spinners. In August, 1908, Jackson's contract was purchased by the Connie Mack of the Philadelphia Athletics for $900.00. Jackson immediately reported to the Athletics and made his major league debut.[22][23][24]

For the first two years of his career, Jackson had some trouble adjusting to life with the Athletics; reports conflict as to whether he just did not like the big city, or if he was bothered by hazing from teammates. Consequently, he spent a great portion of that time in the minor leagues. Between 1908 and 1909, Jackson appeared in just 10 MLB games.[25] During the 1909 season, Jackson played 118 games for the South Atlantic League's Savannah Indians. He batted .358 for the year.[26]

Ty Cobb and Joe Jackson in Cleveland in 1913

The Athletics gave up on Jackson in 1910 and traded him to the Cleveland Naps. He spent most of 1910 with the New Orleans Pelicans of the Southern Association, where he won the batting title and led the team to the pennant. Late in the season, he was called up to play on the big league team. He appeared in 20 games and hit .387.

Major League career

In 1911, Jackson's first full MLB season, he set a number of rookie records. His .408 batting average that season is a record that still stands and was good for second overall in the league behind Ty Cobb. His .468 on-base percentage led the league. The following season, Jackson batted .395 and led the American League in hits, triples, and total bases. On April 20, 1912, Jackson scored the first run in Tiger Stadium.[27] The next year, he led the league with 197 hits and a .551 slugging percentage.

In August 1915, Jackson was traded to the Chicago White Sox. Two years later, Jackson and the White Sox won the American League pennant and also the World Series. During the series, Jackson hit .307 as the White Sox defeated the New York Giants.

Jackson missed most of the 1918 season while working in a shipyard because of World War I. In 1919, he came back strongly to post a .351 average during the regular season and .375 with perfect fielding in the World Series. However, the heavily favored White Sox lost the series to the Cincinnati Reds. The next season, Jackson batted .382 and was leading the American League in triples when he was suspended, along with seven other members of the White Sox, after allegations surfaced that the team had thrown the previous World Series.

Black Sox Scandal
Main article: Black Sox Scandal
Jackson in 1919

After the White Sox lost the 1919 World Series to the Cincinnati Reds, Jackson and seven other White Sox players were accused of accepting $5,000 each (equivalent to $74,000 in 2019) to throw the Series. In September 1920, a grand jury was convened to investigate the allegations.

Jackson's 12 base hits set a Series record that was not broken until 1964,[28] and he led both teams with a .375 batting average. He committed no errors, and threw out a runner at the plate.[29] However, the Reds hit an unusually high number of triples to Jackson's position in left field.[30]

During grand jury on September 28, 1920, Jackson confessed to participating in the fix; some news accounts quoted this as:[31][32][33]

When a Cincinnati player would bat a ball out in my territory I'd muff it if I could—that is, fail to catch it. But if it would look too much like crooked work to do that I'd be slow and make a throw to the infield that would be short. My work netted the Cincinnati team several runs that they never would have had if we had been playing on the square.

That precise quote does not appear in a stenographic record of Jackson's grand jury appearance.[34]

In 1921, a Chicago jury acquitted Jackson and his seven teammates of wrongdoing. Nevertheless, Kenesaw Mountain Landis, the newly appointed Commissioner of Baseball, imposed a lifetime ban on all eight players. "Regardless of the verdict of juries," Landis declared, "no player that throws a ballgame; no player that undertakes or promises to throw a ballgame; no player that sits in a conference with a bunch of crooked players and gamblers where the ways and means of throwing games are planned and discussed and does not promptly tell his club about it, will ever play professional baseball."[35]

After the grand jury returned its indictments, Charley Owens of the Chicago Daily News wrote a regretful tribute headlined, "Say it ain't so, Joe."[36] The phrase became legendary when another reporter later erroneously attributed it to a child outside the courthouse:

When Jackson left the criminal court building in the custody of a sheriff after telling his story to the grand jury, he found several hundred youngsters, aged from 6 to 16, waiting for a glimpse of their idol. One child stepped up to the outfielder, and, grabbing his coat sleeve, said:
"It ain't true, is it, Joe?"
"Yes, kid, I'm afraid it is," Jackson replied. The boys opened a path for the ball player and stood in silence until he passed out of sight.
"Well, I'd never have thought it," sighed the lad.[37]

In an interview in Sport nearly three decades later, Jackson confirmed that the legendary exchange never occurred.[38]

