Thapsia (plant)

Thapsia, commonly known as the deadly carrots,[1] is a small genus of poisonous plants in the family Apiaceae. Their center of diversity is around the western Mediterranean, extending into the Atlantic coasts of Portugal and Morocco. Some species are used in traditional medicine.[2]

This article is about the genus of plants. For the genus of snails, see Thapsia.

Thapsia
Thapsia garganica
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Apiales
Family: Apiaceae
Subfamily: Apioideae
Tribe: Scandiceae
Subtribe: Daucinae
Genus: Thapsia
L.

Description

Species of Thapsia are herbaceous perennials, growing 50 to 200 cm high. The inflorescences are large, regularly distributed umbels. The seeds have four wings, and are the main characteristic of the genus, which is distributed in the Mediterranean, on the Iberian peninsula, and North Africa.

The generic name Thapsia is derived from the Ancient Greek name θαψία (thapsía) for the members of the genus. The Greeks believe it to have originated from ancient Thapsos in Sicily.[3] It has a long history of being used in ancient traditional medicine. Algerians used it as a pain-reliever though they recognized that the plant was deadly to camels. The Greek colony of Cyrene exported a medicinal plant known as silphion, used as a purgative and emetic. Although its exact identity remains contentious today, some historians believe that the plant may have been Thapsia garganica.[4]

Cancer research

The chemical compound thapsigargin has been isolated from Thapsia garganica. A synthetic prodrug of thapsigargin called "G-202" is in preliminary clinical trials for cancer treatment.[5] The active constituent kills tumor cells by destroying their calcium balance. A biotech company called GenSpera, Inc. in San Antonio, TX is studying methods of delivering thapsigargin directly to cancer cells, avoiding damage to other cells in the body of the patient.[6]

Species

About 21 species of Thapsia are currently recognized. It is, however, a complex genus, and some authors may recognize different numbers of species.[3][7]

  • Thapsia asclepium
  • Thapsia cinerea A.Pujadas
  • Thapsia decussata Lag.
  • Thapsia eliasii
  • Thapsia foetida
  • Thapsia garganica L.
  • Thapsia gummifera
  • Thapsia gymnesica Rosselló & A.Pujadas
  • Thapsia meoides
  • Thapsia minor Hoffmans & Link
  • Thapsia nestleri
  • Thapsia nitida Lacaita
  • Thapsia pelagica
  • Thapsia platycarpa Pomel
  • Thapsia scabra
  • Thapsia smittii
  • Thapsia tenuifolia
  • Thapsia thapsioides
  • Thapsia transtagana Brot.
  • Thapsia villosa L.

References
  1. M. Seoane (1831). Neuman & Baretti's Dictionary of the Spanish and English Languages. William Clowes.
  2. S. Iadjel; A. Zellagui & N. Gherraf (2011). "Reinvestigation of essential oil content of Thapsia garganica grown in the east of Algeria" (PDF). Revue des Sciences fondamentales et appliquées. 2: 30–34.
  3. S. Castroviejo; et al., eds. (2003). Flora Iberica. Volume X: Araliaceae-Umbelliferae (PDF). Real Jardín Botánico. pp. 401–410. ISBN 8400081501.
  4. M. Grieve. "Thapsia". Botanical.com. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
  5. "Thapsigargin prodrug G-202". NCI Cancer Dictionary.
  6. Kristen Philipkoski. "Scientists Transform Deadly Plant Into Cancer Killing Smart Bomb". Gizmodo.com.
  7. Pujadas-Salva, A. J.; Plaza-Arregui, L. (2003). "Studies on Thapsia (Apiaceae) from north-western Africa: A forgotten and a new species" (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 143 (4): 433. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2003.00233.x.
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