Torulaspora delbrueckii

Torulaspora delbrueckii is a ubiquitous yeast species with both wild and anthropic habitats. The type strain of T. delbrueckii is CBS 1146T, equivalent to CLIB 230 or ATCC 10662, etc.. The type strain of T. delbrueckii CBS 1146 T was recently sequenced,[1] and is composed of 8 chromosomes in addition to a mitochondrial genome.

Torulaspora delbrueckii
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Saccharomycetes
Order: Saccharomycetales
Family: Saccharomycetaceae
Genus: Torulaspora
Species:
T. delbrueckii
Binomial name
Torulaspora delbrueckii
(Lindner) Lindner

Torulaspora delbrueckii was formerly known as Saccharomyces delbrueckii or Saccharomyces rosei or Saccharomyces roseus, and the anamorph is called Candida colliculosa (for a complete list of synonyms, see CBS's website).

Torulaspora delbrueckii is the most studied species of the genus Torulaspora that comprises 8 species to date, including T. franciscae, T. pretoriensis, T. microellipsoides, T. globosa, T. indica,[2] T. maleeae,[3] and T. quercuum.[4] The taxonomy of the genus Torulaspora is evolving rapidly, and the availability of molecular tools to discriminate Torulaspora species [5] will help correcting errors in species assignments.

Spores of Torulaspora delbrueckii

Habitats

Torulaspora delbrueckii is isolated from several human bioprocesses, including the bread industry[6][7][8][9] where some T. delbrueckii strains are commercialized for frozen dough applications. Other applications include food fermentations of silage, cocoa,[10][11] olive [12] or cucumber;[13][14] distilled and traditional fermented beverage production including mescal,[15] colonche,[16] tequila,[17] cider,[18] strawberry tree fruits juice,[19] sugarcane juice [20][21] or kefir;[22] dairy products’ fermentations like traditional cheeses [23] and fermented milk.[24] Torulaspora delbrueckii can be an opportunistic spoilage yeast for dairy products or soft drinks (fruit juices, etc.).[25][26][27] Torulaspora delbrueckii colonizes several natural environments, ranging from soils,[28] to plants,[29] fruits [30] and insects.[31][32] T.delbrueckii is occasionally found as a clinical isolate, although not considered to be a human pathogen,[33] a state described as opportunistic pathogen.

Winemaking

Torulaspora delbrueckii has been associated with winemaking for decades [34][35][36] and isolated either from grape, must or wine. Torulaspora delbrueckii is now proposed as starter culture (to be associated with S. cerevisiae in mixed cultures) for certain applications, particularly to reduce volatile acidity in high-sugar fermentations like in Sauternes wines.[37] Recent findings show that T. delbrueckii species has been domesticated for winemaking and other human uses about 1900 and 4000 years ago respectively.[38]

Life-cycle

The life-cycle of T. delbrueckii remains unclear. Some authors consider T. delbrueckii to be a haploid species, while more recent findings suggest T. delbrueckii have a mostly diploid homothallic life.[39] To date, the life-cycle of the species is not formally elucidated.

