The Entire History of You

"The Entire History of You" is the third and final episode of the first series of the British science fiction anthology television series Black Mirror. It was the first episode not written by series creator Charlie Brooker, instead credited to sitcom writer Jesse Armstrong. Directed by Brian Welsh, the episode premiered on Channel 4 on 18 December 2011.

"The Entire History of You"
Black Mirror episode
Liam Foxwell (Toby Kebbell) performs a re-do of a memory by scrolling through his grain.
Episode no.Series 1
Episode 3
Directed byBrian Welsh
Written byJesse Armstrong
Original air date18 December 2011 (2011-12-18)
Running time44 minutes
Guest appearance(s)

The episode is set in a future where a "grain" technology records people's audiovisual senses, allowing a person to re-watch their memories. The lawyer Liam (Toby Kebbell) attends a dinner party with his wife Ffion (Jodie Whittaker), becoming suspicious after seeing her zealously interact with a friend of hers, Jonas (Tom Cullen). This leads him to scrutinise his memories and Ffion's claims about the nature of her relationship with Jonas. The episode was designed to be set in 2050, with stone, wood and metal materials featuring heavily in the sets. The concept of an episode about relationships and the importance of letting things go was pitched by Armstrong.

The episode was less comedic than other works by Armstrong, with critics highlighting its relevance to how mobile phones and the internet allow people to record an increasing number of details about their lives. Reception to the episode at the time of its broadcast was positive towards its premise and Kebbell's acting, with mixed reception to its execution. Later critics generally ranked "The Entire History of You" among the best instalments of Black Mirror.

Plot

Lawyer Liam Foxwell attends a performance appraisal. Agonising over it, he repeatedly watches the "re-do" on his "grain", an implant which records footage from his eyes and ears and allows it to be replayed. Arriving at a dinner party for his wife Ffion and her friends, he finds Ffion laughing with Jonas. Throughout the dinner, Liam scrutinises Ffion's reactions to Jonas, whose engagement recently ended. Another guest, Hallam (Phoebe Fox), talks about how she lacks a grain after being "gouged"—an attacker cut into the skin behind her right ear to steal it, likely to sell her memories.

Liam invites Jonas back to his and Ffion's house, but then exaggeratedly remembers how late it is and Jonas leaves. Ffion invites the babysitter Gina (Mona Goodwin), who was looking after their daughter Jody, to sleep upstairs. Liam asks Ffion about Jonas, and she identifies him as a brief paramour from Marrakesh that she previously mentioned. She says they dated for a month, but Liam shows a memory of her saying that she dated "Mr. Marrakesh" for a week. The discussion becomes heated, Ffion referencing Liam's former obsession over another man Dan, and Liam calling Ffion a bitch. They reconcile and have sex while watching memories of their past sexual encounters. Afterwards, Liam goes downstairs and drinks copiously while watching re-does of the dinner party.

When Gina awakens, he asks for her opinion on the memories. Embarrassed, Ffion gets Gina to leave. Liam interrogates Ffion further. She now says that her relationship with Jonas lasted six months. Liam drives to Jonas' house—ignoring his car's warnings that drunkenness invalidates his insurance. Jonas is unhappy to see him. Acting aggressively, Liam refuses to leave and drinks further, hitting Jonas in a tussle. Hallam calls the police.

Liam wakes in his car, which crashed into a tree, and replays his memories. Assaulting Jonas, he made him delete his recorded memories of Ffion. Liam spots a memory of Jonas looking at Ffion in bed. He asks Ffion about it. She lies at every step until the full story is revealed: after Liam left home for several days over an argument about Dan, Ffion had unprotected drunken sex with Jonas around the time Jody was conceived. Violently, Liam demands she plays the memory, and she does.

Later, in an empty house, Liam re-watches memories of Ffion and Jody. He uses a razor blade and tweezers to remove his grain.

