Sikorsky R-4

The Sikorsky R-4 is a two-seat helicopter designed by Igor Sikorsky with a single, three-bladed main rotor and powered by a radial engine. The R-4 was the world's first large-scale mass-produced helicopter and the first helicopter used by the United States Army Air Forces,[1] the United States Navy, the United States Coast Guard and the United Kingdom's Royal Air Force and Royal Navy. In U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard service, the helicopter was known as the Sikorsky HNS-1. In British service it was known as the Hoverfly.

R-4 / Hoverfly
Comdr. Frank A. Erickson, USCG & Dr. Igor Sikorsky, Sikorsky Helicopter HNS-1 C.G. 39040
Role Helicopter
Manufacturer Sikorsky Aircraft
Designer Igor Sikorsky
First flight January 14, 1942
Primary users United States Army Air Forces
United States Coast Guard
Royal Air Force
Produced 1942–1944
Number built 131
Developed from Vought-Sikorsky VS-300
Developed into Sikorsky R-6
In this image taken in 1944, one of Langley Research Center's Sikorsky YR-4B/HNS-1 helicopters is seen in the 30 × 60 full-scale tunnel.

Development

The VS-316 was developed from the famous experimental VS-300 helicopter, invented by Igor Sikorsky and publicly demonstrated in 1940. The VS-316 was designated the XR-4, under the United States Army Air Forces' series for "Rotorcraft". The XR-4 first flew on 14 January 1942[2][3] and was accepted by the Army on 30 May 1942.[4] The XR-4 exceeded all the previous helicopter endurance altitude and airspeed records that had been set before it.[5] The XR-4 completed a 761 mi (1,225 km) cross-country flight from Bridgeport, Connecticut, to Wright Field Ohio, set a helicopter peak altitude record of 12,000 ft (3,700 m), while achieving 100 flight hours without a major incident and top airspeed approaching 90 mph (78 kn; 145 km/h)[6][7]

The British Admiralty, having learned of the VS-300, made a ship available, Empire Mersey, fitted with an 80 ft × 40 ft (24 m × 12 m) landing platform, intended to show the USN their work with ship-borne autogyros.[8] After her loss in 1942 to a U-boat, she was replaced by SS Daghestan.[9] The first deck-landing trials aboard Daghestan were carried out in 1944.[8] The British received two of the first eight helicopters built.

On 5 January 1943, the United States Army Air Forces ordered 29 prototypes.[6] The first three were designated YR-4A and used for evaluation testing. The YR-4A benefited from a 180 hp (130 kW) Warner R-550-1 engine, compared to the 165 hp (123 kW) R-500-3 in the prototype, and a rotor diameter increased by 1 ft (30 cm). Evaluation of the YR-4A demonstrated a need for further improvements, including moving the tailwheel further aft on the tailboom, venting the exhaust to the side instead of downward, and increasing the fuel capacity by 5 US gal (4.2 imp gal; 19 l). These and other design changes led to the designation of later prototypes as YR-4B, which were used for service testing and flight training.

United Aircraft announced on 5 November 1944 that the one hundredth helicopter had been completed, and that the production rate had reached five every six days.[10]

Operational history

Following the sinking in January 1944 of USS Turner, a Sikorsky R-4 flew life saving blood plasma for the casualties from New York. On 22–23 April 1944, U.S. Army Lieutenant Carter Harman of the 1st Air Commando Group conducted the first combat rescue by helicopter using a YR-4B in the China-Burma-India theater.[11] Despite the high altitude, humidity, and capacity for only a single passenger, Harman rescued a downed liaison aircraft pilot and his three British soldier passengers, two at a time.[12] On 22–23 January 1945, another rescue by the R-4 involved several legs for refueling and navigating through passes between mountains nearly 10,000 feet (3,000 m) tall, to reach a weather station located at an elevation of 4,700 feet (1,400 m). The higher-than-normal altitude required a downhill run of 20 ft (6.1 m) to get airborne.[13]

Royal Air Force Hoverfly I in use by Fairey Aviation in late 1945

While the R-4 was being used for rescues in Burma and China, it was also being used to ferry parts between floating Aviation Repair Units in the South Pacific. On 23 May 1944, six ships set sail with two R-4s on board each vessel. The ships had been configured as floating repair depots for damaged Army Air Forces aircraft in the South Pacific. When the helicopters were not being used to fly the parts from one location to another, they were enlisted for medical evacuation and other mercy missions.[14]

In Royal Air Force service, the R-4 was called the Hoverfly.[15] The Helicopter Training School, formed January 1945 at RAF Andover, was the first British military unit to be equipped with the helicopter. Many RAF Hoverfly Mark Is were transferred to the Royal Navy for training and one was used in 1945/46 by Fairey Aviation to develop rotor systems for their Gyrodyne helicopter.

Variants
Sikorsky R-4B at National Museum of the United States Air Force

Some R-4s had the tailwheel located at the extreme aft end of the boom near the tail rotor while others had it positioned at the midpoint of the boom. Additionally, some had short "stub" exhaust pipes from the engine while others had a much longer one which extended vertically and then aft above the main landing gear struts.

