Stygobromus

Stygobromus is a genus of amphipod crustaceans that live in subterranean habitats. As well as a large number of species in North America,[3] a smaller number of species are also known from Eurasia.[4] Most of the North American species live in areas which were not covered by the Laurentide Ice Sheet, although a few species seem to have survived under the ice.[5] A number of species are on the IUCN Red List as endangered species (EN) or vulnerable species (VU); all the listed species are endemic to the United States. One species, S. lucifugus, is extinct. Stygobromus includes the following species:[6]

• Stygobromus abditus Holsinger, 1978 (Virginia)
• Stygobromus ackerlyi Holsinger, 1978 (Georgia)
• Stygobromus alabamensis (Stout, 1911)
• Stygobromus albapinus Taylor & Holsinger, 2011 (Nevada)[7]
• Stygobromus allegheniensis (Holsinger, 1967) (New York to West Virginia)
• Stygobromus ambulans (F. Müller, 1846)
• Stygobromus anastasiae Sidorov, Holsinger et Takhteev, 2010 (Russia)
• Stygobromus apscheronia (Derzhavin, 1945) (Azerbaijan)
• Stygobromus araeus (Holsinger, 1969) [8] (Virginia)
• Stygobromus arizonensis Holsinger, 1974 [9]
• Stygobromus balconis (Hubricht, 1943) [10]
• Stygobromus baroodyi Holsinger, 1978 (Virginia)
• Stygobromus barri (Holsinger, 1967) [11]
• Stygobromus barryi Holsinger, 1978 (Tennessee)
• Stygobromus behningi (Birstein, 1948)
• Stygobromus bifurcatus (Holsinger, 1967) [12]
• Stygobromus biggersi Holsinger, 1978 (Virginia to Pennsylvania)
• Stygobromus blinni Wang & Holsinger, 2001
• Stygobromus borealis Holsinger, 1978 (Vermont, New York)
• Stygobromus boultoni Wang & Holsinger, 2001
• Stygobromus bowmani (Holsinger, 1967) [13]
• Stygobromus canadensis Holsinger, 1980
• Stygobromus carolinensis Holsinger, 1978 (North Carolina)
• Stygobromus chamberlaini Ellis, 1941
• Stygobromus cherylae Wang & Holsinger, 2001
• Stygobromus clantoni (Creaser, 1934) [14]
• Stygobromus coeca (Dobraenu & Manolache, 1951)
• Stygobromus coloradensis Ward, 1977
• Stygobromus conradi (Holsinger, 1967) [15] (Virginia)
• Stygobromus cooperi (Holsinger, 1967) [16] (West Virginia)
• Stygobromus cowani Wang & Holsinger, 2001
• Stygobromus culveri Holsinger, 1978 (West Virginia)
• Stygobromus cumberlandus Holsinger, 1978 (Virginia)
• Stygobromus curroae Wang & Holsinger, 2001
• Stygobromus dejectus (Holsinger, 1967) [17]
• Stygobromus dentata (Hubricht, 1943)
• Stygobromus dershavini (Behning, 1928)
• Stygobromus dicksoni Holsinger, 1978 (Alabama, Georgia)
• Stygobromus donensis (Martynov, 1919)
• Stygobromus duplus Wang & Holsinger, 2001
• Stygobromus elatus (Holsinger, 1967) [18]
• Stygobromus elliotti Holsinger, 1974
• Stygobromus emarginatus (Hubricht, 1943) [19] (Maryland, West Virginia)
• Stygobromus ephemerus (Holsinger, 1969) [20] (Virginia)
• Stygobromus estesi Holsinger, 1978 (Virginia)
• Stygobromus exilis Hubricht, 1943
• Stygobromus fecundus Holsinger, 1978 (Tennessee)
• Stygobromus fergusoni Holsinger, 1978 (Virginia)
• Stygobromus finleyi Holsinger, 1978 (Tennessee)
• Stygobromus flagellatus (J. E. Benedict, 1896) [21]
• Stygobromus fontinalis Wang & Holsinger, 2001
• Stygobromus franzi Holsinger, 1978 (Maryland)
• Stygobromus gallawayae Wang & Holsinger, 2001
• Stygobromus glacialis Wang & Holsinger, 2001
• Stygobromus gracilipes (Holsinger, 1967) (Virginia to Pennsylvania)
• Stygobromus gradyi Holsinger, 1974 [22]
• Stygobromus grahami Holsinger, 1974
• Stygobromus grandis Holsinger, 1978 (Georgia)
• Stygobromus hadenoecus (Holsinger, 1966) [23]
• Stygobromus harai Holsinger, 1974 [24]
• Stygobromus hayi (Hubricht & Mackin, 1940) [25] (District of Columbia)
• Stygobromus herbsti Wang & Holsinger, 2001
• Stygobromus heteropodus Hubricht, 1943 [26]
• Stygobromus hoffmani Holsinger, 1978 (Virginia)
• Stygobromus holsingeri Ward, 1977
• Stygobromus hubbardi Holsinger, 2009 [27]
• Stygobromus hubbsi Shoemaker, 1942 [28]
• Stygobromus hyporheicus Wang & Holsinger, 2001
• Stygobromus hyrcana (Dershavin, 1939)
