Timeline of Los Angeles

The following is a historical timeline of the city of Los Angeles, California.

Prior to 20th century

• 1781 – El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora de Los Angeles de Porciuncula founded in colonial New Spain by 44 settlers, 20 of whom were of African American or Native American descent.[1]
• 1818 – Avila Adobe built.[2]
• 1830 – Population: 730.[1]
• 1835 – Los Angeles becomes capital of Mexican California.[1]
• 1846 – September: Siege of Los Angeles by U.S. forces.
• 1847 – January 10: Los Angeles taken by U.S. forces.[1][3]
• 1848 – February 2: Los Angeles becomes part of U.S. territory per Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
• 1850
  • April 4: Los Angeles incorporated.[1]
  • September 9: Los Angeles becomes part of the new U.S. state of California.[1]
  • Population: 1,610 city; 3,530 county.[1]
  • Los Angeles County established.
• 1851 – Los Angeles Star, city's first newspaper, begins publication.[4]
• 1854 – Round House constructed.
• 1855 – First City public school building built.[1]
• 1860 – Los Angeles Soap Company in business, founded by John A. Forthmann. [5]
• 1865 – St. Vincent's College opens.[6]
• 1866 – Town Square established.[7]
• 1868 – Street lighting installed.[7]
• 1869 – Los Angeles & San Pedro Railroad begins operating.[8]
• 1871
  • October 24: Anti-Chinese unrest.[1]
  • Evening Express newspaper begins publication.[9]
  • San Pedro Harbor development begins.[10]
• 1872 – First African Methodist Episcopal Church established.[7]
• 1873 – Los Angeles Daily Herald newspaper begins publication.[9]
• 1875 – Los Angeles and Independence Railroad begins operating to Santa Monica.[1]
• 1876
  • September 6 – Southern Pacific Railroad (San Francisco-Los Angeles line) begins operating Los Angeles' first link to transcontinental railroad.[1]
  • Cathedral of Saint Vibiana built.[7]
• 1877
  • First oranges shipped to eastern markets.[1]
• 1880
  • University of Southern California opens.
  • Population: 11,183 city;[1] 33,381 county.
• 1881 – Los Angeles Daily Times begins publication.[9]
• 1882 – Los Angeles State Normal School opens.[1]
• 1883 – City Railroad Company established.[11]
• 1884 – Child's Grand Opera House opens.[12]
• 1886
  • Kansas City-Los Angeles railway begins operating.
  • City Fire Department[13] and Elysian Park established.
  • Pasadena and Santa Monica incorporated in Los Angeles County.[1]
  • Many people arrive as a result of railroad rate war; speculative real estate boom begins.[1]
• 1887
  • Peak of real estate boom; many towns laid out.[1]
  • Los Angeles Athletic Club incorporated.
  • April 20 – Occidental College founded.[1]
  • Pomona incorporated in Los Angeles County.[1]
• 1888
  • Land boom collapses.[1]
  • Southern Pacific's Arcade Depot opens.
  • Chamber of Commerce founded.
  • California Club incorporated.
  • Long Beach incorporated in Los Angeles County.[1]
• 1889
  • City Parks Department[14] and Los Angeles Oil Exchange founded.
  • Orange County established.[15]
• 1890 – Population: 50,400 city; 101,454 county.
• 1891 – Courthouse built.[1]
• 1892
  • Redondo Beach incorporated in Los Angeles County.[1]
  • February – Oil discovered within Los Angeles City limits.[1]
• 1893
  • Bradbury Building constructed.[1]
  • July 4 – Mount Lowe Railway opens north of Pasadena.
• 1894 – Fiesta de Los Angeles begins.[1]
• 1895
  • Highland Park becomes part of the City of Los Angeles.[1]
  • Los Angeles Consolidated Electric Railway taken over by bondholders and renamed the Los Angeles Railway[16]
• 1896
  • May – Congress approves $2,900,000 for deep-water harbor at San Pedro.[1]
• 1897 – Los Angeles Country Club founded.
• 1898
  • September 1: Henry E. Huntington and Isaias W. Hellman syndicate purchase Los Angeles Railway and begin expanding it[16]
  • March 5: Griffith Park presented to Los Angeles by Col. Griffith J. Griffith.[5]
• 1899
  • Garvanza and University district become part of the City of Los Angeles.[1]
  • Construction begins on Los Angeles Harbor, San Pedro.{{sfn|Federal Writers' Project|1941|page=405|ps=: "Chronology"}

