The Girls of Llanbadarn

"The Girls of Llanbadarn", or "The Ladies of Llanbadarn" (Welsh: Merched Llanbadarn), is a short, wryly humorous poem[1] by the 14th-century Welsh poet Dafydd ap Gwilym, in which he mocks his own lack of success with the girls of his neighbourhood. Dafydd is widely seen as the greatest of the Welsh poets,[2][3][4][5] and this is one of his best-known works.[6][7] The poem cannot be precisely dated, but was perhaps written in the 1340s.[8]

An anonymous 19th century imaginary portrait of Dafydd ap Gwilym.

Summary

Dafydd curses the women of his parish, and complains that he has never had any luck with any of them. He wonders what is lacking in him or in them that none of them will agree to meet him in the woods. Comparing himself to Garwy he says that he has always been in love with some girl or other but never won her, and confesses that every Sunday he can be found in church, with his head turned over his shoulder and away from the body of Christ, gazing at some girl. Dafydd represents such a woman as exchanging with her friend gibes about his appearance and character. The poet concludes that he must give all this up and go off alone to be a hermit, since, though his ogling habits have literally turned his head, he still has no girl.

Commentary

Dafydd often refers to Llanbadarn in his poems, reflecting the fact that he was born at Brogynin, in the parish of Llanbadarn Fawr, and lived there for many years.[9] He shows his knowledge of Welsh legend with his reference to Garwy Hir, who was renowned as a lover, and whose daughter was herself loved by King Arthur.[10][11] The line in which the poet is said to be "Pale and with his sister's hair"[12] are consistent with a third-hand description of Dafydd given in a 16th-century document: "tall and slender, with long curly yellow hair, full of silver clasps and rings".[13] It has been suggested that the first of Dafydd's two disparagers is the woman whom in many other poems he calls Morfudd, the object of his often rejected devotion.[14][15]

Theme and analogues
The first few lines of the poem in Peniarth MS 54, a manuscript dating from c. 1480.

The poem's theme, Dafydd's habitual failure in love, is a very common one in his work. As the novelist and scholar Gwyn Jones wrote:

No lover in any language, and certainly no poet, has confessed to missing the mark more often than Dafydd ap Gwilym. Uncooperative husbands, quick-triggered alarms, crones and walls, strong locks, floods and fogs and bogs and dogs are for ever interposing themselves between him and golden-haired Morfudd, black-browed Dyddgu, or Gwen the infinitely fair. But a great trier, even in church.[16]

Parallels to Dafydd's amused and ironic reportage of his own inadequacies can be found in Chaucer's works, and elsewhere in medieval literature; also in the poems of Dafydd's avowed model Ovid.[17] But Dafydd is also, more seriously, pointing up the superficiality of the girls' criticism of his appearance as compared with an implied judgement of his true worth.[18]

Poetic art

In common with other Middle Welsh poems of the form called cywyddau "The Girls of Llanbadarn" follows complex rules of construction. It uses the system of alliteration and internal rhyme known as cynghanedd, except in the lines recording the comments of the two girls, where, in contrast with the rest of the poem, the diction is plain and conversational.[19] Sangiad, the breaking-up of the syntactical structure of the sentence, is used in most of the poem. The scholar Joseph Clancy illustrated this with a literal translation of the last lines, in which the second half of each line interrupts the narrative flow with the poet's commentary on it:

From too much looking, strange lesson,
Backwards, sight of weakness,
It happened to me, strong song's friend,
To bow my head without one companion.[20]

Influence

The 20th-century Welsh poet Raymond Garlick wrote a poem, "Llanbadarn Etc.", inspired by "The Girls of Llanbadarn" and addressed to a contemporary who, though displaying behaviour similar to that depicted in Dafydd ap Gwilym's poem, has

no words now to crown it with
or turn it to a cywydd.[21][22]

