Timeline of the Northern Yuan

Northern Yuan

This is a timeline of the Northern Yuan dynasty.

14th century

Year	Date	Event
1368		The Yuan dynasty retreats to Karakorum[1]
1380		Ming dynasty sacks Karakorum[1]
1381	December	Ming conquest of Yunnan: Ming forces take Qujing[2]
1382	April	Ming conquest of Yunnan: Ming forces conquer Yunnan[3]
1387	October	Ming campaign against the Uriankhai: Naghachu surrenders to Ming forces[4]
1388	May	Battle of Buir Lake: Ming forces defeat Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür[5]
1399		The Four Oirats break away from Northern Yuan[6]

15th century

Year	Date	Event
1408		Öljei Temür Khan defeats Örüg Temür Khan and becomes ruler of Northern Yuan[6]
1409	23 September	Battle of Kherlen: Ming forces are defeated by Öljei Temür Khan[7]
1410	15 June	First Mongol Campaign: The Yongle Emperor defeats Öljei Temür Khan on the banks of the Onon River[7]
	July	First Mongol Campaign: Ming forces defeat Arughtai east of the Greater Khingan and withdraw to Nanjing[7]
1414	April	Second Mongol Campaign: Ming forces engage Oirats at the Tuul River, suffering heavy casualties, but ultimately prevail through the use of heavy cannon bombardments[8]
1422	April	Third Mongol Campaign: Ming forces are dispatched against Arughtai but fail to engage him in combat and return to Beijing[8]
1423	August	Fourth Mongol Campaign: The Yongle Emperor launches an offensive against Arughtai only to find out he had already been defeated by the Oirats[9]
1424	April	Fifth Mongol Campaign: The Yongle Emperor leads an expedition against the remnants of Arughtai's horde but fails to find them[9]
1428	October	Uriankhai raid Ming borders and the Xuande Emperor personally leads troops to repel them[10]
1433		The Oirats install Taisun Khan as leader of the Eastern Mongols[6]
1449	July	Tumu Crisis: Esen Taishi of the Oirats and de facto ruler of the Northern Yuan launches an invasion of the Ming dynasty[11]
	4 August	Tumu Crisis: The Zhengtong Emperor departs from Beijing to personally confront Esen Taishi[12]
	30 August	Tumu Crisis: The Ming rearguard is defeated[13]
	1 September	Tumu Crisis: The Ming army is annihilated and the Zhengtong Emperor is captured by Esen Taishi[14]
	27 October	Esen Taishi lays siege to Beijing but fails to take it and withdraws after 5 days[15]
1451		Esen Taishi declares himself Yuan Emperor, which causes widespread dissent among his followers[6]
1454		Esen Taishi is killed and the Northern Yuan is once more split into two portions between the Oirats and Eastern Mongols[16]
1479		Dayan Khan becomes ruler of Northern Yuan[16]
1483		Dayan Khan defeats Ismayil Taishi[16]

16th century

Year	Date	Event
1504		Datong is raided by Mongols[17]
1510		Dayan Khan conquers the Ordos Loop[18]
1517	16 October	Dayan Khan raids the Ming dynasty[19]
	20 October	The Zhengde Emperor repels Dayan Khan's raiding party[20]
1531		Datong comes under raid by Mongols[21]
1536		Mongols raid Shanxi but are repelled[22]
1537		Mongols raid Datong[22]
1541	October	Altan Khan raids Shaanxi[23]
1542	July	Altan Khan raids Shaanxi[23]
	4 August	Ming forces are defeated by Altan Khan at Guangwu[23]
	8 August	Altan Khan pillages the suburbs of Taiyuan[23]
1548	June	Mongols defeat Ming forces at Xuanfu[24]
	October	Mongols raid Huailai[24]
1549	March	Altan Khan defeats Ming forces at Xuanfu but suffers heavy casualties[24]
1550	1 October	Altan Khan pillages the suburbs of Beijing[24]
	6 October	Ming forces are defeated by Mongols[25]
1552	April	Ming forces are defeated by Mongols north of Datong[26]
1557		Daraisung Guden Khan is succeeded by his son, Tümen Zasagt Khan[27]
	winter	Sengge, son of Altan Khan, lays siege to a garrison near Datong[28]
1566		Altan Khan captures some lamas in a raid[29]
1576		Buddhism becomes the state religion of Northern Yuan[30]
1577		Altan Khan names Sonam Gyatso the Dalai Lama, the first living person to take the title[30]
1590		The Uriankhai and Yunshebu Tümen disperse, breaking into smaller units called ulus (nations)[31]
1598		Mongols kill Li Rusong, the Ming commander-in-chief[32]

17th century

Year	Date	Event
1619		Chahar-Jurchen War: Ligdan Khan attacks Guangning, a horse trading town under the protection of Nurhaci, but is defeated[33]
1625		Chahar-Jurchen War: Ligdan Khan's attack is turned back by a combined Khorchin Jurchen force[34]
1634		Chahar-Jurchen War: Ligdan Khan is overthrown and displaced by Hong Taiji[35]
1636		Mongols south of the Gobi Desert submit to the Qing dynasty[36]
1691		The Khalkha Mongols submit to the Qing dynasty after being invaded by the Dzungar Khanate[37]
1696		Dzungar–Qing Wars: The Qing dynasty takes all of Mongolia from the Dzungar Khanate[37]

References

1. Adle 2003, p. 209.
2. Twitchett 1998, p. 144.
3. Mote 2003, p. 557.
4. Twitchett 1998, p. 158.
5. Twitchett 1998, p. 159.
6. Adle 2003, p. 210.
7. Twitchett 1998, p. 226.
8. Twitchett 1998, p. 227.
9. Twitchett 1998, p. 228.
10. Twitchett 1998, p. 299.
11. Twitchett 1998, p. 322.
12. Twitchett 1998, p. 323.
13. Twitchett 1998, p. 324.
14. Twitchett 1998, p. 325.
15. Twitchett 1998, p. 328.
16. Adle 2003, p. 211.
17. Twitchett 1998, p. 371.
18. Twitchett 1998, p. 467.
19. Twitchett 1998, p. 420.
20. Twitchett 1998, p. 421.
21. Twitchett 1998, p. 468.
22. Twitchett 1998, p. 472.
23. Twitchett 1998, p. 473.
24. Twitchett 1998, p. 475.
25. Twitchett 1998, p. 476.
26. Twitchett 1998, p. 477.
27. Narangoa 2014, p. 17.
28. Twitchett 1998, p. 478.
29. Adle 2003, p. 213.
30. Adle 2003, p. 214.
31. Narangoa 2014, p. 16.
32. Twitchett 1998, p. 557.
33. Narangoa 2014, p. 30.
34. Narangoa 2014, p. 34.
35. Crossley 1997, p. 77.
36. Adle 2003, p. 146.
37. Adle 2003, p. 219.

Bibliography

• Adle, Chahryar (2003), History of Civilizations of Central Asia 5, UNESCO Publishing
• Crossley, Pamela Kyle (1997), The Manchus, Blackwell Publishers Ltd
• Mote, F. W. (2003), Imperial China: 900–1800, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0674012127
• Narangoa, Li (2014), Historical Atlas of Northeast Asia, 1590-2010: Korea, Manchuria, Mongolia, Eastern Siberia, New York: Columbia University Press, ISBN 9780231160704
• Twitchett, Denis (1998), The Cambridge History of China Volume 7 The Ming Dynasty, 1368—1644, Part I, Cambridge University Press