Three Fingered Jack

Three Fingered Jack is a summit of a shield volcano of the Cascade Range in the U.S. state of Oregon. Formed during the Pleistocene epoch, the mountain consists mainly of basaltic andesite lava and was heavily glaciated in the past. While other Oregon volcanoes that were heavily glaciated—such as Mount Washington and Mount Thielsen—display eroded volcanic necks, Three Fingered Jack's present summit is a comparatively narrow ridge of loose tephra supported by a dike only 10 feet (3.0 m) thick on a generally north–south axis. Radiating dikes and plugs that support this summit have been exposed by glaciation. The volcano has long been inactive and has been highly eroded.

For the Jamaican outlaw known as Three Fingered Jack, see Three Fingered Jack (Jamaica). For the outlaw known as Three Fingered Jack, see Jack Dunlop.

Three Fingered Jack
Southwest side of Three Fingered Jack seen from Pacific Crest Trail
Highest point
Elevation7,844 ft (2,391 m)  NAVD 88[1]
Prominence756 m (2,480 ft) 
Coordinates44°28′44″N 121°50′35″W [1]
Geography
LocationJefferson and Linn counties, Oregon, U.S.[2]
Parent rangeCascades
Topo mapUSGS Three Fingered Jack
Geology
Age of rockolder than 200,000 years
Mountain typeSummit, Shield volcano
Volcanic arcCascade Volcanic Arc
Climbing
First ascent1923 by E. McNeal and party[3]

Diverse flora and fauna can be found surrounding Three Fingered Jack. The area around the volcano was historically inhabited by the Molala people, one of the indigenous groups in the northwestern United States. Not much is known about their culture, other than that the group fished for salmon and collected berries, fruits, obsidian, and dried herbs. The first person of non-indigenous descent to reach the area was David Douglas in 1825, followed by Peter Skene Ogden the following year. The first group to ascend the volcano reached its summit in September 1923. Three Fingered Jack can still be climbed, but when its face becomes foggy, climbers can become disoriented due to the low visibility conditions of climbing the mountain, requiring rescue.

Geography

Three Fingered Jack lies in the U.S. state of Oregon, in Linn[1] and Jefferson counties.[2] It has a volume of 2.4 cubic miles (10 km3)[4] and a summit elevation of 7,844 feet (2,391 m),[1][a] with a proximal topographic relief of 1,300 feet (400 m) and a draping relief of 4,600 feet (1,400 m).[4][b] Its jagged edifice rises between Mount Jefferson and the Three Sisters volcanic complex.[5] Three Fingered Jack lies within the Mount Jefferson Wilderness and is not accessible by paved road, but can be approached by the Pacific Crest Trail.[6] Located about 20 miles (32 km) northwest of the city of Sisters, it acts as a prominent landmark in the area.[1]

The Mount Jefferson Wilderness lies within the Willamette National Forest and Deschutes National Forest. The wilderness area covers 111,177 acres (449.92 km2), with more than 150 lakes. It also has 190 miles (310 km) of trails, including 40 miles (64 km) of the Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail.[7][8] Three Fingered Jack and Mount Jefferson are both prominent features of the wilderness area.[8]

Physical geography
The Jack glacier and the summit lake in summer

During the last major advance of glacial ice in the area during the Wisconsin glaciation, lateral and terminal moraines formed, along with glacial striations, altered vegetation patterns, and lithologies that suggest glacial transport of material.[9] The sole glacier remaining on the volcano is the unofficially-named Jack glacier, located in a shaded cirque on the northeast side.[10][11] Because the glacier is covered by tall ridges to the south and west, it resides at an unusually low altitude for the central Oregon Cascades.[10] Jack glacier has an area of 2.5 acres (1.0 ha), though historically it has reached estimated areas of up to 32 acres (13 ha).[12] It is likely stagnant.[12] During the Little Ice Age, which spanned roughly 1350 to 1850, the glacier produced moraines with heights close to 200 feet (61 m),[10] which are dotted with 1⁄2 to 1 foot (0.15 to 0.30 m) of ash from the Sand Mountain cinder cone chain and 1 foot (0.30 m) of ash from the Blue Lake Crater cinder cone.[13]

