South American common toad

The South American common toad (Rhinella margaritifera; also mitred toad, in Spanish sapo crestado) is a species complex of toads in the family Bufonidae. They are found throughout the Amazonian South America (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela) and eastern Panama.[2] It was originally believed to be a single species, but is now known to represent a complex of more than one.[1][2]

South American common toad
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Bufonidae
Genus: Rhinella
Species:
R. margaritifera
Binomial name
Rhinella margaritifera
(Laurenti, 1768)
Synonyms

Bufo margaritifer (Laurenti, 1768)

Its natural habitats are primary and secondary lowland, premontane and montane tropical moist forests (including terra firme and seasonally flooded forests). It is a generalist species that can also be found in disturbed areas.[1]

Member species

As of 2013, there were 16 formally described species within this complex, as well as an unknown number that are yet to be recognized.[3]

References
  1. Frank Solís; Roberto Ibáñez; César Jaramillo; Querube Fuenmayor; Débora Silvano; Luis A. Coloma; Enrique La Marca; Santiago Ron; Marinus Hoogmoed (2010). "Rhinella margaritifera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T54701A11185916. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T54701A11185916.en.
  2. Frost, Darrel R. (2014). "Rhinella margaritifera (Laurenti, 1768)". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
  3. Lavilla, E. O.; Caramaschi, U.; Langone, J. A.; Pombal Jr., J. P. & de Sá, R. O. (2013). "The identity of Rana margaritifera Laurenti, 1768 (Anura, Bufonidae)". Zootaxa. 3646 (3): 251–264. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3646.3.4. PMID 26213763.


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