20th century

1900s–1940s

• 1901
  • Angels Flight funicular begins operating.
  • Children's Hospital founded.
  • November 1 – Huntington group incorporates the Pacific Electric Railway of California[16]
• 1902
  • Tally's Electric Theater opens.[12]
  • Los Angeles takes over water system.[1]
• 1903
  • Los Angeles Examiner newspaper begins publication.[1]
  • Braly Building constructed.
• 1905
  • Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad begins operating.[1]
  • Design of the seal of the City of Los Angeles adopted.
  • Vernon incorporated in Los Angeles County.[1]
• 1906
  • Alexandria Hotel in business.[5]
  • Shoestring strip, to connect Wilmington to Los Angeles, annexed to City of Los Angeles.[17]
  • Glendale, Huntington Park, and Watts incorporated in Los Angeles County.[1]
• 1907
  • Port of Los Angeles[8] and City Club of Los Angeles[18] established.
  • Silver Lake Reservoir built.[5]
  • Los Angeles Ostrich Farm[5] and Los Angeles Alligator Farm open.
• 1908
  • Mount Wilson Observatory begins operating in Los Angeles County.
  • October 1: Construction begins on Owens River Aqueduct.[1]
• 1909
  • Selig Polyscope Company relocates to Los Angeles.[19]
  • City Market Wholesale Produce Terminal built.[20]
  • San Pedro and Wilmington become part of the City of Los Angeles.[1]
• 1910
  • October 1: Los Angeles Times bombing.[1]
  • East Hollywood and Hollywood become part of City of Los Angeles.[17]
  • Population: 319,200 city; 504,131 county.
• 1911
  • Nestor Studios begin operating.[19]
  • Pacific Electric Railway Company[1] created from merger of eight streetcar companies.
  • Los Angeles College created.[1]
  • Burbank incorporated in Los Angeles County.
  • San Fernando incorporated in Los Angeles County.
• 1912 – County of Los Angeles Public Library established.[1]
• 1913
  • Los Angeles Aqueduct completed.[19]
  • La Brea Tar Pits excavation begins.[21]
• 1914
  • Southern Pacific's Central Station and Southwest Museum[1] open.
  • "First ship via Panama Canal arrives."[1][8]
  • Beverly Hills incorporated in Los Angeles County.[7]
• 1915
  • Universal Studios begins operating.[7]
  • San Fernando Valley becomes part of City of Los Angeles.[17]
  • Breed Street Synagogue active.
  • Japan-Los Angeles steamship begins operating.[7]
  • Area of city: 288 square miles.[22]
• 1916
  • Westgate becomes part of City of Los Angeles.[17]
  • Lincoln Motion Picture Company in business.[23]
• 1917 – Culver City incorporated in Los Angeles County.[7]
• 1918
  • Warner Bros. Studios begin operating.[7]
  • Los Angeles Philharmonic[12] and Otis College of Art and Design founded.
• 1919
  • September – Southern branch of University of California is founded.[1]
• 1920
  • Population: 576,673 city;[24] 936,455 county.
  • Douglas Aircraft Company in business in nearby Santa Monica.[1]
• 1921
  • Hollywood Legion Stadium opens.[1]
  • Hollywood Masonic Temple and Hollyhock House (residence) built.
  • Watts Towers sculpture construction begins.
  • Chouinard Art Institute founded.
  • Ambassador Hotel in business.
• 1922
  • KFI, KHJ and KNX radio stations begin broadcasting.[7]
  • Hollywood Bowl (amphitheater) and Grauman's Egyptian Theatre open.