As of 1993, the moraine for Jack glacier dammed a lake with a volume of 940,000 cubic feet (26,500 m3), a surface area of 65,900 square feet (6,120 m2), and a maximum depth of 26 feet (8 m).[12] Though this lake did not appear on United States Geological Survey topographic maps made during the 1920s, its presence was documented by a report in 1937.[12] The lake sits precariously;[12] moraines on the volcano are steep, unstable, and populated with boulders.[14] Before September 1960, there was a partial breach of this moraine-dammed lake that covered an area of 12,000 square metres (3.0 acres) near the moraine's base.[12] Since 1960, there have been at least three incidents in which moraine-dammed lakes on the volcano have caused floods down the slopes,[10] including a significant flood and debris flow in 2012.[15] Local soil is thin, and it has been buried by a layer of weathered Holocene tephra from Three Fingered Jack, which has a maximum thickness of 3.3 feet (1 m).[16]

Ecology
A herd of mountain goats seen on the flank of Three Fingered Jack

Along the volcano and its hiking trails, Douglas fir, Alpine fir, blue spruce, mountain hemlock, and bear grass can be found.[17] The Cascade parsley fern can be found at Three Fingered Jack between elevations of 6,500 to 7,000 feet (2,000 to 2,100 m).[18] There are also mountain goats in the surrounding wilderness area.[19]

Carnivorous animals in the surrounding area include American black bears, coyotes, cougars,[20][21] red foxes, raccoons, American martens, stoats (also known as ermines), long-tailed weasels, American minks, North American river otters, and bobcats.[21] Deer species include Roosevelt elk, black-tailed deer, and mule deer;[20] insectivores include vagrant shrews, American water shrews, and coast moles.[21] Bats at Jefferson include little brown bats and silver-haired bats, and American pikas and snowshoe hares are also present.[21] Rodents such as yellow-bellied marmots, mountain beavers, yellow-pine chipmunks, Townsend's chipmunks, golden-mantled ground squirrels, western gray squirrels, Douglas squirrels, mountain pocket gophers, North American beavers, deer mice, bushy-tailed woodrats, water voles, Pacific jumping mice, and North American porcupines are present.[21]

Birds nearby include mallards, northern goshawks, sharp-shinned hawks, red-tailed hawks, dusky grouses, grey partridges, killdeers, spotted sandpipers, California gulls, band-tailed pigeons, great horned owls, mountain pygmy owls, common nighthawks, rufous hummingbirds, Northern flickers, pileated woodpeckers, yellow-bellied sapsuckers, hairy woodpeckers, and white-headed woodpeckers.[21] Other bird species found in the area consist of Eurasian three-toed woodpeckers, willow flycatchers, olive-sided flycatchers, tree swallows, Canada jays, Steller's jays, common ravens, Clark's nutcrackers, black-capped chickadees, mountain chickadees, chestnut-backed chickadees, red-breasted nuthatches, pygmy nuthatches, Eurasian treecreepers, American dippers, wrens, American robins, varied thrushes, hermit thrushes, Townsend's solitaires, golden-crowned kinglets, ruby-crowned kinglets, water pipits, blue-headed vireos, western tanagers, Cassin's finches, gray-crowned rosy finches, pine siskins, red crossbills, green-tailed towhees, dark-eyed juncos, white-crowned sparrows, golden-crowned sparrows, fox sparrows, and Lincoln's sparrows.[21] Long-toed salamanders, California giant salamanders, rough-skinned newts, tailed frogs, western toads, Pacific tree frogs, northern red-legged frogs, Oregon spotted frogs, pygmy short-horned lizards, common garter snakes, and northwestern garter snakes make up some of the amphibious and reptilian animals in the vicinity.[21] Roughly half the lakes in the Mount Jefferson Wilderness area contain rainbow trout.[20]