• Stygobromus idahoensis Wang & Holsinger, 2001
• Stygobromus imperialis Wang & Holsinger, 2001
• Stygobromus indentatus (Holsinger, 1967) [29] (North Carolina, Virginia)
• Stygobromus inexpectatus Holsinger, 1978 (Alabama)
• Stygobromus interitus Holsinger, 1978 (Virginia)
• Stygobromus intermedia (Dobreanu, Manolache & Piascariu, 1952)
• Stygobromus interstitialis Wang & Holsinger, 2001
• Stygobromus iowae Hubricht, 1943
• Stygobromus jakutana (Martynov, 1931)
• Stygobromus jemezensis Wang & Holsinger, 2001
• Stygobromus johanseni (Shoemaker, 1920)
• Stygobromus kazakhstanica Kulkina, 1992
• Stygobromus kenki Holsinger, 1978 (District of Columbia, Virginia)
• Stygobromus lacicolus Holsinger, 1974
• Stygobromus lanensis Wang & Holsinger, 2001
• Stygobromus latus Wang & Holsinger, 2001
• Stygobromus leensis Holsinger, 1978 (Virginia)
• Stygobromus lepida (Mateus & Mateus, 1991)
• Stygobromus levanidovae (G. Karaman, 1991)
• Stygobromus limbus Wang & Holsinger, 2001
• Stygobromus longidactylus (S. Karaman, 1929)
• Stygobromus longipes (Holsinger, 1966) [30]
• Stygobromus lucifugus (Hay, 1882) [31]
• Stygobromus mackenziei Holsinger, 1974 [32]
• Stygobromus mackini Hubricht, 1943 (Tennessee to West Virginia)
• Stygobromus meschtscherica (Borutsky, 1929)
• Stygobromus mikhaili Sidorov, Holsinger et Takhteev, 2010 (Russia)
• Stygobromus minutus Holsinger, 1978 (Georgia)
• Stygobromus montanensis Holsinger, 1974
• Stygobromus montanus (Holsinger, 1967) [33]
• Stygobromus morrisoni (Holsinger, 1967) [34] (Virginia, West Virginia)
• Stygobromus mundus (Holsinger, 1967) [35] (Virginia)
• Stygobromus myersae Wang & Holsinger, 2001
• Stygobromus mysticus Holsinger, 1974
• Stygobromus nanus Holsinger, 1978 (West Virginia)
• Stygobromus nortoni (Holsinger, 1969) [36]
• Stygobromus obrutus Holsinger, 1978 (Virginia)
• Stygobromus obscurus Holsinger, 1974
• Stygobromus onondagaensis (Hubricht & Mackin, 1940) [37]
• Stygobromus oregonensis Holsinger, 1974
• Stygobromus ozarkensis (Holsinger, 1967) [38]
• Stygobromus parvus (Holsinger, 1969) [39] (Virginia)
• Stygobromus pecki (Holsinger, 1967) [40]
• Stygobromus pennaki Ward, 1977
• Stygobromus philareti (Birstein, 1948)
• Stygobromus phreaticus Holsinger, 1978 (Virginia)
• Stygobromus pizzinii (Shoemaker, 1938) [41] (Virginia to Pennsylvania)
• Stygobromus pollostus Holsinger, 1978 (Virginia)
• Stygobromus pseudospinosus Holsinger, 1978 (Virginia)
• Stygobromus pusillus (Martynov, 1930) (Russia)
• Stygobromus putealis (Holmes, 1909) [42]
• Stygobromus puteanus Holsinger, 1974
• Stygobromus quatsinensis Holsinger & Shaw, 1987
• Stygobromus rallus Wang & Holsinger, 2001
• Stygobromus redactus Holsinger, 1978 (West Virginia)
• Stygobromus reddelli (Holsinger, 1966) [43]
• Stygobromus rudolphi Wang & Holsinger, 2001
• Stygobromus russelli (Holsinger, 1967)
• Stygobromus saltuaris Wang & Holsinger, 2001
• Stygobromus secundus Bousfield & Holsinger, 1981
• Stygobromus sheldoni Holsinger, 1974
• Stygobromus sierrensis Holsinger, 1974
• Stygobromus simplex Wang & Holsinger, 2001
• Stygobromus smithi Hubricht, 1943 [44]
• Stygobromus sparsus Holsinger, 1978 (Tennessee)
• Stygobromus spinatus (Holsinger, 1967) [45] (West Virginia)
• Stygobromus spinosus (Hubricht & Mackin, 1940) (Virginia)
• Stygobromus stadukhini (Derzhavin, 1930)
• Stygobromus stegerorum Holsinger, 1978 (Virginia)
• Stygobromus stellmacki (Holsinger, 1967) [46] (Pennsylvania)
• Stygobromus subtilis (Hubricht, 1943) [47]
• Stygobromus tahoensis Holsinger, 1974
• Stygobromus tenuis (S. I. Smith, 1874) (Connecticut to Maryland)
• Stygobromus trinus Wang & Holsinger, 2001
• Stygobromus tritus Holsinger, 1974
• Stygobromus urospinatus Wang & Holsinger, 2001
• Stygobromus utahensis Wang & Holsinger, 2001
• Stygobromus vitreus Cope, 1872
• Stygobromus wachuschtii (Behning, 1940)
• Stygobromus wahkeenensis Wang & Holsinger, 2001
• Stygobromus wardi Wang & Holsinger, 2001
• Stygobromus wengerorum Holsinger, 1974 [48]

