Six Nations Championship
The Six Nations Championship (known as the Guinness Six Nations[n 1] for sponsorship reasons) is an annual international men's rugby union competition between the teams of England, France, Ireland, Italy, Scotland, and Wales. The current champions are England, who won the 2020 tournament.
Current season or competition: 2021 Six Nations Championship | |
 The Guinness Six Nations logo | |
| Sport | Rugby union |
|---|---|
| Instituted | 1883 (as Home Nations Championship) 1910 (as Five Nations Championship) 2000 (as Six Nations Championship) |
| Number of teams | 6 |
| Country |  England France Ireland Italy Scotland.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Wales |
| Holders | England (2020) |
| Most titles | England & Wales (39 titles) |
| Website | www |
The Six Nations is the successor to the Home Nations Championship (1883–1909 and 1932–39), played between teams from England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, which was the first international rugby union tournament.[2] With the addition of France, this became the Five Nations Championship (1910–31 and 1947–99), which in turn became the Six Nations Championship with the addition of Italy.
England hold the record for outright wins with 29. Since the Six Nations era started in 2000, only Italy and Scotland have failed to win the Six Nations title.
The women's tournament started as the Women's Home Nations in the 1996 season.
History and expansion
The tournament was first played in 1883 as the Home Nations Championship among the four Home Nations – England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. However, England was excluded from the 1888 and 1889 tournaments due to their refusal to join the International Rugby Football Board. The tournament then became the Five Nations Championship in 1910 with the addition of France. The tournament was expanded in 2000 to become the Six Nations Championship with the addition of Italy.
Following the relative success of the Tier 2 nations in the 2015 Rugby World Cup, there were calls by Octavian Morariu, the president of Rugby Europe, to let Georgia and Romania join the Six Nations due to their consistent success in the European Nations Cup and ability to compete in the Rugby World Cup.[3][4]
Format
The tournament begins on the first weekend in February and culminates with Super Saturday on the second or third Saturday in March. The format of the Championship is simple: each team plays every other team once (making a total of 15 matches), with home ground advantage alternating from one year to the next. Prior to the 2017 tournament, two points were awarded for a win, one for a draw and none for a loss. Unlike many other rugby union competitions the bonus point system had not previously been used.
On 30 November 2016, the Six Nations Committee announced that a bonus point system would be trialled in the 2017 Championship. The system is similar to the one used in most rugby championships (0 points for a loss, 2 for a draw, 4 for a win, 1 for scoring four or more tries in a match, and 1 for losing by 7 points or fewer), with the only difference being that a Grand Slam winner will be given 3 extra points to ensure they finish top of the table.
Prior to 1994, teams equal on match points shared the championship. Since then, ties have been broken by considering the points difference (total points scored minus total points conceded) of the teams. The rules of the championship further provide that if teams tie on both match points and points difference, the team that scored the most tries wins the championship. Were this decider to be a tie, the tying teams would share the championship.[5] To date, however, match points and points difference have been sufficient to decide the championship.
Also, the team that finishes at the bottom of the league table is said to have won the Wooden Spoon, although no actual trophy is given to the team. A team that has lost all five matches is said to have been whitewashed. Since the inaugural Six Nations tournament in 2000, only England and Ireland have avoided the Wooden Spoon award. Italy are the holders of the most Wooden Spoon awards in the Six Nations era with 15, and have been whitewashed eleven times. However, each of the other five nations has accumulated more than that through competing in previous eras.
| Three home matches | Two home matches | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Even years | France
|
Ireland
|
Wales
|
England
|
Italy
|
Scotland
|
| Odd years | England
|
Italy
|
Scotland
|
France
|
Ireland
|
Wales
|
Trophies
Championship Trophy
The winners of the Six Nations are presented with the Championship Trophy.[6] This was originally conceived by the Earl of Westmorland, and was first presented to the winners of the 1993 championship, France. It is a sterling silver trophy, designed by James Brent-Ward and made by a team of eight silversmiths from the London firm William Comyns.
It has 15 side panels representing the 15 members of the team and with three handles to represent the three officials (referee and two touch judges). The cup has a capacity of 3.75 litres – sufficient for five bottles of champagne. Within the mahogany base is a concealed drawer which contains six alternative finials, each a silver replica of one of the team emblems, which can be screwed on the detachable lid.
A new trophy was introduced for the 2015 Championship.[7] The new trophy was designed and crafted by Thomas Lyte silversmiths and replaces the 1993 edition, which is being retired as it represented the nations that took part in the Five Nations Championship. Ireland were the last team to win the old trophy, and coincidentally, the first team to win the new one.[8]
Grand Slam and Triple Crown
A team that wins all its games wins the 'Grand Slam'.