English translations and paraphrases
  • Bell, H. Idris, in Bell, H. Idris; Bell, David (1942). Fifty Poems. Y Cymmrodor, vol. 48. London: Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion. pp. 197, 199. Retrieved 2 July 2015. With the Middle Welsh original in parallel text.
  • Bollard, John K., ed. (2019). Cymru Dafydd ap Gwilym/Dafydd ap Gwilym's Wales: Cerddi a Lleoedd/Poems and Places. Dyffryn Conwy: Gwasg Carreg Gwalch. pp. 52–53. ISBN 9781845277192. Retrieved 15 February 2020. With the Middle Welsh original in parallel text.
  • Bromwich, Rachel, ed. (1985) [1982]. Dafydd ap Gwilym: A Selection of Poems. Harmondsworth: Penguin. pp. 136, 138. ISBN 0140076131. Retrieved 15 June 2015. With the Middle Welsh original in parallel text.
  • Clancy, Joseph P. (1965). Medieval Welsh Lyrics. London: Macmillan. pp. 29–30. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  • Conran, Anthony; Caerwyn Williams, J. E., eds. (1967). The Penguin Book of Welsh Verse. Harmondsworth: Penguin. pp. 141–142.
  • Edwards, Huw Meirion. At "137 - Merched Llanbadarn". Gwaith Dafydd ap Gwilym. Welsh Department, Swansea University. Retrieved 21 June 2015. With the Middle Welsh original.
  • Ford, Patrick K., ed. (1999). The Celtic Poets: Songs and Tales from Early Ireland and Wales. Belmont, Mass.: Ford & Bailie. pp. 292–293. ISBN 9780926689053. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
  • Green, Martin (1993). Homage to Dafydd ap Gwilym. Lewiston/Queenston/Lampeter: The Edwin Mellen Press. pp. 22–23. ISBN 0773493182.
  • Gurney, Robert, ed. (1969). Bardic Heritage. London: Chatto & Windus. pp. 74–75. ISBN 0701113286. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  • Heseltine, Nigel, ed. (1968) [1944]. Twenty-Five Poems by Dafydd ap Gwilym. Banbury: Piers Press. pp. 31–32.
  • Humphreys, Nigel (2015). Edmunds, Catherine (ed.). The Love Song of Daphnis & Chloe and 5 Dafydd ap Gwilym Poems (c1320 to c1370). Hastings: Circaidy Gregory Press. pp. 128–129. ISBN 9781906451882. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
  • Humphries, Rolfe. "Dafydd ap Gwilym gives up on the girls from Llanbadarn". The Colorado Quarterly. 7 (1): 33–34. Summer 1958. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  • Jackson, Kenneth Hurlstone, ed. (1971) [1951]. A Celtic Miscellany. Harmondsworth: Penguin. pp. 209–210. ISBN 0140442472.
  • Jones, Glyn (1996). Stephens, Meic (ed.). The Collected Poems of Glyn Jones. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. pp. 225–226. ISBN 0708313884. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
  • Lofmark, Carl (1989). Bards and Heroes. Felinferch: Llanerch. pp. 97–98. ISBN 0947992340. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  • Loomis, Richard Morgan, ed. (1982). Dafydd ap Gwilym: The Poems. Binghamton: Center for Medieval & Early Renaissance Studies. pp. 125–126. ISBN 0866980156. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
    • Repr. in Wilhelm, James J., ed. (1990). Lyrics of the Middle Ages. New York: Garland. pp. 271–272. ISBN 0824070496. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
    • Rev repr. in Loomis, Richard; Johnston, Dafydd (1992). Medieval Welsh Poems. Binghamton: Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies. pp. 64–66. ISBN 0866981020.
  • Merchant, Paul (2006). Some Business of Affinity. Hereford: Five Seasons Press. pp. 111–112. ISBN 0947960392. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
    • Rev. repr. in Unless She Beckons: Poems of Dafydd ap Gwilym. Translated by Merchant, Paul; Faletra, Michael. La Grande, Oregon: Redbat. 2018. pp. 25, 27. ISBN 9780997154993. Retrieved 15 February 2020. With the Middle Welsh original in parallel text.
  • Norris, Leslie (1996). Collected Poems. Bridgend: Seren. pp. 159–160. ISBN 1854111329.
    • Repr. in Stephens, Meic, ed. (2008). Leslie Norris: The Complete Poems. Bridgend: Seren. p. 231. ISBN 9781854114679.
  • Thomas, Gwyn, ed. (2001). Dafydd ap Gwilym: His Poems. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. pp. 101–102. ISBN 0708316646. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  • Walters, Bryan (1977). From the Welsh. Aberystwyth: Celtion. pp. 10, 12. ISBN 0860530086. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  • Watson, Giles (2016). Rivals of Dafydd ap Gwilym: A Treasury of Fourteenth and Fifteenth Century Welsh Verse. npp: pp. pp. 8–9. ISBN 9781326900458. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
  • Webb, Harri (1995). Stephens, Meic (ed.). Collected Poems. Llandysul: Gomer. pp. 178–179. ISBN 1859022995. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
  • Williams, Gwyn, ed. (1956). The Burning Tree. London: Faber and Faber. pp. 93–95. ISBN 9780313211850. Retrieved 16 June 2015.

