Son of Sevenless

In cell signalling, Son of Sevenless (SOS) refers to a set of genes encoding guanine nucleotide exchange factors that act on the Ras subfamily of small GTPases.

son of sevenless homolog 1
Identifiers
SymbolSOS1
Alt. symbolsGINGF
NCBI gene6654
HGNC11187
OMIM182530
RefSeqNM_005633
UniProtQ07889
Other data
LocusChr. 2 p21
son of sevenless homolog 2
Identifiers
SymbolSOS2
NCBI gene6655
HGNC11188
OMIM601247
RefSeqNM_006939
UniProtQ07890
Other data
LocusChr. 14 q21

History and name

The gene was so named because the Sos protein that it encoded was found to operate downstream of the sevenless gene in Drosophila melanogaster in a Ras/MAP kinase pathway.[1] When sevenless is mutated or otherwise dysfunctional during development of the fly's ultraviolet light-sensitive compound eye, the seventh, central photoreceptor (R7) of each ommatidium fails to form.[2][3] Similarly, the mammalian orthologues of Sos, SOS1 and SOS2, function downstream of many growth factor and adhesion receptors.

Function

Ras-GTPases act as molecular switches that bind to downstream effectors, such as the protein kinase c-Raf, and localise them to the membrane, resulting in their activation. Ras-GTPases are considered inactive when bound to guanosine diphosphate (GDP), and active when bound to guanosine triphosphate (GTP). As the name implies, Ras-GTPases possess intrinsic enzymatic activity that hydrolyses GTP to GDP and phosphate. Thus, upon binding to GTP, the duration of Ras-GTPase activity depends on the rate of hydrolysis. SOS (and other guanine nucleotide exchange factors) act by binding Ras-GTPases and forcing them to release their bound nucleotide (usually GDP). Once released from SOS, the Ras-GTPase quickly binds fresh guanine nucleotide from the cytosol. Since GTP is roughly ten times more abundant than GDP in the cytosol, this usually results in Ras activation. The normal rate of Ras catalytic GTPase (GTP hydrolysis) activity can be increased by proteins of the RasGAP family, which bind to Ras and increase its catalytic rate by a factor of one thousand - in effect, increasing the rate at which Ras is inactivated.

Genetic diseases associated with SOS1

Dominant mutant alleles of SOS1 have recently been found to cause Noonan syndrome[4] and hereditary gingival fibromatosis type 1.[5] Noonan syndrome has also been shown to be caused by mutations in KRAS and PTPN11 genes.[6] A common feature of these genes is that their products have all been strongly implicated as positive regulators of the Ras/MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. Therefore, it is thought that dysregulation of this pathway during development is responsible for many of the clinical features of this syndrome.[7]

Noonan syndrome mutations in SOS1 are distributed in clusters positioned throughout the SOS1 coding region. Biochemically, these mutations have been shown to similarly effect aberrant activation of the catalytic domain towards Ras-GTPases. This may be explained because the SOS1 protein adopts an auto-inhibited conformation dependent on multiple domain-to-domain interactions that cooperate to block access of the SOS1 catalytic core to its Ras-GTPase targets.[8] The mutations that cause Noonan syndrome thus appear to perturb intramolecular interactions necessary for SOS1 auto-inhibition. In this way these mutations are thought to create SOS1 alleles encoding hyper-activated and dysregulated variants of the protein.

Overview of signal transduction pathways involved in apoptosis.

References
  1. Rogge RD, Karlovitch CA, Banerjee U (January 1991). "Genetic Dissection of a Neurodevelopmental Pathway: Son of sevenless Functions Downstream of the sevenless and EGF Receptor Tyrosine Kinases". Cell. 64 (1): 39–48. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(91)90207-F. PMID 1846090. S2CID 34466759.
  2. Simon MA, Dodson GS, Rubin GM (April 1993). "An SH3-SH2-SH3 protein is required for p21Ras1 activation and binds to sevenless and Sos proteins in vitro". Cell. 73 (1): 169–77. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90169-Q. PMID 8462097. S2CID 38668180.
  3. Nimnual A, Bar-Sagi D (August 2002). "The two hats of SOS". Sci. STKE. 2002 (145): PE36. doi:10.1126/stke.2002.145.pe36. PMID 12177507. S2CID 43828427.
  4. Roberts AE, Araki T, Swanson KD, Montgomery KT, Schiripo TA, Joshi VA, Li L, Yassin Y, Tamburino AM, Neel BG, Kucherlapati RS (January 2007). "Germline gain-of-function mutations in SOS1 cause Noonan syndrome". Nat. Genet. 39 (1): 70–4. doi:10.1038/ng1926. PMID 17143285. S2CID 10222262.
  5. Hart TC, Zhang Y, Gorry MC, Hart PS, Cooper M, Marazita ML, Marks JM, Cortelli JR, Pallos D (April 2002). "A mutation in the SOS1 gene causes hereditary gingival fibromatosis type 1". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 70 (4): 943–54. doi:10.1086/339689. PMC 379122. PMID 11868160.
  6. Tartaglia M, Mehler EL, Goldberg R, Zampino G, Brunner HG, Kremer H, van der Burgt I, Crosby AH, Ion A, Jeffery S, Kalidas K, Patton MA, Kucherlapati RS, Gelb BD (December 2001). "Mutations in PTPN11, encoding the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2, cause Noonan syndrome". Nat. Genet. 29 (4): 465–8. doi:10.1038/ng772. PMID 11704759. S2CID 14627986.
  7. Bentires-Alj M, Kontaridis MI, Neel BG (March 2006). "Stops along the RAS pathway in human genetic disease". Nat. Med. 12 (3): 283–5. doi:10.1038/nm0306-283. PMID 16520774. S2CID 6989331.
  8. Sondermann H, Soisson SM, Boykevisch S, Yang SS, Bar-Sagi D, Kuriyan J (October 2004). "Structural analysis of autoinhibition in the Ras activator Son of sevenless". Cell. 119 (3): 393–405. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2004.10.005. PMID 15507210. S2CID 14786628.
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