Test pilot
A test pilot is an aircraft pilot with additional training to fly and evaluate experimental, newly produced and modified aircraft with specific maneuvers, known as flight test techniques.[2]
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History
Test flying as a systematic activity started during the First World War, at the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) in the United Kingdom. An "Experimental Flight" was formed at the Central Flying School. During the 1920s, test flying was further developed by the RAE in the UK, and by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) in the United States. In the 1950s, NACA was transformed into the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, or NASA. During these years, as work was done into aircraft stability and handling qualities, test flying evolved towards a more qualitative scientific profession. In the 1950s, test pilots were being killed at the rate of about one a week, but the risks have shrunk to a fraction of that because of the maturation of aircraft technology, better ground-testing and simulation of aircraft performance, fly-by-wire technology and, lately, the use of unmanned aerial vehicles to test experimental aircraft features. Still, piloting experimental aircraft remains more dangerous than most other types of flying.
At the insistence of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, the first American astronauts, the Mercury Seven, were all military test pilots, as were some of the later astronauts.
The world's oldest test pilot school is what is now called the Empire Test Pilots' School (motto "Learn to Test - Test to Learn"), at RAF Boscombe Down in the UK. There are a number of similar establishments over the world. In America, the United States Air Force Test Pilot School is located at Edwards Air Force Base, the United States Naval Test Pilot School is located at Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Maryland and EPNER (Ecole du Personnel Navigant d'Essai et de Reception - "School for flight test and acceptance personnel"), the French test pilot school, is located in Istres, France. There are only two civilian schools; the International Test Pilots School in London, Ontario and the National Test Pilot School, a not-for-profit educational institute is in Mojave, California. In Russia, there is a Russian aviation industry Fedotov Test Pilot School (founded 1947)[3] located in Zhukovsky within the Gromov Flight Research Institute.
Qualifications
- Understand a test plan
- Stick to a test plan by flying a plane in a highly specific way
- Carefully document the results of each test
- Have an excellent feel for the aircraft and sense exactly how it is behaving oddly if it is doing so
- Solve problems quickly if anything goes wrong with the aircraft during a test
- Cope with many different things going wrong at once
- Effectively communicate flight test observations to engineers and relate engineering results to the pilot community, thus bridging the gap between those who design and build aircraft with those who employ the aircraft to accomplish a mission
- Have an excellent knowledge of aeronautical engineering to understand how and why planes are tested.
- Be above-average pilots with excellent analytical skills and the ability to fly accurately while they follow a flight plan.
Test pilots can be experimental and engineering test pilots (investigating the characteristics of new types of aircraft during development) or production test pilots (the more mundane role of confirming the characteristics of new aircraft as they come off the production line). Many test pilots would perform both roles during their careers. Modern test pilots often receive formal training from highly-selective military test pilot schools, but other test pilots receive training and experience from civilian institutions and/or manufacturers' test pilot development programs.
Notable test pilots
- Bert Acosta
- Sergei Anokhin
- Michael T. Alsbury
- Scott D. Anderson
- Neil Armstrong
- Roland Beamont
- Bill Bedford
- Charles F. Bolden, Jr.
- Vance Brand
- Bill Bridgeman
- Eric "Winkle" Brown
- Scott Carpenter
- Eugene Cernan
- Michael Collins
- Carl Cover
- Albert Scott Crossfield
- John Cunningham
- Geoffrey de Havilland, Jr.
- John Derry
- Desmond 'Dizzy' de Villiers
- Heini Dittmar
- Neville Duke
- Einar Enevoldson
- John Farley
- Yuri Garnaev
- "Hoot" Gibson
- John Glenn
- Chalmers Goodlin
- Mikhail Gromov
- Boone Guyton
- Chris Hadfield
- Harry Hawker
- Hedley Hazelden
- Bob Hoover
- Howard Hughes
- Bill Humble
- "Tex" Johnston
- Anatoly Kvochur
- Robert Henry Lawrence, Jr.
- Léon Lemartin
- Anatoli Levchenko
- Tony LeVier
- Jim Lovell
- George Marrett
- Mike Melvill
- John Lankester Parker
- Timothy Peake
- Alexey Perelet
- Marina Popovich
- John Cyril Porte
- Jeffrey Quill
- Lars Rådeström
- Hanna Reitsch
- Ewald Rohlfs
- Jacques Rosay
- Thomas Rose[4]
- Dick Rutan
- Gerry Sayer
- Wally Schirra
- Rakesh Sharma
- Alan Shepard
- Rimantas Stankevičius
- Amet-khan Sultan
- Mutt Summers
- Richard G. Thomas
- Brian Trubshaw
- Andre Turcat
- Joseph John "Tym" Tymczyszyn
- Pavel Vlasov
- Igor Volk
- Joseph A. Walker
- Erich Warsitz
- George Welch
- Fritz Wendel
- Brien S. Wygle (1924-2020), test pilot for Boeing airplanes.[5]
- Chuck Yeager
- John Young
- Janusz Żurakowski
See also
- List of aerospace flight test centres
- The Right Stuff by Tom Wolfe
References
- Léon Lemartin (Ai. 1899)
- Stinton, Darrol. Flying Qualities and Flight Testing of the Airplane. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., 1996, p. 265
- Знаменская, Наталья, ed. (2002). ШЛИ со временем [ShLI in Time] (in Russian) (2 ed.). Жуковский: ООО "Редакция газеты "Жуковские вести". p. 400.
- Miles Aircraft
- Gates, Dominic (September 17, 2020). "Brien Wygle, an unassuming icon among Boeing test pilots, led an intrepid aviator life". seattletimes.com. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
External links
- The Society of Experimental Test Pilots
- Society of Flight Test Engineers
- Wilson, George C. Flying the edge : the making of Navy test pilots. Naval Institute Press, 1992. - ISBN 1557509255
- Memorial website for test pilots who died in flying accidents in the UK
- Flight list of display and test pilots at 1957 Farnborough air show
- The Scott Crossfield Foundation
- website on Erich Warsitz (world’s first jet pilot)