Dispute over Jackson's guilt
Babe Ruth and Joe Jackson in 1920

Jackson's involvement in the scandal remains controversial to this day. He reportedly refused the $5,000 bribe on two separate occasions—despite the fact that it would effectively double his salary—only to have teammate Lefty Williams toss the cash on the floor of his hotel room. Jackson then tried to tell White Sox owner Charles Comiskey about the fix, but Comiskey refused to meet with him.[39] Unable to afford legal counsel, Jackson was represented by team attorney Alfred Austrian—a clear conflict of interest. Before Jackson's grand jury testimony, Austrian allegedly elicited Jackson's admission of his supposed role in the fix by plying him with whiskey.[29] Austrian was also able to persuade the nearly illiterate Jackson to sign a waiver of immunity from prosecution.[39]

Years later, the other seven players implicated in the scandal confirmed that Jackson was never at any of the meetings. Williams said that they only mentioned Jackson's name to give their plot more credibility, although he did not say why Jackson would have been paid $5,000 had that been the case. Jackson's performance during the series itself lends further credence to his assertions, although the game records show that he hit better during the "clean" games than those which were thrown.[29] A 1993 article in The American Statistician reported the results of a statistical analysis of Jackson's contribution during the 1919 World Series, and concluded that there was "substantial support to Jackson's subsequent claims of innocence".[40]

An article in the September 2009 issue of Chicago Lawyer magazine argued that Eliot Asinof's 1963 book Eight Men Out, purporting to confirm Jackson's guilt, was based on inaccurate information; for example, Jackson never confessed to throwing the Series as Asinof claimed. Further, Asinof omitted key facts from publicly available documents such as the 1920 grand jury records and proceedings of Jackson's successful 1924 lawsuit against Comiskey to recover back pay for the 1920 and 1921 seasons. Asinof's use of fictional characters within a supposedly non-fiction account added further questions about the historical accuracy of the book.[41]

Jackson remains on MLB's ineligible list, which automatically precludes his election to the National Baseball Hall of Fame. In 1989, MLB Commissioner A. Bartlett Giamatti declined to reinstate Jackson because the case was "now best given to historical analysis and debate as opposed to a present-day review with an eye to reinstatement."[42] In 2020, ESPN reported that MLB had shifted its policy and that the league "has no hold on banned players after they die because the ineligible list bars players from privileges that include a job with a major league club." It is unclear how this will affect Jackson's Hall of Fame prospects.[43]

In November 1999, the U.S. House of Representatives passed a resolution lauding Jackson's sporting achievements and encouraging MLB to rescind his ineligibility. The resolution was symbolic, since the U.S. government has no jurisdiction in the matter. Commissioner Bud Selig stated at the time that Jackson's case was under review, but no decision was issued during Selig's tenure.[44]

In 2015, the Shoeless Joe Jackson Museum formally petitioned Commissioner Rob Manfred for reinstatement, on grounds that Jackson had "more than served his sentence" in the 95 years since his banishment by Landis. Manfred denied the request after an official review. "The results of this work demonstrate to me that it is not possible now, over 95 years since those events took place and were considered by Commissioner Landis, to be certain enough of the truth to overrule Commissioner Landis' determinations," he wrote.[42]

Career statistics

See baseball statistics for an explanation of these statistics.

G AB H 2B 3B HR R RBI BB SO AVG OBP SLG FP
1,332 4,981 1,772 307 168 54 873 785 519 158 .356 .423 .517 .964

Later life
Jackson and his wife Katie on their wedding day in 1908

During the remaining 20 years of his baseball career, Jackson played with and managed a number of semi-professional teams, most located in Georgia and South Carolina.[45] In 1922, Jackson moved to Savannah, Georgia, and opened a dry cleaning business with his wife.

In 1933, the Jacksons moved back to Greenville, South Carolina. After first opening a barbecue restaurant, Jackson and his wife opened "Joe Jackson's Liquor Store", which they operated until his death. One of the better known stories of Jackson's post-major league life took place at his liquor store. Ty Cobb and sportswriter Grantland Rice entered the store, with Jackson showing no sign of recognition towards Cobb. After making his purchase, Cobb finally asked Jackson, "Don't you know me, Joe?" Jackson replied, "Sure, I know you, Ty, but I wasn't sure you wanted to know me. A lot of them don't."[46]

As he aged, Jackson began to suffer from heart trouble. In 1951, at the age of 64, Jackson died of a heart attack.[45] He was the first of the eight banned players to die, and is buried at Woodlawn Memorial Park in Greenville.[47] He had no children, but he and his wife raised two of his nephews.