The Triple Crown may only be won by one of the Home Nations of England, Ireland, Scotland or Wales, when one nation wins all three of their matches against the others. The Triple Crown dates back to the original Home Nations Championship, but the physical Triple Crown Trophy has been awarded only since 2006, when the Royal Bank of Scotland (the primary sponsor of the competition) commissioned Hamilton & Inches to design and create a dedicated Triple Crown Trophy. It has since been won four times by Ireland, four times by England and three times by Wales.
Rivalry trophies
Several individual competitions take place under the umbrella of the tournament. Some of these trophies are also awarded for other matches between the two teams outside the Six Nations.
| Trophy | Teams | Since | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Calcutta Cup | England and Scotland | 1879[9] | Made from melted-down Indian rupees donated by the Calcutta Club. |
| Millennium Trophy | England and Ireland | 1988 | Presented to celebrate Dublin's millennium in 1988.[10] |
| Centenary Quaich | Ireland and Scotland | 1989[11][12][13] | |
| Giuseppe Garibaldi Trophy | France and Italy | 2007 | On the 200th anniversary of Giuseppe Garibaldi, leader in the unification of Italy and volunteer in the French Republican Army against Prussia. |
| Auld Alliance Trophy | France and Scotland | 2018 | In memory of the war dead from the rugby communities of Scotland and France.[14] |
| Doddie Weir Cup | Wales and Scotland | 2018 | In recognition of Doddie Weir, who founded the My Name'5 Doddie Foundation which supports and aids research into Motor neuron disease.[15] |
Venues
As of the 2021 competition, Six Nations matches are held in the following stadia:
| Team | Stadium | Capacity |
|---|---|---|
| England | Twickenham Stadium, London | 82,000 |
| France | Stade de France, Saint-Denis | 81,338 |
| Wales | Principality Stadium, Cardiff | 74,500 |
| Italy | Stadio Olimpico, Rome | 72,698 |
| Scotland | Murrayfield Stadium, Edinburgh | 67,144 |
| Ireland | Aviva Stadium, Dublin | 51,700 |
The opening of Aviva Stadium in May 2010 ended the arrangement with the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) that allowed the all-Ireland governing body for rugby union, the Irish Rugby Football Union, to use the GAA's flagship stadium, Croke Park, for its international matches. This arrangement was made necessary by the 2007 closure and subsequent demolition of Ireland's traditional home at Lansdowne Road; Aviva Stadium was built on the former Lansdowne Road site. During this construction, Croke Park was the largest of the Six Nations grounds, with a capacity of 82,300.
In 2012 Italy moved their home games from the 32,000 seat Stadio Flaminio, to Stadio Olimpico, also in Rome, with a capacity of 72,000.
The French Rugby Federation (FFR) had planned to build a new stadium of its own, seating 82,000 in the southern suburbs of Paris,[16] because of frustrations with their tenancy of Stade de France.[17] However the project was cancelled in December 2016.[18] France played their 2018 match against Italy at Stade Vélodrome in Marseille.[19]
In 2020, Wales played their final game at Parc y Scarlets in Llanelli due to the Millenium Stadium being used as Dragon's Heart Hospital in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.[20]
Results
Overall
England |
France |
Ireland |
Italy |
Scotland |
Wales | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tournaments | 124 | 91 | 126 | 21 | 126 | 126 |
| Outright wins (shared wins) | ||||||
| Home Nations | 5 (4) | N/A | 4 (4) | N/A | 10 (3) | 7 (4) |
| Five Nations | 17 (6) | 12 (8) | 6 (5) | N/A | 5 (6) | 15 (8) |
| Six Nations | 7 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
| Overall | 29 (10) | 17 (8) | 14 (9) | 0 (0) | 15 (9) | 27 (12) |
| Grand Slams | ||||||
| Home Nations | 0 | N/A | 0 | N/A | 0 | 2 |
| Five Nations | 11 | 6 | 1 | N/A | 3 | 6 |
| Six Nations | 2 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| Overall | 13 | 9 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 12 |
| Triple Crowns | ||||||
| Home Nations | 5 | N/A | 2 | N/A | 7 | 6 |
| Five Nations | 16 | N/A | 4 | N/A | 3 | 11 |
| Six Nations | 5 | N/A | 5 | N/A | 0 | 4 |
| Overall | 26 | N/A | 11 | N/A | 10 | 21 |
| Wooden Spoons | ||||||
| Home Nations | 11 | N/A | 15 | N/A | 8 | 8 |
| Five Nations | 14 | 17 | 21 | N/A | 21 | 12 |
| Six Nations | 0 | 1 | 0 | 15 | 4 | 1 |
| Overall | 25 | 18 | 36 | 15 | 33 | 21 |