  • Rose Bowl completed in Pasadena.[1]
• 1923
  • Post World War I building boom reaches its peak.[1]
  • Hollywoodland sign erected.[25]
  • Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum opens.
  • Biltmore Hotel in business.
  • Angelus Temple built.[6]
  • Illustrated Daily News begins publication.[1]
• 1924 – Harding High School established.
• 1925
  • Grand Olympic Auditorium opens.
  • Junior League and Yogananda Self-Realization Fellowship[26] established.
• 1926
  • Orpheum Theatre, El Capitan Theatre,[27] and 28th Street YMCA[28] open.
  • June – New Central Public library building completed.[1]
  • Shrine Auditorium rebuilt.
  • Venice and Watts become part of City of Los Angeles.
  • La Opinión Spanish-language newspaper begins publication.
• 1927
  • Grauman's Chinese Theatre opens.
  • 5 May, Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel opens for business.
  • Barnsdall Art Park established.
• 1928
  • Los Angeles City Hall built.
  • March 13: Collapse of St. Francis Dam in nearby San Francisquito Canyon.[1]
  • Huntington Library opens in Los Angeles County.[1]
• 1929
  • August: Graf Zeppelin (aircraft) arrives from Tokyo.[6]
  • Academy Awards begin.[29]
  • Los Angeles Board of Trade Building and Bullocks Wilshire department store built.
  • Nuart Theatre opens.
• 1930
  • Olvera Street restored.[30]
  • Hollywood Reporter begins publication.
  • Greek Theatre[7] and Pantages Theatre[27] open.
  • Highland Park synagogue built.
  • Population: 1,238,048 city; 2,208,492 county.
  • Burbank airport begins operating.
• 1931
  • The Chateau Marmont is converted from an apartment building to a hotel.
  • Figueroa Street Tunnels open.
• 1932 – 1932 Summer Olympics held.
• 1933
  • March 10: 1933 Long Beach earthquake.
  • June 6: Frank L. Shaw becomes mayor.
  • October 12: Los Angeles Garment Workers Strike of 1933 begins.
  • Los Angeles Sentinel newspaper[7] and Daily Variety begin publication.
• 1934 – Los Angeles Science Fiction Society formed.[4]
• 1935 – Griffith Park Planetarium dedicated.[1]
• 1936
  • Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles established.
  • Crossroads of the World shopping mall built.
• 1937
  • Los Angeles purchases Mines Field for a municipal airport.[1]
• 1938
  • Los Angeles flood of 1938.[1]
  • China City developed.[20]
  • CBS Columbia Square built.
  • Mayor Shaw ousted; Fletcher Bowron becomes mayor.[1]
• 1939
  • Union Station opens.[1]
  • Chandler's fictional detective novel The Big Sleep published.[7]
• 1940
  • Arroyo Seco Parkway opens.[7]
  • United States Court House built.
• 1941
  • Los Angeles Airport in operation.
  • Pueblo Del Rio housing complex built.
  • Turnabout Theatre of puppets established.[30]
• 1942
  • US-Mexico Bracero program begins.
  • Parking meters installed.[7]
  • Battle of Los Angeles occurs.
• 1943 – Ethnic Zoot Suit Riots occur.[6]
• 1944 – Imperial Courts and Jordan Downs housing projects built.[31]
• 1946
  • Los Angeles Rams football team active.[7]
  • Kosher Burrito in business.[32][33]
• 1947 – KTLA television begins broadcasting.[4]
• 1948 – In-N-Out Burger is founded
• 1949 – Los Angeles Valley College opens in the Valley Glen neighborhood of Los Angeles in the San Fernando Valley.