Production

The executive producers Charlie Brooker and Annabel Jones began work on Black Mirror in 2010, having previously worked together on other television programmes. The programme was commissioned for three hour-long episodes by Channel 4, taking its budget from the comedy department. Brooker's production company Zeppotron produced the show for Endemol. "The Entire History of You" was the third episode to air, on 18 December 2011.[1]

Conception and writing

"The Entire History of You" was written by Jesse Armstrong, making it the only episode of the first series to not feature a writing credit for creator and showrunner Charlie Brooker. Executive producer Annabel Jones said that they were looking for a satirical writer whose stories "still have meat".[2] Armstrong was a sitcom writer, best known for co-creating Peep Show, which uses point-of-view shots, and had met Brooker several times previously. Armstrong had independently been considering the exponential growth of memory capacity in computers, and pitched an idea relating to the importance of "being able to forget things" in relationships.[2] The episode's first draft was too long; Brooker conceived of several consequences of the grain such as people going to the cinema to have affairs as their grains would be turned off for copyright law reasons. The story was scaled down to focus on a "domestic bubble".[2]

Casting and filming
The grain's interface for accessing memories was designed to resemble tree rings.[2]

Brian Welsh was hired as director, based on the recommendation of producer Barney Reisz. Welsh had little industry experience; he focused on Toby's performance and the exploration of jealousy. Scenes were filmed with different intonations and improvisation.[2] Toby Kebbell stars as Liam Foxwell, while Jodie Whittaker was cast as his wife Ffion. She was hired immediately following her audition. Casting director Shaheen Baig commented that the pair are similar actors, as both are "very emotionally open" but "subtle and complex". Between takes, Kebbell would remain focused and the two were given notes privately by Welsh, so they each did not know how the other was going to act.[2]

The memory technology is known as a grain as it is the size of a grain of rice. The characters control it with a small circular remote that the crew called a "pebble". Production designer Joel Collins designed the grain app to resemble tree rings. To distance the episode from science fiction, Collins used materials like stone, wood and metal. The episode is set in 2050 and has a "mid-century" feel based on 1950. It uses point-of-view shots to show the characters' memories.[2]

The sex scene between Liam and Ffion was originally conceived as the characters having sex while watching an earlier sexual encounter on the bedroom television. Due to logistical difficulties, the characters instead watch the footage replayed in their pupils, which have the visual effect of being "milked out". Brooker describes the scene as feeling "downright haunting", whereas the first incarnation was "amusing and a bit sad".[2]

During post-production, the creators grew concerned that a certain combination of takes led Liam to be deemed unlikable. Subsequently, the final edit was altered to a focus on a side of Liam that was considered funnier.[2]

Film optioning

When Armstrong made a deal to write the episode, he asked to reserve film rights for the idea. In February 2013, it was reported that the American actor Robert Downey Jr. and George Clooney had bid for the rights to option "The Entire History of You" with the intention of making a film adaptation. The rights went to Downey Jr.'s production company Team Downey. Armstrong planned to write the script, which would be about a man who uses a grain to repeat memories with his deceased wife, gradually learning a big secret from doing so.[3][4] In a 2018 interview with Yahoo! Movies, Armstrong reported that the project was in "development hell", commenting that no progress was being made but that he was still interested in the project. He suggested that Team Downey's option had lapsed.[5][6]

Analysis

Though Armstrong was known as a comedy writer, the episode contains little humour.[7][8][9] In comparison to the previous episodes, "The National Anthem" and "Fifteen Million Merits", David Lewis of Cultbox found it darker in tone, David Sims of The A.V. Club found it made for more uncomfortable viewing and Sam Richards of The Telegraph found it to contain less satire.[7][10][11] Al Horner of GQ called it the "most emotionally harrowing" episode, Brendan Doyle of Comingsoon.net writing that although the episode is "exceptionally dark", it ends with "a small ray of hope".[12][13] Sims summarised the episode as a "spare, intimate affair centered around three characters and an accusation of infidelity".[10] It takes place in the near future,[9][11] the primary setting being "stark, modernist interiors of several isolated country homes" according to Emily Yoshida of Grantland.[14] Ryan Lambie of Den of Geek commented that the characters are all rich, young and attractive.[8] Comparisons were made to other media. Sims linked its themes to the 1869 novel He Knew He Was Right, about a marriage failing from the jealousy of the husband and stubbornness of the wife.[10] Richard Edwards of GamesRadar+ compared its subject matter to the 1974 thriller The Conversation, about a moral dilemma faced by a man involved in surveillance, further commenting that the director's use of still cameras and lengthy takes resemble 1970s thrillers.[9]

Sims analysed that the episode's exposition is gradual.[10] The primary difference between the fictional setting and the modern world is the grain technology depicted.[7] Facilitating the replaying of memories, the grain allows zooming in, speed alteration and lip reading analysis of a user's memories.[10] When a person is using their grain, their eyes look different, Brooker describing them as "milked out".[2] Sims commented that a user's "eyes glow dully", which creates "a demonic look".[10] Yoshida compared the technology to Google Glass, a pair of glasses with a computer display.[14] The episode shows varied uses for the grain, such as screening at airport security or re-watching a baby's audiovisual feed to ensure the babysitter did their job.[10] Sims found that it is "easy to imagine" an uptake in such a technology in future.[10]