Geology and subfeatures
Three Fingered Jack as seen from Santiam Lake

Three Fingered Jack is a shield volcano,[22][23][24][25][c] and it is part of the group of volcanoes known as Oregon's Matterhorns, whose tall, pinnacle spires resemble the Matterhorn in Switzerland. The volcano, along with Mount Thielsen, Mount Bailey, Diamond Peak, and Mount Washington, had a shorter lifespan than larger volcanoes in the Cascade Range, ceasing eruptive activity more than 100,000 years ago.[26] Three Fingered Jack marks the northernmost point for this group.[10] South of Mount Jefferson, the High Cascades of Oregon consist of a broad ridge produced by shield volcano activity and eruptions from cinder cones. Vents range from deeply eroded complexes to recently active volcanoes, with most of the region mantled by normally polarized rock produced within the past 730,000 years.[27]

The mountain also forms part of a group of more than 30 large shield volcanoes and stratovolcanoes that form a segment of Pleistocene-to-Holocene-epoch volcanic vents that produced mafic lava (rich in magnesium and iron).[28] Three Fingered Jack includes several, overlapping cinder cones and composite cones over underlying lava flows from shield volcano activity.[10] These volcanic edifices and their lava flow deposits cover an area of 34 square miles (88 km2).[29] Between Three Fingered Jack and the North Sister volcano and among recently active basalt lava fields, there is an array of cinder cones encompassing an area of 85 square miles (220 km2).[30]

Three Fingered Jack has a desiccated, jagged appearance.

The major edifice, which consists of light gray, basaltic andesite lava flow deposits, sits 1,000 feet (300 m) to the west of the first tephra cone. Variegated pyroclastic rock is embedded among these flows.[31] Element abundance analysis suggests that lava in the Three Fingered Jack area can be grouped into discrete units based on its source magma chamber, except for the Jorn Lake basalt produced by the underlying shield volcano and basaltic andesite erupted by Three Fingered Jack. Petrological analysis shows high and low pressures for the crystallization of these lava flow deposits, and that basaltic andesite was distinct from basalt due to longer fractionation times.[32]

Though Three Fingered Jack does not have a high-level conduit-filling volcanic plug, its summit sits atop a pyroclastic cone.[22] Another cone lies 350 feet (110 m) to the south of the major cone, and there are secondary craters on the sides, as well as radial dikes and volcanic plugs.[31] Known subfeatures include two shield volcanoes, Maxwell Butte (less eroded than Three Fingered Jack) and Turpentine Peak, which have elevations of 6,230 feet (1,899 m) and 5,794 feet (1,766 m), respectively.[24] There are six additional known volcanic cones: Duffy Butte, at an elevation of 5,837 feet (1,779 m); Hogg Rock (a tuya), at an elevation of 5,050 feet (1,540 m); Marion Mountain, at an elevation of 5,351 feet (1,631 m); Red Butte, with an elevation of 5,814 feet (1,772 m); and Marion Peak and Saddle Mountain, which do not have elevations listed.[24] Other shield volcanoes and cinder cones that were active during the Pleistocene epoch occur to the northwest and southwest.[24]

The volcano has a long ridge that trends from north to south. It is highly eroded;[23][33] shaped like a sawtooth, it consists of tephra deposits supported by a vertical dike with a thickness of 10 feet (3.0 m). Erosion has been so extensive that climbers claim that the summit moves in the wind.[10] During the Pleistocene epoch, glaciers exposed its inner contents, providing evidence for its eruptive history.[10] Though it has not been dated by radiometric approaches, the volcano is likely between 500,000 and 250,000 years old,[22] and has been carved out by at least three glacial periods.[34]

Eruptive history

Three Fingered Jack shows a similar eruptive history to many High Cascade volcanoes.[32] Activity began with the formation of a pyroclastic cone over shield volcanoes. Later eruptions formed a main volcanic cone from lava flows and more pyroclastic rock. There are dikes that radiate from a micronorite plug, which deformed tephra in the surrounding strata. The northern and southern flanks of Three Fingered Jack feature lava flows made of olivine and augite basalt.[32]