1950s–1970s

• 1950
  • Fictional Sunset Boulevard film released.[7]
  • Population: 1,970,358 city; 4,151,687 county.
• 1951 – Los Angeles Metropolitan Transit Authority created.[11]
• 1953 – Four Level Interchange highway begins operating.[34]
• 1954 – Church of Scientology[6] and Getty Museum[7] open.
• 1955
  • Nickerson Gardens housing complex built.[31]
  • Disneyland amusement park opens in nearby Anaheim.[7]
• 1956 – Capitol Records Tower built.[7]
• 1957 – Ferus Gallery of art opens.[35]
• 1958 – Los Angeles Dodgers baseball team active.[36]
• 1959
  • Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena opens.
  • Grammy Award begins.[37]
  • KPFK radio begins broadcasting.[38]
  • Sister city relationships established with Eilat, Israel; and Nagoya, Japan.[39]
• 1960
  • July: 1960 Democratic National Convention held.
  • Hollywood Walk of Fame established.[7]
  • Los Angeles Lakers basketball team active.[7]
• 1961
  • Theme Building constructed at Los Angeles Airport.
  • Pacific Electric Railway ceases operations (last line in service was Long Beach Line
• 1962
  • Los Angeles Herald-Examiner newspaper in publication.
  • City Cultural Heritage Board created.
  • Dodger Stadium opens.[7]
  • Sister city relationship established with Salvador, Brazil.[39]
• 1963
  • Vincent Thomas Bridge opens.
  • Century City development begins.
• 1964
  • Whisky a Go Go nightclub[7] and Dorothy Chandler Pavilion (concert hall) opens.[7]
  • UCLA Labor Center and Los Angeles Master Chorale founded.
  • Sister city relationship established with Bordeaux, France.[39]
• 1965
  • August 11–17: Watts Riots.[40]
  • Los Angeles County Museum of Art opens on Wilshire Boulevard.[35]
  • Marina del Rey harbor opens in Los Angeles County.[7]
• 1966
  • Los Angeles Zoo opens.[7]
  • Gemini G.E.L. art studio founded.[35]
• 1967
  • Super Bowl I is held at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum.
  • City's Community Analysis Bureau established.[41]
  • Two California Plaza built.
  • The Advocate newsletter begins publication.[4]
  • Mark Taper Forum (theatre)[42] and Brockman Gallery of art[35] open.
  • Forum (arena) opens in nearby Inglewood.[7]
  • Los Angeles Kings hockey team active.
  • Sister city relationship established with Berlin, Germany.[39]
• 1968
  • June 5: Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy at the Ambassador Hotel.
  • Sister city relationship established with Lusaka, Zambia.[39]
• 1969 – Sister city relationship established with Mexico City, Mexico.[39]

      - Formation of the Crips and Pirus

• 1970 – Chinatown Service Center established.[20]
• 1971
  • February 9: 1971 San Fernando earthquake.
  • Six Flags Magic Mountain (originally named Magic Mountain) opens in Valencia.
  • Los Angeles Convention Center opens.
  • California Institute of the Arts opens in nearby Valencia.[35]
  • Sister city relationships established with Auckland, New Zealand; and Busan, South Korea.[39]
• 1972
  • Womanhouse art event occurs.[35]
  • Self Help Graphics & Art active.
  • Sister city relationships established with Mumbai, India; and Tehran, Iran.[39]
• 1973
  • Tom Bradley becomes mayor.[43]
  • Aon Center built.

Formation of the Bloods

• 1974 – Security Pacific Plaza built.
• 1975 – Chinese Historical Society of Southern California founded.
• 1976 – Los Angeles City Historical Society founded.
• 1977 – X (musical group) formed.
• 1978
  • LA Weekly begins publication.
  • Los Angeles Conservancy founded.
• 1979 – Sister city relationship established with Taipei, Taiwan.[39]

1980s–1990s

• 1980 – Population: 2,966,850 city; 7,477,421 county.
• 1981 – Sister city relationship established with Guangzhou, China.[39]
• 1983
  • Crocker Tower built.
  • Red Hot Chili Peppers (musical group) formed.
• 1984
  • LA surpasses Chicago as the second largest city in the United States.[44]
  • 1984 Summer Olympics held.
  • Forever 21 clothier in business.
  • "Power of Place" group formed.
  • West Hollywood incorporated in Los Angeles County.
  • Sister city relationships established with Athens, Greece; and Saint Petersburg, USSR.[39]
• 1985 – Latino Theater Company founded.
• 1986
  • Devastating fire at the Central Library.
  • Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles established.
  • Los Angeles Opera active.
  • Sister city relationship established with Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.[39]
  • Proposition U passed
• 1988 – Museum of Jurassic Technology founded.
• 1989
  • U.S. Bank Tower built.
  • Sister city relationship established with Giza, Egypt.[39]
• 1990
  • Hollywood Bowl Orchestra founded.
  • Sanwa Bank Plaza built.
  • Population: 3,485,398.[24]
  • Sony Pictures Entertainment headquartered in nearby Culver City.
  • Sister city relationship established with Jakarta, Indonesia.[39]
  • Metro Blue Line opens, re-establishing light rail in the city
• 1991
  • Gas Company Tower and 777 Tower built.
  • Maxine Waters becomes U.S. representative for California's 29th congressional district.[45]
  • Sister city relationship established with Kaunas, Lithuania.[39]
• 1992
  • April 29: Rodney King riots begin.[40]
  • Koreatown Immigrant Workers Alliance founded.
  • Sister city relationship established with Makati, Philippines.[39]
• 1993
  • Richard Riordan becomes mayor
  • Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority created.
  • Metro Red Line opens.
  • Sister city relationship established with Split, Croatia.[39]
• 1994 – January 17: 1994 Northridge earthquake.
• 1995
  • City website launched.[46][47][48]
  • Los Angeles Independent Film Festival and LA as Subject project[49] begin.
  • Drudge Report begins publication.
• 1996
  • Loyola Marymount University's Center for the Study of Los Angeles founded.[50]
  • Council on American–Islamic Relations Los Angeles chapter founded.
  • Museum of Television & Radio opens in Beverly Hills.
• 1997
  • Homies Unidos (community group) active.
  • American Apparel clothier headquartered in Los Angeles.
  • The Getty Center opens in Brentwood.
• 1998 – Los Angeles Almanac begins publication.[51]
  • California Science Center opens to the public.
• 1999 – Staples Center (sports arena) opens.
• 2000
  • August: 2000 Democratic National Convention held.[52]
  • Los Angeles Police Rampart scandal report issued.