Critics found that the episode relates to technologies such as mobile phones and the internet which allow detailed recording of aspects of a person's life.[8][10][15] Yoshida believed that it would seem "unnatural, even revolting" to a person from a past era that modern day people can "recall emotional triggers with the clarity we are capable of."[14] Richards found that the grain technology could be good for reminiscing on old memories, but leads to increased arguments in relationships.[11] Lambie suggested that imperfect memories can be desirable,[8] Lewis writing that "deception and misremembering that are integral facets of not only romantic relationships but of life itself".[7] Yoshida commented that there is a "complete absence of film, television, and music" as a consequence of the grain.[14] The scene in which Ffion and Liam have sex while watching themselves having sex previously was found to be "joyless" and "devastating" by Yoshida and Sims, respectively.[10][14] Lambie questioned the data privacy implications of the grain: "If citizens have no privacy over the memories, what does this mean for criminals?"[8]

Analysis of Ffion and Liam was varied. Lewis believed Ffion's only inappropriate action in the episode is "misleading her husband to protect him from the kind of emotional doodlebug he explodes on himself".[7] Adam David of CNN Philippines found that the episode suggests that small lies and unreliable memories are "part of being human".[16] Brooker commented that he has seen a "reductive" interpretation of the story as one where "poor Liam ... found out that his wife was a bitch", which he disagreed with. However, the writers and executive producers sympathised with Liam to a limited extent. Armstrong found that the grain enabled Liam's pre-existing jealousy. Brooker believed that Liam is a "weak, frightened, flawed person" and "a bit of a bully" towards Ffion, his issues stemming from insecurity. Jones thought Liam was "obviously obsessive" but gained "slight redemption" in removing his grain.[2]

Lewis found the episode's ending ambiguous, questioning whether Ffion left Liam or whether Liam killed Ffion.[7] Travis Clark of Business Insider believed that Jonas was the father of Ffion's child.[17] However, Brooker said that the ending was intended to indicate that Ffion had left Liam with their child, whose biological father was Liam, not Jonas.[2] Brooker commented that if there is a moral, it is that Liam "shouldn't have gone looking for something that was only going to upset him".[2]

Critical reception
Toby Kebbell played Liam, who David Lewis of Cultbox lauded as "excellent in his portrayal of a man coming abruptly apart at the psychological seams".[7]

The episode received ratings of an A– in The A.V. Club, four out of five stars in Cultbox and three stars in The Telegraph and GamesRadar+.[7][9][10][11] The episode was praised by Yoshida as "emotionally immediate and prescient", and by Lewis as a "brave, bitter and bleak production that’s as uncomfortably familiar as it is woefully watchable".[7][14]

The characterisation received mixed reception. Lewis lauded Kebbell and Whittaker's performances, praising Kebbell as "excellent in his portrayal of a man coming abruptly apart at the psychological seams".[7] Sims praised that he felt a "dark shiver of recognition" at Liam's actions. However, he believed that Liam's paranoia, alcohol intake and violence escalates too fast.[10] Edwards criticised that he found almost every character very unlikable.[9]

Ideas from the episode were praised, but some critics found the execution lacking. Sims and Edwards found the premise of grain technology believable.[10] Stephen Carty of The Guardian reviewed that the episode was "grounded in reality", making it relatable despite a "fantastical premise".[18] Richards critiqued that the grain "wasn't so crucial to the trajectory of the story" as "jealous people will always find ways to destroy their relationships".[11] Edwards found that the execution of the episode "completely fails to explore the technology's dramatic potential";[9] however, James Hibberd of Entertainment Weekly thought the execution was "sophisticated and flawless".[19] While Lambie suggested that the episode would have benefited from being longer,[8] Edwards believed it should have had a more nonlinear narrative. He also suggested focusing on a different aspect of the conceit, such as the unreliability of natural memories or the potential for crime investigators to recover memories directly from a person's brain.[9] Aubrey Page of Collider praised that the ending, despite being predictable, was "handled with such visual aplomb".[15]

Black Mirror episode rankings

"The Entire History of You" often ranks very highly on critics' lists of best episodes. The following critics compared the 23 instalments of Black Mirror, from best to worst:

Meanwhile, Brian Tallerico of Vulture rated Kebbell's performance the third best of Black Mirror, praising him for a "heartbreaking" performance as "a man whose world collapses around him and who gets to watch it fall again and again and again".[26]

Other critics ranked the 13 episodes in Black Mirror's first three series:

References
  1. Brooker, Charlie; Jones, Annabel; Arnopp, Jason (November 2018). Inside Black Mirror. New York City: Crown Publishing Group. p. 6–13. ISBN 9781984823489.
  2. Brooker, Charlie; Jones, Annabel; Arnopp, Jason (November 2018). "The Entire History of You". Inside Black Mirror. New York City: Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 9781984823489.
  3. Jones, Alice (14 February 2013). "Robert Downey Jr beats George Clooney in Black Mirror film rights showdown". The Independent. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  4. Kit, Borys; Abramovitch, Seth (11 February 2013). "Robert Downey Jr. Options Episode of U.K. Anthology Series 'Black Mirror'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  5. Flint, Hanna (3 August 2018). "Film based on 'Black Mirror' episode 'in development hell' after Robert Downey Jr's option runs out (exclusive)". Yahoo! Movies. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  6. Jackson, Matthew (6 August 2018). "Black Mirror Writer Says Film Version Of His Episode In 'Development Hell' After Being Optioned By Robert Downey Jr". Syfy. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  7. Lewis, David (18 December 2011). "'Black Mirror': 'The Entire History of You' review". Cultbox. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  8. Lambie, Ryan (19 December 2011). "Black Mirror episode 3 review: The Entire History Of You". Den of Geek. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  9. Edwards, Richard (19 December 2011). "Black Mirror "The Entire History of You" TV Review". GamesRadar+. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  10. Sims, David (26 November 2013). "Review: Black Mirror: "The Entire History Of You'". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  11. Richards, Sam (18 December 2011). "Black Mirror: The Entire History of You, Channel 4, review". The Telegraph. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  12. Horner, Al (6 June 2019). "The best Black Mirror episodes of all time". GQ. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  13. Doyle, Brendan (17 December 2017). "The Top Ten Black Mirror Episodes". Comingsoon. CraveOnline. Archived from the original on 28 December 2017. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  14. Yoshida, Emily (27 November 2013). "Black Mirror, Episode 3, 'The Entire History of You': Total Redo". Grantland. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  15. Page, Aubrey (28 October 2016). "Every 'Black Mirror' Episode Ranked From Worst to Best". Collider. Archived from the original on 2 February 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  16. David, Adam (24 October 2016). "How to watch all 'Black Mirror' episodes, from worst to best". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on 28 September 2017. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  17. Clark, Travis (10 September 2018). "All 23 episodes of Netflix's 'Black Mirror,' ranked from worst to best". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  18. Carty, Stephen (6 February 2015). "Black Mirror – series one box set review: 'provocative and unsettling short stories'". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  19. Hibberd, James (23 October 2016). "Every Black Mirror Episode Ranked (including season 5)". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  20. Donnelly, Matt; Molloy, Tim. "'Striking Vipers' to 'National Anthem': Every 'Black Mirror' Ranked, From Good to Mind-Blowing (Photos)". TheWrap. Archived from the original on 17 February 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  21. Jeffery, Morgan (9 April 2017). "Ranking all 23 episodes of Charlie Brooker's chilling Black Mirror". Digital Spy. Archived from the original on 6 August 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  22. Carbone, Gina (5 June 2019). "The 10 Best Black Mirror Episodes, Including Season 5". CinemaBlend. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  23. Power, Ed (28 December 2017). "Black Mirror: every episode ranked and rated, from Striking Vipers to San Junipero". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 1 January 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  24. Bramesco, Charles (21 October 2016). "Every Black Mirror Episode, Ranked". Vulture. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  25. Atad, Corey (24 October 2016). "Every Episode of Black Mirror, Ranked". Esquire. Archived from the original on 15 August 2017. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  26. Tallerico, Brian (11 June 2019). "The 12 Best Performances on Black Mirror". Vulture. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  27. Wallenstein, Andrew (21 October 2016). "'Black Mirror' Episodes Ranked: Spoiler-Free Guide to Seasons 1–3". Variety. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  28. Elfring, Mat (28 October 2016). "Black Mirror: Every Episode Ranked From Good to Best". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 16 November 2016. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  29. Hall, Jacob (28 October 2016). "Through a Touchscreen Darkly: Every 'Black Mirror' Episode Ranked". /Film. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 17 May 2020.

See also
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