Stygobromus
Stygobromus kenki
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Subphylum:	Crustacea
Class:	Malacostraca
Order:	Amphipoda
Family:	Crangonyctidae
Genus:	Stygobromus Cope, 1872 [1]
Type species
Stygobromus vitreus Cope, 1872 [2]

References

1. "Stygobromus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
2. John R. Holsinger (1978). "Systematics of the subterranean amphipod genus Stygobromus (Gammaridae). Part II: Species of the Eastern United States". Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 266: 1–144. doi:10.5479/si.00810282.266.
3. David C. Culver; John R. Holsinger; Mary C. Christman & Tanja Pipan (2010). "Morphological differences among eyeless amphipods in the genus Stygobromus dwelling in different subterranean habitats". Journal of Crustacean Biology. 30 (1): 68–74. doi:10.1651/09-3156.1.
4. John R. Holsinger (1987). "Redescription of the stygobiont amphipod crustacean Stygobromus pusillus (Crangonyctidae) from the Soviet Union, with comments on taxonomic and zoogeographic relationships". Journal of Crustacean Biology. 7 (2): 249–257. doi:10.2307/1548605. JSTOR 1548605.
5. John R. Holsinger. "Stygobromus – Distribution Map". Old Dominion University. Retrieved June 24, 2010.
6. Jim Lowry (2009). "Stygobromus Cope, 1872". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
7. Steven Taylor & John Holsinger (2011). "A new species of the subterranean amphipod crustacean genus Stygobromus (Crangonyctidae) from a cave in Nevada, USA". Subterranean Biology. 8: 39–48. doi:10.3897/subtbiol.8.1230.
8. Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus araeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996. Retrieved June 24, 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)old-form url
9. Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus arizonensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996. Retrieved June 24, 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)old-form url
10. Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus balconis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996. Retrieved June 24, 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)old-form url
11. Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus barri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996. Retrieved June 24, 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)old-form url
12. Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus bifurcatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996. Retrieved June 24, 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)old-form url
13. Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus bowmani". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996. Retrieved June 24, 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)old-form url
14. Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus clantoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996. Retrieved June 24, 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)old-form url
15. Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus conradi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996. Retrieved June 24, 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)old-form url
16. Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus cooperi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996. Retrieved June 24, 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)old-form url
17. Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus dejectus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996. Retrieved June 24, 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)old-form url
18. Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus elatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996. Retrieved June 24, 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)old-form url
19. Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus emarginatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996. Retrieved June 24, 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)old-form url
20. Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus ephemerus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996. Retrieved June 24, 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)old-form url
21. Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus flagellatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996. Retrieved June 24, 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)old-form url
22. Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus gradyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996. Retrieved June 24, 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)old-form url
23. Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus hadenoecus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996. Retrieved June 24, 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)old-form url
24. Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus harai". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996. Retrieved June 24, 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)old-form url
25. Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus araeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996. Retrieved June 24, 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)old-form url
26. Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus heteropodus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996. Retrieved June 24, 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)old-form url
27. Holsinger, J. R (2009). "Stygobromus hubbardi". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
28. Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus hubbsi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996. Retrieved June 24, 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)old-form url
29. Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus indentatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996. Retrieved June 24, 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)old-form url
30. Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus longipes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996. Retrieved June 24, 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)old-form url
31. Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus lucifugus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996. Retrieved June 24, 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)old-form url
32. Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus mackenziei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996. Retrieved June 24, 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)old-form url
33. Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus montanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996. Retrieved June 24, 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)old-form url
34. Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus morrisoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996. Retrieved June 24, 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)old-form url
35. Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus mundus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996. Retrieved June 24, 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)old-form url
36. Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus nortoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996. Retrieved June 24, 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)old-form url
37. Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus onondagaensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996. Retrieved June 24, 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)old-form url
38. Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus ozarkensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996. Retrieved June 24, 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)old-form url
39. Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus parvus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996. Retrieved June 24, 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)old-form url
40. Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus pecki". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996. Retrieved June 24, 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)old-form url
41. Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus pizzinii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996. Retrieved June 24, 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)old-form url
42. Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus putealis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996. Retrieved June 24, 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)old-form url
43. Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus reddelli". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996. Retrieved June 24, 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)old-form url
44. Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus smithi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996. Retrieved June 24, 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)old-form url
45. Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus spinatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996. Retrieved June 24, 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)old-form url
46. Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus stellmacki". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996. Retrieved June 24, 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)old-form url
47. Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus subtilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996. Retrieved June 24, 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)old-form url
48. Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Stygobromus wengerorum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996. Retrieved June 24, 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)old-form url