Terminalia arjuna

Terminalia arjuna is a tree of the genus Terminalia. It is commonly known as arjuna[1] or arjun tree in English.[2]

Terminalia arjuna
Arjuna fruit
Arjuna flowers with a Sykes's warbler
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Myrtales
Family: Combretaceae
Genus: Terminalia
Species:
T. arjuna
Binomial name
Terminalia arjuna
(Roxb.) Wight & Arn.
Terminalia arjuna
Terminalia arjuna lower trunk

Names
What its called Province Country
kumbuk Sinhala Sri Lanka
thella maddi Telugu India
marudha maram Tamil India
neer maruthu (നീർമരുത്) Malayalam India
Hole Matthi Kannada India
Kamrak Gujarat India

Description

The arjuna grows to about 20–25 metres tall; usually has a buttressed trunk, and forms a wide canopy at the crown, from which branches drop downwards. It has oblong, conical leaves which are green on the top and brown below; smooth, grey bark; it has pale yellow flowers which appear between March and June; its glabrous, 2.5 to 5 cm fibrous woody fruit, divided into five wings, appears between September and November.[1][2]

The tree does not suffer from any major diseases or pests, but it is susceptible to Phyllactinia terminale and rot due to polystictus affinis.[3]

Distribution and habitat

The arjuna is seen across the Indian Subcontinent, and usually found growing on river banks or near dry river beds in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal,Odisha and south and central India, along with Sri Lanka and Bangladesh.[1][4] It is known as matthimara in Kannada, neer maruthu in Malayalam 'marutha maram' (marutham pattai) in Tamil,[5][6] thella maddi (తెల్ల మద్ది) in Telugu and kohda in Rajasthan, Kumbuk in Sinhala.

It has also been planted in Malaysia, Indonesia and Kenya.[3]

Importance

Silk production

The arjuna is one of the species whose leaves are fed on by the Antheraea paphia moth which produces the tassar silk, a wild silk of commercial importance.[7]

Siddha and Ayurvedic medicine

The arjuna was introduced into siddha by saint Agastiyar through his prose Gunavakatam and in Ayurveda as a treatment for heart disease by Vagbhata (c. 7th century CE).[8] It is traditionally prepared as a milk decoction.[8] In the Ashtānga Hridayam, but was also mentioned in many ancient Hindu vedas, and was a known practice for thousands of years, passed down by tradition, before vagbhata mentioned it in his writings. Vagbhata mentions arjuna in the treatment of wounds, hemorrhages and ulcers, applied topically as a powder. The Arjuna plant (lat. Terminalia arjuna) has traditionally been used to treat heart disease for centuries, which is why it got the nickname “Guardian of the heart.” The hero of the famous epic “Mahabharata”, was named after this tree because of its protective effects.

In Buddhism

In Theravada Buddhism, Arjuna is said to have been used as the tree for achieved enlightenment, or Bodhi by the tenth Buddha (title) called "Anomadassi Buddha".

  • Terminalia arjuna
  • Terminalia arjuna middle trunk
  • Terminalia arjuna leaves
  • Terminalia arjuna in Bagh-e-Jinnah, Lahore
  • The bark of Terminalia arjuna (অর্জুন) is found in Bana Bitan, Kolkata, West Bengal,India

References
  1. Biswas, Moulisha; Biswas, Kaushik; Karan, Tarun K; Bhattacharya, Sanjib; Ghosh, Ashoke K; Haldar, Pallab K (2011). "Evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Terminalia arjuna leaf". Journal of Phytology. 3 (1): 33–8.
  2. "Arjun Tree". Eco India.
  3. The CABI Encyclopedia of Forest Trees. 2013. p. 464. ISBN 9781780642369.
  4. Rastogī, Rekhā (2008). Let Us Identify The Useful Trees(New). Children's Book Trust. p. 7,8. ISBN 978-81-7011-919-7.
  5. "GERIATRICS AND SIDDHA MEDICINE".
  6. "Terminalia arjuna prevents any heart disease".
  7. M.P. Shiva. "Non-wood forest products In 15 countries of Tropical Asia". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
  8. "Arjuna". Todd Caldecott. Archived from the original on 2012-09-14. Retrieved 2012-11-26.
  • Dwivedi S (November 2007). "Terminalia arjuna Wight & Arn.—A useful drug for cardiovascular disorders". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 114 (2): 114–29. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2007.08.003. PMID 17875376.
  • Karthikeyan K, Bai BR, Gauthaman K, Sathish KS, Devaraj SN (October 2003). "Cardioprotective effect of the alcoholic extract of Terminalia arjuna bark in an in vivo model of myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury". Life Sciences. 73 (21): 2727–39. doi:10.1016/S0024-3205(03)00671-4. PMID 13679240.
  • Meghwani H, Prabhakar P, Mohammed SA, Seth S, Hote MP, Banerjee SK, Arava S, Ray R, Maulik SK (July 2016). "Beneficial effects of aqueous extract of stem bark of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.), An ayurvedic drug in experimental pulmonary hypertension". J. Ethnopharmacol. 16: 184–194. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2016.07.029. PMID 27401289.
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