Three Fingered Jack is estimated to be between 500,000 and 250,000 years old.[35] It underwent more explosive eruptions as its eruptive history progressed, generating large amounts of tephra, which created a loose, unconsolidated summit and upper cone. Lava flows near the summit have an average thickness of 3 feet (0.91 m). Secondary volcanic craters produced lava flows and pyroclastic material, which traveled both north and south of the volcano. Cone-building eruptions ceased before the Pleistocene epoch's glacial period, allowing the expanded glacial cover to remove most of the cone, especially on the eastern and northeastern sides.[31]

During the ongoing Holocene epoch, there has been volcanic activity between the Three Sisters volcanoes and Three Fingered Jack. Such eruptive episodes have produced tephra and lava flows that cover several hundred square kilometers in the region. These eruptions occurred after the climactic eruption of Mount Mazama, which took place roughly 6,600 years ago.[36]

Human history

The surrounding area has traditionally been inhabited by Molala people, one of the indigenous groups in the northwestern United States. The group fished for salmon, collecting berries, fruits, obsidian, and dried herbs. Their culture was not well documented.[37] The first person of non-indigenous descent to reach the area was David Douglas in 1825, followed by Peter Skene Ogden the following year.[38]

Sources disagree about the affiliation of the mountain's first ascenders, some calling them "the Boys from Bend,"[39] others saying they were members of the Mazamas mountaineering club.[40] Nonetheless, a source written by one of these first ascenders clearly states who was in the party and when they climbed. Ervin McNeal, Phil Philbrook, Armin Furrer, Wilbur Watkins, Leo Harryman, and Ronald Sellars were the first to ascend Three Fingered Jack on September 3, 1923.[3]

The origins of Three Fingered Jack's name remain unclear.[41] One account claims that the volcano received its name from Joaquin Murrieta, a gold miner and vaquero during the California Gold Rush also known as Three Fingered Jack.[17] Others allege that the volcano was named after a trapper with less than five fingers on one of his hands.[41]

Recreation

Three Fingered Jack's surrounding area can be hiked, offering views of the volcano. The Canyon Creek Meadows hiking trail begins at Jack Lake, progresses through the Mount Jefferson Wilderness, and runs for about 4.5 miles (7.2 km). It has an elevation gain of 400 feet (120 m), and can be hiked by children and families. An additional, connected hiking trail runs for another 3 miles (4.8 km) up the rocky glacial washout plain adjacent to the volcano, becoming steeper as it approaches Three Fingered Jack and gaining 1,400 feet (430 m) in elevation.[19] The base can also be reached on Pacific Crest Trail 2000, which runs for 11.6 miles (18.7 km) round trip and offers views of the volcano and its summit lake.[42] Moreover, the Three Fingered Jack loop trail runs for 20.5 miles (33.0 km) around the volcano, gaining 3,300 feet (1,000 m) in elevation.[43]

When Three Fingered Jack's face becomes foggy, climbers have become disoriented due to the low visibility conditions of climbing the mountain, requiring rescue.[44][45]

The summit can be quite dangerous due steep cliffs and poor rock quality which can result in footing and hand holds giving way without warning. One such event occurred on July 19, 2020, resulting in the death of a hiker attempting to reach the summit.[46][47]

Notes
  • [a] ^ Sources disagree on the volcano's height; the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and Global Volcanism Program lists it at 7,844 feet (2,391 m),[1][24] Wood and Kienle (1990) list its elevation as 7,840 feet (2,390 m),[22] and the Geographic Names Information System lists it at 6,959 feet (2,121 m).[2]
  • [b] ^ According to Hildreth's definitions, proximal relief refers to the difference between the summit elevation and the highest exposure of old rocks under the main edifice, while draping relief marks the difference between the summit elevation and the edifice's lowest distal lava flows (excluding pyroclastic and debris flows).[4]
  • [c] ^ Hildreth (2007) lists Three Fingered Jack as a stratovolcano,[48][49] as do O'Connor, Harrison, and Costa (2001)[11] and Scott (1977).[33][50]