XR-4
One prototype Model VS-316A with a crew of two and dual controls, 165 hp (123 kW) R-500-3 engine, became XR-4C
YR-4A
Version with larger rotor diameter and a 180 hp (130 kW) R-550-1 engine; three built.
YR-4B at Langley
YR-4B
Version with detailed changes; 27 built for development testing followed by a further batch of 14, seven to US Navy as HNS-1s.
R-4B
Production version with 200 hp (150 kW) R-550-3 engine; 100 built including 20 for the US Navy and 45 for the Royal Air Force.
XR-4C
Prototype XR-4 re-engined with 180 hp (130 kW) R-550-1 engine with the larger YR-4A-type rotor.
HNS-1
Three YR-4Bs and 22 R-4Bs transferred to the US Navy; three diverted to the United States Coast Guard.[16]
Hoverfly I
UK military designation of the R-4 for the Royal Air Force and Royal Navy; 52 delivered and one later transferred to the Royal Canadian Air Force.
Sikorsky S-54
An R-4B modified with an observer's seat aft of the main rotor gearbox for trials.

Operators
 United Kingdom
 United States

Aircraft on display
Canada
United Kingdom
R-4B Hoverfly, US Army Aviation Museum
United States

Specifications (R-4B)

Data from [31]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 2
  • Capacity: 1x casualty litter carried externally
  • Length: 48 ft 1 in (14.66 m) rotors turning
33 ft 8 in (10 m) fuselage only
  • Height: 12 ft 5 in (3.78 m)
  • Empty weight: 2,011 lb (912 kg)
  • Gross weight: 2,540 lb (1,152 kg)
  • Powerplant: 1 × Warner R-550-1 7-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 185 hp (138 kW)
  • Main rotor diameter: 38 ft (12 m)
  • Main rotor area: 1,134 sq ft (105.4 m2)

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 75 mph (121 km/h, 65 kn)
  • Cruise speed: 65 mph (105 km/h, 56 kn)
  • Range: 130 mi (210 km, 110 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 8,000 ft (2,400 m)
  • Time to altitude: 8,000 ft (2,438 m) in 45 minutes

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

References
Notes
  1. "Sikorsky R-4B Hoverfly". National Museum of the United States Air Force. Retrieved: 25 July 2016.
  2. Gunston 2005, p. 88.
  3. Mondey 2005, p. 29.
  4. "Sikorsky R-4B Hoverfly". National Museum of the US Air Force™. Retrieved 2019-03-24.
  5. "Sikorsky R-4B - Canada Aviation and Space Museum". ingeniumcanada.org. Retrieved 2019-03-24.
  6. McGowen 2005, p. 29.
  7. "Sikorsky Archives | First Delivery". www.sikorskyarchives.com. Retrieved 2019-03-24.
  8. "Britain's Test Pilots, No. 17 Wing Cdr. Reginald Alfred Charles Brie", Flight: 643, 12 December 1946.
  9. Cocker 2008, p. 114.
  10. Associated Press, “Firm Completes Its Hundredth Helicopter”, The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Monday 6 November 1944, Volume 51, page 1.
  11. Dorr, Robert. History in Blue, Air Force Times, 22 March 2004.
  12. McGowen 2005, p. 34.
  13. Williams 2005, pp. 30–31.
  14. Williams 2005, p. 31.
  15. "Flight 1946". flightglobal.com. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  16. Drucker, Graham. "Sikorsky R-4B Hoverfly (HNS)". www.fleetairarmarchive.net. Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  17. "R-4/H-4". globalsecurity.org. 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  18. Howard/Burrow/Myall 2011, pp. 3-9
  19. James 1991, p. 306.
  20. "Helicopters for training", Flight, 5 July 1945, retrieved 21 October 2014
  21. Sturtivant 2007, p. 203
  22. Jefford 1988, p. 135.
  23. "S-47/R-4 Helicopter". sikorskyarchives.com. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  24. "History of Coast Guard Aviation pg. 25" (PDF). uscg.mil. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  25. https://ingeniumcanada.org/artifact/sikorsky-r-4b
  26. Accession record Archived 2011-10-11 at the Wayback Machine
  27. United States Air Force Museum 1975, p. 42.
  28. http://neam.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=879 "Sikorsky R-4B (S-47) 'Hoverfly'"
  29. U.S. Army Aviation Museum Association, Inc. "Rotary Wing Collection." Archived 2009-02-06 at the Wayback Machine www.armyaviationmuseum.com, 2 January 2003. Retrieved: 25 August 2008.
  30. "Restoration Hangar." Archived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine Yanks Air Museum. Retrieved: 18 January 2011.
  31. Bridgman, Leonard, ed. (1989). Jane's Fighting aircraft of World War II (1995 ed.). New York: Military Press. pp. 256–257. ISBN 0517679647.
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  • Howard, Lee; Burrow, Mick; Myall, Eric (2011). Fleet Air Arm Helicopters since 1943. Air-Britain Historians Limited. ISBN 978-0-85130-304-8.
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