21st century

• 2001
  • James Hahn becomes mayor
  • Kodak Theatre opens.
  • Disney California Adventure opens adjacent to Disneyland.
• 2002 – Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels built.
• 2003
  • Walt Disney Concert Hall[53] and Chinese American Museum[20] open.
  • Los Angeles Derby Dolls (rollerderby) team formed.
• 2004 – National Day Laborer Organizing Network headquartered in Los Angeles (approximate date).
• 2005
  • Los Angeles Homeless Services Authority homeless census begins.[54]
  • Breitbart headquartered in Los Angeles.
  • Antonio Villaraigosa becomes mayor.[6]
  • Sister city relationship established with San Salvador, El Salvador.[39]
• 2006
  • LA Weekly Detour Music Festival begins.
  • City Office of Historic Resources created.
  • Sister city relationships established with Beirut, Lebanon; and Ischia, Italy.[39]
• 2007
  • May 1: 2007 MacArthur Park rallies.
  • Los Angeles Theatre Center opens.
  • Sister city relationship established with Yerevan, Armenia.[39]
• 2008 – Los Angeles Heritage Alliance formed.
  • Anime Expo first arrives at the Los Angeles Convention Center
• 2009 – Los Angeles Times' Mapping L.A. project and Maron's WTF podcast begin.
• 2010
  • Population: 3,792,621 city;[55] 9,818,605 county; metro 12,828,837.[56]
  • Area of city: 503 square miles.
• 2011
  • October 1: Occupy Los Angeles begins.[57]
  • QuakeBot in use.[58]
• 2012
  • Metro Expo Line opens.
  • Los Angeles Review of Books begins publication.
  • Wilshire Grand Tower, the new tallest building in the city begins groundbreaking in downtown LA.
  • September 19–21: Endeavour makes final landing at LAX.
  • FIGat7th Reopens the newly constructed center happened in fall 2012.
• 2013
  • Eric Garcetti becomes mayor.
  • Population: 3,884,307.[59]
• 2014 – DataLA (city data website) begins publication.[41]
  • Concrete foundation poured for the Wilshire Grand Tower.
  • The long-stalled Metropolis Towers breaks ground and begins construction in downtown LA.
  • Vertical construction began for the Wilshire Grand Tower.
• 2015
  • June 19: US president visits podcaster Maron's garage.
  • Oceanwide Plaza Towers in downtown LA has broken ground and began construction.
  • August: Shade balls put into Los Angeles Reservoir during 2015 California drought.[60]
• 2016
  • Los Angeles Rams NFL football team moves back to Los Angeles.
  • ET94 Space Shuttle fuel tank arrives in LA at the California Science Center.
• 2017
  • Measure S fails
  • Los Angeles Chargers NFL football team moves back to Los Angeles.
  • Los Angeles population reaches 4 million.[61]
• 2018 – Woolsey Fire burns across Los Angeles and Ventura counties.
• 2019
  • Typhus outbreak spreads in Los Angeles.[62]
  • Construction of Oceanwide Plaza, halted in 2019 in Downtown LA.
  • The construction of $44 million affordable housing of low income in Willowbrook, California, is now completed.[63]
  • Frieze announced that it is now selling a fantasy in Los Angeles for better strategy.[64]
• 2020
  • Kobe Bryant dies in a helicopter crash.
  • Los Angeles was hardest-hit by COVID-19 pandemic, which put few thousands of residents out of work, and shifted others to work at home.
  • Oceanwide Plaza remains uncompleted as Chinese foreign real estate investment capital pulled out due to the China–United States trade war.
  • In 2020, Seven-Story, 154-Unit apartment building starts to rise in Downtown L.A., which includes ground-floor commercial space. [65]
  • Student housing continues to rise in UCLA Campus.[66]
  • 48 apartments could replace single family home in downtown L.A.[67]
  • Hotel-Residential project at Wilshire takes another step forward, which will be completed in 2023. There are 14 residences in affordable units.[68]