Home Nations (1883–1909)
| Year | Champions | Grand Slam | Triple Crown | Calcutta Cup |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1883 | England |
Not contested | England |
England |
| 1884 | England |
England |
England | |
| 1885 | Not completed | Not completed | ||
| 1886 | England and Scotland |
– | – | |
| 1887 | Scotland |
– | – | |
| 1888 |  Ireland, Scotland and .svg.png.webp){kind=small} Wales |
England did not participate | ||
| 1889 | Scotland |
England did not participate | ||
| 1890 | England and Scotland |
– | England | |
| 1891 | Scotland |
Scotland |
Scotland | |
| 1892 | England |
England |
England | |
| 1893 | Wales |
Wales |
Scotland | |
| 1894 | Ireland |
Ireland |
Scotland | |
| 1895 | Scotland |
Scotland |
Scotland | |
| 1896 | Ireland |
– | Scotland | |
| 1897 | Not completed | Not completed | England | |
| 1898 | Not completed | Not completed | – | |
| 1899 | Ireland |
Ireland |
Scotland | |
| 1900 | Wales |
Wales |
– | |
| 1901 | Scotland |
Scotland |
Scotland | |
| 1902 | Wales |
Wales |
England | |
| 1903 | Scotland |
Scotland |
Scotland | |
| 1904 | Scotland |
– | Scotland | |
| 1905 | Wales |
Wales |
Scotland | |
| 1906 | Ireland and Wales |
– | England | |
| 1907 | Scotland |
Scotland |
Scotland | |
| 1908 | Wales |
Wales |
Wales |
Scotland |
| 1909 | Wales |
Wales |
Wales |
Scotland |
Five Nations (1910–1931)
| Year | Champions | Grand Slam | Triple Crown | Calcutta Cup |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1910 | England |
– | – | England |
| 1911 | Wales |
Wales |
Wales |
England |
| 1912 | Ireland and England |
– | – | Scotland |
| 1913 | England |
England |
England |
England |
| 1914 | England |
England |
England |
England |
| 1915–19 | Not held due to World War I | |||
| 1920 | Scotland, Wales and England |
– | – | England |
| 1921 | England |
England |
England |
England |
| 1922 | Wales |
– | – | England |
| 1923 | England |
England |
England |
England |
| 1924 | England |
England |
England |
England |
| 1925 | Scotland |
Scotland |
Scotland |
Scotland |
| 1926 | Ireland and Scotland |
– | – | Scotland |
| 1927 | Ireland and Scotland |
– | – | Scotland |
| 1928 | England |
England |
England |
England |
| 1929 | Scotland |
– | – | Scotland |
| 1930 | England |
– | – | – |
| 1931 | Wales |
– | – | Scotland |
Home Nations (1932–1939)
| Year | Champions | Grand Slam | Triple Crown | Calcutta Cup |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1932 | England, Ireland and Wales |
– | – | England |
| 1933 | Scotland |
– | Scotland |
Scotland |
| 1934 | England |
– | England |
England |
| 1935 | Ireland |
– | – | Scotland |
| 1936 | Wales |
– | – | England |
| 1937 | England |
– | England |
England |
| 1938 | Scotland |
– | Scotland |
Scotland |
| 1939 | England, Ireland, Wales |
– | – | England |
Five Nations (1940–1999)
.svg.png.webp){kind=small}
Six Nations (2000–present)
Titles and awards
| Nation | Grand Slams | Last Grand Slam | Triple Crowns | Last Triple Crown |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| England | 13 | 2016 | 26 | 2020 |
| Wales | 12 | 2019 | 21 | 2019 |
| France | 9 | 2010 | N/A | N/A |
| Ireland | 3 | 2018 | 11 | 2018 |
| Scotland | 3 | 1990 | 10 | 1990 |
| Italy | 0 | — | N/A | N/A |
Wooden Spoon
| Team | Wooden Spoons | Last Wooden Spoon | HNC | FNC | SNC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ireland |
25 | 1998 | 11 | 14 | 0 |
| Scotland |
24 | 2015 | 5 | 15 | 4 |
| England |
19 | 1987 | 7 | 12 | 0 |
| Wales |
17 | 2003 | 6 | 10 | 1 |
| Italy |
15 | 2020 | N/A | N/A | 15 |
| France |
13 | 2013 | N/A | 12 | 1 |
Home Nations and Five Nations
| Team | Wooden Spoons | Years awarded |
|---|---|---|
| Ireland |
25 | 1884, 1890, 1891, 1893, 1895, 1900, 1904, 1909, 1920, 1934, 1938, 1955, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1964, 1977, 1981, 1984, 1986, 1992, 1996, 1997, 1998 |
| Scotland |
20 | 1902, 1911, 1930, 1932, 1935, 1936, 1939, 1947, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1956, 1959, 1965, 1968, 1971, 1978, 1979, 1985, 1994 |
| England |
17 | 1887, 1899, 1901, 1903, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1931, 1948, 1950, 1966, 1972, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1983, 1987 |
| France |
9 | 1910, 1912, 1913, 1925, 1926, 1929, 1957, 1969, 1999 |
| Wales |
9 | 1889, 1892, 1937, 1949, 1963, 1967, 1990, 1993, 1995 |
- 1883, 1885, 1886, 1888, 1897, 1898 and 1914 were not completed and 1973 was shared between each nation.