Legacy

Though Jackson was banned from Major League Baseball, statues and parks have been constructed in his honor. One of the landmarks built for him was a memorial park in Greenville, Shoeless Joe Jackson Memorial Park.[48][49] A life-size statue of Jackson, created by South Carolina sculptor Doug Young, also stands in Greenville's West End.

In 2006, Jackson's original home was moved to a location adjacent to Fluor Field in downtown Greenville. The home was restored and opened in 2008 as the Shoeless Joe Jackson Museum.[50] The address is 356 Field Street, in honor of his lifetime batting average. The restoration and move was chronicled on TLC's reality show The Real Deal episode "A Home Run for Trademark" which aired March 31, 2007. Richard C. Davis, the owner of Trademark Properties, hired Josh Hamilton as the construction foreman.[51]

Jackson was inducted into the Baseball Reliquary's Shrine of the Eternals in 2002.[52]

Jackson's first relative to play professional baseball since his banishment was catcher Joseph Ray Jackson. The great-great-grand nephew of Shoeless Joe batted .386 for The Citadel in 2013 and was then drafted by the Texas Rangers. Later that year, he made his professional debut with the Northwest League's Spokane Indians.[53][54][55]

Films

Shoeless Joe was depicted in a few films in the late 20th century. Eight Men Out, a film directed by John Sayles, based on the Eliot Asinof book of the same name, details the Black Sox Scandal in general and has D. B. Sweeney portraying Jackson.

The Phil Alden Robinson film Field of Dreams, based on Shoeless Joe by W. P. Kinsella, stars Ray Liotta as Jackson. Kevin Costner plays an Iowa farmer who hears a mysterious voice instructing him to build a baseball field on his farm so Shoeless Joe—among others—can play baseball again.