Notes
  1. Bromwich 1974, p. 59.
  2. Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. Volume 5. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 1770. ISBN 1851094407. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  3. Bromwich, Rachel (1979). "Dafydd ap Gwilym". In Jarman, A. O. H.; Hughes, Gwilym Rees (eds.). A Guide to Welsh Literature. Volume 2. Swansea: Christopher Davies. p. 112. ISBN 0715404571. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
  4. Baswell, Christopher; Schotter, Anne Howland, eds. (2006). The Longman Anthology of British Literature. Volume 1A: The Middle Ages (3rd ed.). New York: Pearson Longman. p. 608. ISBN 0321333977.
  5. Kinney, Phyllis (2011). Welsh Traditional Music. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. p. 6. ISBN 9780708323571. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
  6. Ruud, Jay (2000–2014). "Dafydd ap Gwilym". Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  7. Conran, Anthony (1992). "The redhead on the castle wall: Dafydd ap Gwilym's "Yr Wylan" ("The Seagull")". Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion: 21. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  8. Lloyd, Thomas; Orbach, Julian; Scourfield, Robert (2006). The Buildings of Wales: Carmarthenshire and Ceredigion. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 495. ISBN 0300101791. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  9. Bromwich 1985, pp. xiii, 157.
  10. Bromwich 1985, p. 158.
  11. Bromwich, Rachel, ed. (1978) [1961]. Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Welsh Triads. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. p. 354. ISBN 070830690X.
  12. Jones 1977, p. 38.
  13. Gurney, Robert, ed. (1969). Bardic Heritage. London: Chatto & Windus. p. 76. ISBN 0701113286. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  14. Bromwich 1974, pp. 36–48, 59.
  15. Bowen, D. J. (1982). "Cywydd Dafydd ap Gwilym i ferched Llanbadarn a'i gefndir". Ysgrifau Beirniadol. 12: 78–79.
  16. Jones 1977, p. 289.
  17. Bromwich 1974, pp. 2, 59.
  18. Fulton, Helen (1989). Dafydd ap Gwilym and the European Context. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. p. 196. ISBN 0708310303. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  19. Parry, Thomas (Spring 1973). "Dafydd ap Gwilym's poetic craft". Poetry Wales. 8 (4): 38. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  20. Clancy, Joseph P. (1965). Medieval Welsh Lyrics. London: Macmillan. p. 11. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  21. Dale-Jones, Don (1996). Raymond Garlick. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. p. 74. ISBN 0708313221. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  22. Garlick, Raymond (Spring 1973). "Llanbadarn etc". Poetry Wales. 8 (4): 79–80. Retrieved 18 February 2020.

References
  • Bromwich, Rachel (1974). Dafydd ap Gwilym. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. ISBN 0708305725.
  • Bromwich, Rachel, ed. (1985) [1982]. Dafydd ap Gwilym: A Selection of Poems. Harmondsworth: Penguin. ISBN 0140076131.
  • Jones, Gwyn, ed. (1977). The Oxford Book of Welsh Verse in English. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192118587.
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