Bold indicates that the team did not win any matches.
Six Nations
| Team | Wooden Spoons | Years awarded |
|---|---|---|
| Italy |
15 | 2000, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 |
| Scotland |
4 | 2004, 2007, 2012, 2015 |
| Wales |
1 | 2003 |
| France |
1 | 2013 |
| England |
0 | |
| Ireland |
0 |
Bold indicates that the team did not win any matches.
Player awards
| Year | Winner |
|---|---|
| 2004 | Gordon D'Arcy |
| 2005 | Martyn Williams |
| 2006 | Brian O'Driscoll |
| 2007 | Brian O'Driscoll (2) |
| 2008 | Shane Williams |
| 2009 | Brian O'Driscoll (3) |
| 2010 | Tommy Bowe |
| 2011 | Andrea Masi |
| 2012 | Dan Lydiate |
| 2013 | Leigh Halfpenny |
| 2014 | Mike Brown |
| 2015 | Paul O'Connell |
| 2016 | Stuart Hogg |
| 2017 | Stuart Hogg (2) |
| 2018 | Jacob Stockdale |
| 2019 | Alun Wyn Jones |
| 2020 | Antoine Dupont |
Records
Ronan O'Gara of Ireland holds the career scoring record with 557 points. England's Jonny Wilkinson currently holds the records for individual points in one match (35 points against Italy in 2001) and one season with 89 (scored in 2001).
The record for tries in a match is held by Scotsman George Lindsay who scored five tries against Wales in 1887.[21] England's Cyril Lowe and Scotland's Ian Smith jointly hold the record for tries in one season with 8 (Lowe in 1914, Smith in 1925). Ireland's Brian O'Driscoll has the Championship record for tries with 26.
The record for appearances is held by Sergio Parisse of Italy, with 69 appearances,[22] since his Six Nations debut in 2004.
The most points scored by a team in one match was 80 points, scored by England against Italy in 2001. England also scored the most ever points in a season in 2001 with 229, and most tries in a season with 29.[21] Wales hold the record for fewest tries conceded during a season in the Six Nations era, conceding only 2 in 5 games in 2008, but the 1977 Grand Slam-winning France team did not concede a try in their four matches. Wales hold the record for the longest time without conceding a try, at 358 minutes in the 2013 tournament.