See also

References
  1. Pruitt, Sarah. "Did Shoeless Joe Jackson conspire to throw the 1919 World Series?". History. A&E Television Networks, LLC. Retrieved March 30, 2019.
  2. Although he was in the majors as early as 1908, Major League rules at the time stipulated that a player was considered a rookie until he has had more than 130 at-bats in a season."Archived copy". Archived from the original on June 10, 2007. Retrieved June 3, 2007.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  3. "Joe Jackson". thebaseballpage.com. Archived from the original on January 26, 2009. (archived January 26, 2009).
  4. David L. Fleitz (November 14, 2007). Shoeless: The Life and Times of Joe Jackson. McFarland. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-7864-3312-4.
  5. Fleitz p. 7
  6. Fleitz p. 9
  7. "Joe Jackson Autograph Auctioned for $23,500". The Nevada Daily Mail. Associated Press. December 9, 1990. p. 1.
  8. Honig, Donald. The Man in the Dugout.
  9. Fleitz p. 10
  10. "Chicago Historical Society". chicagohs.com. Archived from the original on March 20, 2013. Retrieved December 11, 2006.
  11. Frommer, Harvey (October 2016). Shoeless Joe and Ragtime Baseball. ISBN 9781630760090. Retrieved January 7, 2019.
  12. JOE JACKSON BASEBALL Reference Book pg 31
  13. The Greenville News December 28, 1942 pg 7 How Jackson Got His Nickname by Scoop Latimer
  14. The Watchmen and Southron June 10 1908 Baseball Notes
  15. The Greenville News December 20, 1951 pg 22 Sporting News Reveals Origin of Shoeless Joe Nickname
  16. The Sun June 22, 1913 pg 2 Jackson Shoeless Only Three Innings
  17. The Evening Times, Grand Fork January 3, 1913 pg 3 Jackson Longs to be a Farmer
  18. Waterloo Evening Courier and Reporter May 30, 1918 pg 8 Joe Jackson, Cobb's Greatest Rival
  19. The Washington Times July 20, 1908 pg 8 Athletics get Shoeless Wonder
  20. The Greenville News June 5,6 and 7 1908 Game Summaries
  21. The Greenville News December 6, 1951 pg 22 Shoeless Joe Jackson Dies of Heart Attack
  22. "Shoeless Joe Jackson Museum". Shoeless Joe Jackson Museum.
  23. "Shoeless Joe Jackson Memorial Park".
  24. https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/shoeless-joe-jackson/
  25. "JoeJackson.com Biography". shoelessjoejackson.com. Archived from the original on January 12, 2007. Retrieved December 11, 2006.
  26. "Shoeless Joe Jackson Minor League Statistics & History". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved May 24, 2013.
  27. The Final Season, p.5, Tom Stanton, Thomas Dunne Books, An imprint of St. Martin's Press, New York, 2001, ISBN 0-312-29156-6
  28. "All-time and Single-Season World Series Batting Leaders". Baseball Reference. Retrieved October 3, 2015.
  29. Purdy, Dennis (2006). The Team-by-Team Encyclopedia of Major League Baseball. New York City: Workman Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-7611-3943-0.
  30. Neyer, Rob. Say it ain't so ... for Joe and the Hall. ESPN Classic.com. August 30, 2007.
  31. "Attell Says He Will Have Plenty to Say", Minnesota Daily Star, September 29, 1920, pg. 5
  32. Riddle, Lyn (October 9, 1993). "Shoeless Joe's Pen Is Even Mightier Than His Bat". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 14, 2020 – via NYTimes.com.
  33. Berkow, Ira (November 1, 1998). "ARTS/ARCHITECTURE; Traces of an Outfielder Who Stumbled". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 14, 2020 – via NYTimes.com.
  34. "In the Matter of the Investigation of Alleged Baseball Scandal" (PDF). Black Betsy. September 28, 1920.
  35. "The Chicago Black Sox banned from baseball". ESPN. November 19, 2003. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
  36. ""Black Sox" trial, 1921: "Say it ain't so, Joe"". Retrieved December 30, 2015.
  37. "'It Ain't True, Is It, Joe?' Youngster Asks". Minnesota Daily Star. September 29, 1920. p. 5.
  38. "Shoeless Joe Jackson Virtual Hall of Fame – 1949 Sport Magazine Interview". Black Betsy.
  39. Plummer, William (August 7, 1989). "Shoeless Joe: His Legend Survives the Man and the Scandal". People. Retrieved August 13, 2011.
  40. Bennett, Jay (1993). "Did Shoeless Joe Jackson Throw the 1919 World Series?". The American Statistician. 47 (4): 241–250. doi:10.1080/00031305.1993.10475991.
  41. Voelker, Daniel J.; and Paul A. Duffy. "Black Sox: 'It ain't so, kid, it just ain't so'", Chicago Lawyer, September 1, 2009.
  42. "MLB won't reinstate Shoeless Joe Jackson". ESPN. September 1, 2015. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
  43. "Source: Ineligible list ends at death for MLB bans". ESPN.com. January 17, 2020. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
  44. "U.S. House Backs Shoeless Joe". CBS News. November 8, 1999. Retrieved May 29, 2008.
  45. "Joe Jackson Timeline". blackbetsy.com. Archived from the original on October 23, 2006. Retrieved November 26, 2006.
  46. "Ty Cobb & Joe Jackson story" (PDF). www.pde.state.pa.us Jackson also kept playing ball under assumed names throughout the south including the Army Air Corp 71st.Service squadron baseball team winning the league championship in 1934 while being coached by Gabriel Disosway who became a four star General. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 12, 2006. Retrieved November 23, 2006.
  47. Fisher, Marc. "At the Shoeless Joe Jackson Museum in Greenville, S.C., it ain't so". WashingtonPost.com. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  48. " "Shoeless Joe Jackson Memorial Park". Retrieved December 19, 2013.
  49. Josh Pahigian (2007). The Ultimate Minor League Baseball Road Trip: A Fan's Guide to AAA, AA, A, and Independent League Stadiums. Globe Pequot. pp. 169–171. ISBN 978-1-59921-627-0.
  50. "Shoeless Joe Jackson Museum and Baseball Library". Retrieved December 19, 2013.
  51. "Hooray for Trademark Properties and Richard Davis!!!". Fraud Files Forensic Accounting Blog. March 28, 2007.
  52. "Shrine of the Eternals – Inductees". Baseball Reliquary. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
  53. Caple, Jim. "Meet Joe Jackson, shoes 'n' all". espn.go.com. March 26, 2014. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
  54. Hartsell, Jeff. "Texas Rangers take Citadel's Joe Jackson; Mariners pick C of C pitcher Jake Zokan". postandcourier.com. June 8, 2013. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
  55. "Joe Jackson Minor League Statistics & History". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved March 26, 2014.

Bibliography
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