Third Marx cabinet

The Third Marx cabinet (German: Drittes Kabinett Marx) was the 14th democratically elected Reichsregierung of the German Reich, during the period in which it is now usually referred to as the Weimar Republic. The cabinet was named after Reichskanzler (chancellor) Wilhelm Marx and was in office for only seven months. On 17 May 1926 it replaced the Second Luther cabinet after the resignation of Hans Luther on 13 May 1926. Marx resigned with his cabinet on 17 December 1926 but remained in office as caretaker. He formed another government on 29 January 1927.

Wilhelm Marx, probably in 1923

Gustav Stresemann, 1925

Otto Gessler

Karl Stingl

Establishment

Chancellor Hans Luther had resigned on 13 May 1926 following a controversy over the use of the Reichsflagge and refused to remain in office as caretaker. Deputy-Chancellor Otto Gessler thus stepped in for him and was asked by president Paul von Hindenburg to form a new government. However, the SPD was unwilling to tolerate a minority cabinet led by him. The parliamentary group of the Zentrum then asked Konrad Adenauer, mayor of Cologne, to come to Berlin. However, Adenauer was unwilling to build a temporary minority cabinet as a stepping stone to an eventual grand coalition and aimed at the creation of a majority government, including the SPD. For the DVP, parliamentary leader Ernst Scholz refused to entertain the idea of a coalition with the SPD for the foreseeable future, due to domestic policy disagreements. He would rather see a move to include the DNVP in a future government and as a possible stepping stone in this direction the formation of a "neutral" technocratic cabinet with no links to the SPD. Adenauer thus gave up within a day of having started the talks (15 May).[1]

That same day, during a meeting of the caretaker cabinet, Gustav Stresemann mentioned Minister of Justice Marx as a potential new chancellor. In the evening, Hindenburg asked Marx to form a new cabinet. Before the Zentrum was willing to agree, they asked the DVP for clarification regarding the outlook for a majority government being eventually formed. The parliamentary groups of the two parties came to an agreement on 16 May. This stated the intent of both sides to expand the coalition as soon as possible to a Reichstag majority. However, only parties would be considered that accepted the binding nature of current international agreements and who supported the current foreign policy stance. This satisfied both parties: the DVP could hope for an eventual compromise on the part of the DNVP regarding their opposition to Stresemann's foreign policy which would allow their inclusion in the government. DDP and Zentrum viewed the new minority government as a stand-in until a majority one could be formed including the SPD.[1]

Only a day later a new cabinet was formed. All the ministers of the Second Luther cabinet kept their positions. Marx left the Justice and Occupied Territories portfolios vacant (with himself as caretaker) in case the grand coalition should prove possible that summer once the plebiscite over the expropriation of the princes was out of the way. Only when this hope proved elusive due to the opposition of the Social Democrats to the government's stance on the expropriation issue did Marx appoint Johannes Bell as Minister of Justice and asked him to serve as caretaker for the Occupied Territories job.[1]

Overview of the members

The members of the cabinet were as follows:[2]

Third Marx cabinet 17 May to 17 December 1926
Reichskanzler	Wilhelm Marx	Zentrum
Reichsministerium des Innern (Interior)	Wilhelm Külz	DDP
Auswärtiges Amt (Foreign Office)	Gustav Stresemann	DVP
Reichsministerium der Finanzen (Finance)	Peter Reinhold	DDP
Reichsministerium für Wirtschaft (Economic Affairs)	Julius Curtius	DVP
Reichsministerium für Arbeit (Labour)	Heinrich Brauns	Zentrum
Reichsjustizministerium (Justice) and Reichsministerium für die besetzten Gebiete (Occupied Territories)	Johannes Bell	Zentrum
Reichswehrministerium (Defence)	Otto Gessler	DDP
Reichsministerium für das Postwesen (Mail)	Karl Stingl	BVP
Reichsministerium für Verkehr (Transport)	Rudolf Krohne	independent
Reichsministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft (Food and Agriculture)	Heinrich Haslinde	Zentrum

Notes: Marx also served as Minister of Justice and for the Occupied Territories until Bell was appointed on 16 July 1926. Krohne was associated with the DVP.[3]

Resignation

The Third Marx cabinet fell over a controversy surrounding illegal and clandestine activities by the Reichswehr. These included links to far-right organisations such as the Wehrwolf and Der Stahlhelm, as well as secret cooperation with the Soviet Red Army that contravened Germany's obligations under international treaties.[4]

Information about these activities caused the SPD to cancel its cooperation agreement with the government on 9 December. The cabinet sought to avoid a conflict by initiating negotiations that would result in a "grand coalition", including the SPD. On 15 December these talks seemed to make progress. However, that same evening the Social Democratic Reichstag fraction voted to make a voluntary resignation of the cabinet a pre-condition for any formal discussions about a grand coalition. This was rejected by the cabinet and the parties supporting it.[4]

On 16 December, Philipp Scheidemann gave a speech in the Reichstag in which he blasted the secret Reichswehr activities and announced a vote of no confidence. The parties of the right called him a traitor, but on 17 December the vote of no confidence tabled by the SPD in the Reichstag was supported by DNVP and communists. The cabinet resigned and was asked by the president to remain in office as a caretaker. It took until 29 January to form a new cabinet. Wilhelm Marx then became the head of a new government, the Fourth Marx cabinet.[4]

References

1. "Kabinettsbildung (German)". Bundesarchiv. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
2. "Kabinette von 1919 bis 1933 (German)". Deutsches Historisches Museum. Archived from the original on March 5, 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
3. "Das Kabinett Marx III (German)". Bundesarchiv. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
4. "Der Streit um die Reichswehr und der Sturz des Kabinetts (German)". Bundesarchiv. Retrieved 19 January 2018.