Administration
The Championship is run from headquarters in Dublin, Ireland by Six Nations Rugby Ltd,[23] which also takes responsibility for the British and Irish Lions tours. Benjamin Morel became the CEO of the Six Nations Championship as of 5 November 2018,[24][25][26] replacing John Feehan, who stepped down on 20 April 2018.[27][28]
Media
The BBC has long covered the tournament in the United Kingdom, broadcasting all matches apart from England home matches between 1997 and 2002, which were shown live by Sky Sports with highlights on the BBC.[29] Between 2003 and 2015, the BBC covered every match live on BBC Sport either on BBC One or BBC Two with highlights also on the BBC Sport website and either on the BBC Red Button or late at night on BBC Two. In 2011, it was announced that the BBC's coverage of the tournament on TV, radio and online would be extended to 2017.[30]
On 9 July 2015, in reaction to bids by Sky for the rights beginning in 2018, the BBC ended its contract two seasons early, and renegotiated a joint contract with ITV Sport for rights to the Six Nations from 2016 through 2021. ITV acquired rights to England, Ireland and Italy home matches, while the BBC acquired rights to France, Scotland and Wales home matches. By ending its contract early, the BBC saved around £30 million, while the new contract generated £20 million in additional revenue for the Six Nations.[31] With the end of the contract nearing, speculation once again emerged in 2020 that Sky was pursuing rights to the Six Nations from 2022 onward; under the Ofcom "listed events" rules, rights to the tournament can be held by a pay television channel if delayed broadcasts or highlights are made available on free-to-air television. It was reported that a bid for CVC Equity Partners to purchase a stake in the Six Nations was being hindered by a desire for a more lucrative broadcast contract; a call for the Six Nations to be moved to Category A (which requires live coverage to air free-to-air) was rejected.[32][33]
In Ireland, RTÉ have broadcast the championship since RTÉ's inception and continued to do so until 2017, while TG4 televised highlights. However, in late 2015 RTÉ's free-to-air rival TV3 was awarded the rights for every game from the Six Nations on Irish television from 2018 to 2021.[34]
France Télévisions covered the competition in France.[35]
In Italy, from 2014 to 2017 DMAX of Discovery Communications broadcast all matches, and will do so until 2021.
In the United States, NBC Sports broadcasts matches in English and TV5 Monde airs matches in French.[36] In Wales, S4C also broadcasts matches featuring the Welsh team shown by the BBC in Welsh.
Participating nations
| Country | Broadcaster | Summary |
|---|---|---|
| England |
||
| Scotland | ||
 Northern Ireland | ||
| Wales | ||
| S4C | Wales games in the Welsh language | |
| France |
France 2 | All games. |
 Republic of Ireland |
Virgin Media One | All games until 2021. |
| Italy |
DMAX | All games until 2021 |
Non-participating nations
| Country/region | Broadcaster |
|---|---|
| International | TV5Monde (France games only) |
 Albania |
DigitAlb |
 Kosovo | |
| Asia | Premier Sports |
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Australia |
beIN Sports |
 Middle East and North Africa
| |
| Balkans | Arena Sport |
| Baltics | TV3 Sport |
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Canada |
DAZN |
| DACH | |
| ProSieben Maxx[37] | |
 Caribbean |
ESPN |
 South America
| |
 Czech Republic |
Nova Sport |
 Slovakia | |
 Fiji |
FBC |
 Georgia |
Rugby TV |
 Malta |
GO |
 Netherlands |
Ziggo Sport |
 New Zealand |
Sky Sport |
| Nordics | NENT |
 Poland |
NC+ |
 Portugal |
Sport TV |
 Romania |
Telekom Romania |
 Russia |
Match TV |
 Slovenia |
Šport TV |
 Spain |
Movistar Deportes |
| Sub-Saharan Africa | SuperSport |
 United States |
NBC Sports |
Sponsorship
Until 1998, the Championship had no title sponsor. Sponsorship rights were sold to Lloyds TSB Group for the 1999 tournament and the competition was titled the Lloyds TSB 5 Nations and Lloyds TSB 6 Nations until 2002.[38]
The Royal Bank of Scotland Group took over sponsorship from 2003 until 2017, with the competition being branded the RBS 6 Nations. A new title sponsor was sought for the 2018 tournament and beyond.[39] However, after struggling to find a new sponsor, organisers agreed a one-year extension at a reduced rate. As the RBS brand was being phased out, the tournament was named after the NatWest banking subsidiary, becoming the NatWest 6 Nations.[40]
On 7 December 2018, Guinness was announced as the Championship's new title sponsor, with the competition to be named the Guinness Six Nations from 2019 to 2024.[41][n 1]
See also
- British Home Championship, a similar tournament in association football
- The Rugby Championship, an analogous tournament of national teams in the Southern Hemisphere
- Six Nations Under 20s Championship
References
Notes
Sources
- Godwin, Terry (1984). The International Rugby Championship 1883–1983. London: Willows Books. ISBN 978-0-00-218060-3.
- Starmer-Smith, Nigel, ed. (1986). Rugby – A Way of Life, An Illustrated History of Rugby. Lennard Books. ISBN 978-0-7126-2662-0.
- Narz, Naomi, ed. (2019). Rugby – Wales and United States Connection, A showing of LDR feats in sport. Rich Books.
Citations
- Tézenas du Montcel, Magali (5 February 2019). "L'exception française au cœur du 'Guinness/Greatness Six Nations'". Les Échos (in French). Retrieved 11 March 2019.