See also

• History of Los Angeles
• List of mayors of Los Angeles
• List of districts and neighborhoods of Los Angeles
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Los Angeles, California
• Timeline of California[69]
• Timelines of other cities in the Southern California area of California: Anaheim, Bakersfield, Long Beach, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, Santa Ana

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44. LOS ANGELES REPLACES CHICAGO AS SECOND CITY Retrieved August 1, 2020
45. "California". Official Congressional Directory: 103rd Congress. Washington DC: Government Printing Office. 1993.
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56. "Largest Urbanized Areas With Selected Cities and Metro Areas (2010)". US Census Bureau. 2012.
57. "Occupy Wall Street: Timeline". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 30, 2014.
58. "How an algorithm helped the LAT scoop Monday's quake", Columbia Journalism Review, March 18, 2014
59. "The 15 Cities with the Largest Numeric Increase from July 1, 2012 to July 1, 2013" (PDF). US Census Bureau. 2014. Vintage 2013 Population Estimates
60. "L.A. Covers Its Reservoirs With Millions of 'Shade Balls'", City Lab, Atlantic Monthly Group, August 12, 2015
61. https://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2017/05/01/los-angeles-population-jumps-by-40000-now-tops-4-million/
62. https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/Typhus-Epidemic-Worsens-in-Los-Angeles-505166301.html
63. https://urbanize.la/post/44-million-senior-affordable-development-completed-willowbrook
64. https://hyperallergic.com/485276/frieze-is-selling-a-fantasy-of-los-angeles/
65. https://urbanize.la/post/seven-story-154-unit-apartment-building-starts-rise-downtown-la
66. https://urbanize.la/post/student-housing-continues-rise-around-ucla-campus
67. https://urbanize.la/post/48-apartments-could-replace-single-family-home-south-la
68. https://urbanize.la/post/hotel-residential-project-wilshire-la-brea-takes-another-step-forward
69. Federal Writers' Project (1939), "Chronology", California: Guide to the Golden State, American Guide Series, New York: Hastings House – via Open Library

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• Kevin Starr (2007). "Chronology". California: A History. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-43075-5.
• "Timeline: Driven to Despair: Los Angeles". America in Gridlock. Blueprint America. USA: Public Broadcasting System. 2008.
• "Timeline: South Central Los Angeles". Crips and Bloods: Made in America. Independent Lens. USA: Public Broadcasting System. 2008.
• Kevin R. McNamara, ed. (2010). "Chronology". Cambridge Companion to the Literature of Los Angeles. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-51470-5.
• "Art in Context: L.A. from 1945 to 1980 (timeline)". Los Angeles Times. September 15, 2011.
• Laura Pulido; et al. (2012). People's Guide to Los Angeles. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-95334-5.
• "Los Angeles Timeline". Not For Tourists Guide to Los Angeles. Skyhorse. 2014. ISBN 978-1-62873-583-3.
• Mark Vallianatos (June 2015), "Uncovering the Early History of "Big Data" and the "Smart City" in Los Angeles", Boom, University of California

External links

• "Los Angeles City Directories, 1875–1942" – via Los Angeles Public Library.