References
  1. Zhang, Jianzhi; Gordon, Jonathan L.; Byrne, Kevin P.; Wolfe, Kenneth H. (2009). "Additions, Losses, and Rearrangements on the Evolutionary Route from a Reconstructed Ancestor to the Modern Saccharomyces cerevisiae Genome". PLOS Genetics. 5 (5): e1000485. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000485. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 2675101. PMID 19436716.
  2. Saluja P.; Yelchuri R. K.; Sohal S. K.; Bhagat G.; Paramjit, Prasad G. S. (2012). "Torulaspora indica a novel yeast species isolated from coal mine soils". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 101 (4): 733–42. doi:10.1007/s10482-011-9687-6. PMID 22200779. S2CID 5546770.
  3. Limtong S.; Imanishi Y.; Jindamorakot S.; Ninomiya S.; Yongmanitchai W.; Nakase T. (2008). "Torulaspora maleeae sp. nov., a novel ascomycetous yeast species from Japan and Thailand". FEMS Yeast Res. 8 (2): 337–43. doi:10.1111/j.1567-1364.2007.00324.x. PMID 17986255.
  4. Wang Q. M.; Xu J.; Wang H.; Li J.; Bai F. Y. (2009). "Torulaspora quercuum sp. nov. and Candida pseudohumilis sp. nov., novel yeasts from human and forest habitats". FEMS Yeast Res. 9 (8): 1322–6. doi:10.1111/j.1567-1364.2009.00567.x. PMID 19751217.
  5. Albertin W.; Chasseriaud L.; Comte G.; Panfili A.; Delcamp A.; Salin F.; Marullo P.; Bely M. (2014). "Winemaking and bioprocesses strongly shaped the genetic diversity of the ubiquitous yeast Torulaspora delbrueckii". PLOS ONE. 9 (4): e94246. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0094246. PMC 3981792. PMID 24718638.
  6. Hernandez-Lopez M. J., Prieto J. A., Randez-Gil F.; Prieto; Randez-Gil (2003). "Osmotolerance and leavening ability in sweet and frozen sweet dough. Comparative analysis between Torulaspora delbrueckii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae baker's yeast strains". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 84 (2): 125–134. doi:10.1023/A:1025413520192. PMID 14533716. S2CID 1688404.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. Alves-Araujo C., Almeida M. J., Sousa M. J., Leao C.; Almeida; Sousa; Leão (2004). "Freeze tolerance of the yeast Torulaspora delbrueckii: cellular and biochemical basis". FEMS Microbiol Lett. 240 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1016/j.femsle.2004.09.008. PMID 15500973.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  10. Nielsen Dennis S., Snitkjaer Pia, van den Berg Frans; Snitkjaer; Van Den Berg (2008). "Investigating the fermentation of cocoa by correlating Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis profiles and Near Infrared spectra". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 125 (2): 133–140. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.03.040. PMID 18499292.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. Papalexandratou Zoi, Falony Gwen, Romanens Edwina, Jimenez Juan Carlos, Amores Freddy, Daniel Heide-Marie, De Vuyst Luc; Falony; Romanens; Jimenez; Amores; Daniel; De Vuyst (2011). "Species Diversity, Community Dynamics, and Metabolite Kinetics of the Microbiota Associated with Traditional Ecuadorian Spontaneous Cocoa Bean Fermentations". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 77 (21): 7698–7714. doi:10.1128/aem.05523-11. PMC 3209185. PMID 21926224.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  19. Santo D.E., Galego L., Gonçalves T., Quintas C.; Galego; Gonçalves; Quintas (2012). "Yeast diversity in the Mediterranean strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.) fruits' fermentations". Food Research International. 47: 45–50. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2012.01.009.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. Pataro C., Guerra J. B., Petrillo-Peixoto M. L., Mendonça-Hagler L. C., Linardi V. R., Rosa C. A.; Guerra; Petrillo-Peixoto; Mendonça-Hagler; Linardi; Rosa (2000). "Yeast communities and genetic polymorphism of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains associated with artisanal fermentation in Brazil". Journal of Applied Microbiology. 89 (1): 24–31. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.01092.x. PMID 10945775. S2CID 1519750.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  22. Loretan T.; Mostert J. F.; Viljoen B. C. (2003). "Microbial flora associated with South African household kefir". South African Journal of Science. 99: 92–94.
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  35. van Breda Valmary, Jolly Neil, van Wyk Jessy; Jolly; Van Wyk (2013). "Characterisation of commercial and natural Torulaspora delbrueckii wine yeast strains". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 163 (2–3): 80–88. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.02.011. PMID 23558190.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  37. Bely M., Stoeckle P., Masneuf-Pomarede I., Dubourdieu D.; Stoeckle; Masneuf-Pomarède; Dubourdieu (2008). "Impact of mixed Torulaspora delbrueckii-Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture on high-sugar fermentation". Int J Food Microbiol. 122 (3): 312–20. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.12.023. PMID 18262301.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  39. Albertin W., Chasseriaud L., Comte G., Panfili A., Delcamp A., Salin F., Marullo P., Bely M.; Chasseriaud; Comte; Panfili; Delcamp; Salin; Marullo; Bely (2014). "Winemaking and bioprocesses strongly shaped the genetic diversity of the ubiquitous yeast Torulaspora delbrueckii". PLOS ONE. 9 (4): e94246. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0094246. PMC 3981792. PMID 24718638.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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