References
  1. "Three Fingered Jack=Hayrick". NGS data sheet. U.S. National Geodetic Survey. Retrieved May 29, 2018.
  2. "Three Fingered Jack". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
  3. Sellars 1923, pp. 69–75.
  4. Hildreth 2007, p. 7.
  5. Bishop & Allen 2004, p. 119.
  6. Harris 2005, p. 165.
  7. "Mount Jefferson Wilderness". Deschutes National Forest. Archived from the original on July 8, 2018. Retrieved July 7, 2018.
  8. "Mt. Jefferson Wilderness". Willamette National Forest. Archived from the original on July 8, 2018. Retrieved July 7, 2018.
  9. Taylor 1965, p. 124.
  10. Harris 2005, p. 163.
  11. O'Connor, Hardison & Costa 2001, p. 4.
  12. O'Connor, Hardison & Costa 2001, p. 45.
  13. Taylor 1981, p. 77.
  14. Scott 1977, p. 120.
  15. "Debris Flow from 2012 Failure of Moraine-Dammed Lake, Three Fingered Jack Volcano, Mount Jefferson Wilderness, Oregon". Archived from the original on 2 June 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
  16. Scott 1977, p. 119.
  17. Dunegan 2013, p. 169.
  18. Alverson 1989, p. 97.
  19. Morical, M. (August 9, 2017). "Hiking Canyon Creek Meadows near Three Fingered Jack". Bend Bulletin. Western Communications. Archived from the original on July 5, 2018. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
  20. Wuerthner 2003, pp. 122–125.
  21. Voth 1963, pp. 127–134.
  22. Wood & Kienle 1990, p. 179.
  23. "Three Fingered Jack". Volcano World. Oregon State University. 2018. Archived from the original on May 25, 2018. Retrieved June 7, 2018.
  24. "Three Fingered Jack". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. 2013. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 7, 2018.
  25. Siebert, Simkin & Kimberly 2010, p. 464.
  26. Harris 2005, p. 157.
  27. Wood & Kienle 1990, p. 178.
  28. Hildreth 2007, p. 23.
  29. Harris 2005, pp. 163–164.
  30. Taylor 1965, p. 121.
  31. Harris 2005, p. 164.
  32. Davie 1981, p. 86.
  33. Scott 1977, p. 121.
  34. Bishop & Allen 2004, p. 120.
  35. Wood, C.A.; Kienle, J (2018). "Three Fingered Jack". Oregon State University. Archived from the original on 25 May 2018. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
  36. Scott 1977, p. 122.
  37. Voth 1963, pp. 3–10.
  38. Voth 1963, pp. 13–17.
  39. Grubbs 1999, p. 68.
  40. Thompson, Erwin N. (March 1970). "North Cascades: Basic History Data". National Park Service. Archived from the original on February 19, 2017. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
  41. Lorain 2010, p. 203.
  42. Dunegan 2013, p. 172.
  43. Lorain 2010, pp. 203–206.
  44. Woodworth, W. (August 14, 2017). "Deputies rescue siblings from foggy Three Fingered Jack rock face". Statesman Journal. Gannett Company. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
  45. "Climbers rescued after being stranded on rock face of Three Fingered Jack". KATU. Sinclair Broadcast Group. August 14, 2017. Archived from the original on July 6, 2018. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
  46. Hunt, Chelsea (July 21, 2020). "Climber Dies In Fall From Three Fingered Jack". KEZI. Allen Media Broadcasting. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  47. Urness, Zach (July 24, 2020). "19-year-old Aumsville climber who died on Three Fingered Jack remembered for skill, kindness". Statesman Journal. Archived from the original on February 1, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  48. Hildreth 2007, p. 22.
  49. Hildreth 2007, p. 27.
  50. Scott 1977, p. 113.

Sources
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