- Godwin (1984), pg 1. Though only matches involving Ireland could properly be considered international, and only after 1922, all other teams being from entirely within the nation state of the United Kingdom. The first ever Home Nations International Championship was played in 1883. No other Northern Hemisphere team played a recognised international match until France faced New Zealand in 1906
- Brown, Oliver (25 March 2015). "Open up the Six Nations and let Georgia in". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
- "let in Georgia and Romania, says governing body". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
- "Rules of the RBS 6 Nations Championship". RBS 6 Nations. Archived from the original on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 24 February 2008.
- "Six Nations Championship Trophy Trust". RBS 6 Nations. Archived from the original on 2 February 2007. Retrieved 5 February 2007.
- "New Six Nations trophy unveiled". ESPN. 28 January 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
- "Will Ireland be getting their hands on this? New trophy for the RBS Six Nations unveiled". Irish Independent. 28 January 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
- "The Calcutta Cup: the legacy of a club that died". Scottish Rugby. Archived from the original on 14 February 2007. Retrieved 29 September 2007.
- "About Us". Rugby Football Union. Archived from the original on 6 September 2007. Retrieved 29 September 2007.
- Massie, Alan (19 February 2000). "Lamenting the sad decline of the fighting Irish". The Scotsman. p. 31.
- Ferrie, Kevin (22 March 1999). "Scotland now have quality in quantity". The Herald. p. 1.
- Walsh, David (13 February 2005). "Scots torn apart by Irish mean machine". The Sunday Times. p. Sport 2.
- "Auld Alliance Trophy unveiled | Scottish Rugby Union". scottishrugby.org. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
- "Doddie Weir Cup |".
- "Projet Stade" (in French). French Rugby Federation. Archived from the original on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
- "French national rugby team plan to quit Stade de France". BBC Sport. 25 November 2010. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
- "Rugby-French federation drops plans for new stadium". Reuters. 14 December 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
- "France to host Italy in Marseille". rugby365.com. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
- "Wales to play at Parc y Scarlets - Welsh Rugby Union". Welsh Rugby Union | Wales & Regions. 23 September 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
- "Six Nations records". Rugby Heaven. 1 February 2005. Archived from the original on 13 January 2006. Retrieved 8 August 2007.
- "Records". Six Nations Rugby. Six Nations Rugby Ltd. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
- "Contact Us". sixnationsrugby.com.
- "Six Nations Rugby Appoint Chief Executive Officer". sixnationsrugby.com. Six Nations Rugby. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
- Preece, John (23 August 2018). "New CEO for Six Nations Rugby Ltd". The Edinburgh Reporter. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
- Georgiou, Stephen (23 August 2018). "Benjamin Morel named new Six Nations chief executive". SportsPro Media. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
- "John Feehan Steps Down as CEO of Six Nations". sixnationsrugby.com. Six Nations Rugby. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
- Slattery, Laura (20 April 2018). "Six Nations Chief Executive John Feehan Steps Down". The Irish Times. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
- Brown, David. "BBC reclaims Six Nations rugby from Sky with £70m three-year contract". The Independent. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
- "BBC extends Six Nations contract until 2017". BBC. 23 November 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
- Rees, Paul (9 July 2015). "BBC and ITV join forces to stop Sky winning Six Nations broadcast rights". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- "UK government committee calls for Six Nations to be given 'crown jewels' status". SportsPro Media. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- "Pay-TV free to move on Six Nations after UK gov rejects 'crown jewels' bid". SportsPro Media. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- "RTÉ loses rights to 6 Nations". Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 11 November 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
- "TV/Broadcast". Six Nations Rugby. Retrieved 25 December 2018.
- "Worldwide Broadcast Schedule, RBS Six Nations". Retrieved 23 January 2014.
- "Rugby - Noch mehr Rugby: "Six Nations" live auf ProSieben MAXX - "Sevens Series" live auf ran.de". ran.de (in German). 17 January 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
- "Lloyds-TSB backs Five Nations - Money Marketing". moneymarketing.co.uk. 7 July 1998.
- "Title Sponsorship, Six Nations Championship". sixnationsrugby.com. Six Nations Rugby. 3 June 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
- Jackson, Russell. "NatWest to sponsor Six Nations rugby tournament – for one year". The Scotsman. Retrieved 21 September 2018.
- "Guinness announced as title sponsor of Rugby's Greatest Championship". sixnationsrugby.com. Six Nations Rugby. 7 December 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
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