Touring car racing

Touring car racing is a motorsport road racing competition with heavily modified road-going cars. It is popular in Argentina, Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, Britain, Germany, Sweden and Norway. It has both similarities to and significant differences from stock car racing, which is popular in the United States.

Touring Cars
Highest governing bodyFIA, DMSB and many more
Characteristics
ContactYes
Team membersYes
Mixed genderYes
TypeOutdoor
VenueRoad and street courses

While the cars do not move as fast as those in formula or sports car races, their similarity both to one another and to fans' own vehicles makes for entertaining, well-supported racing. The lesser use of aerodynamics means following cars have a much easier time passing than in F1, and the more substantial bodies of the cars makes the subtle bumping and nudging for overtaking much more acceptable as part of racing.

As well as short "sprint" races, many touring car series include one or more endurance races, which last anything from 3 to 24 hours and are a test of reliability and pit crews as much as car, driver speed, and consistency.

Characteristics of a touring car
A Chevrolet Cruze touring car.

Touring car racing started in the mid twentieth century as a long-format style of competition that took place on public roads between numerous towns. The cars were crewed by a driver and, because of their unreliability, a mechanic who carried tools and spares. The legacy of these beginnings can still be seen in modern touring and GT cars - the driver sits offset from the centreline of the car and there is space for a second seat (although they are rarely fitted any more).

While rules vary from country to country, most series require that the competitors start with a standard car body, but virtually every other component may be allowed to be heavily modified for racing, including engines, suspension, brakes, wheels and tires. Aerodynamic aids are sometimes added to the front and rear of the cars. Regulations are usually designed to limit costs by banning some of the more exotic technologies available (for instance, many series insist on a "control tire" that all competitors must use) and keep the racing close (sometimes by ballast weight where winning a race requires the winner's car to be heavier for subsequent races).

Touring cars share some similarity with American stock car racing governed by NASCAR. However, touring cars are, at least notionally, derived from production cars while today's NASCAR vehicles are based on a common design.[1]

Differences between touring cars and sports cars

For the casual observer, there can be a great deal of confusion when it comes to classifying closed-wheel racing cars as 'touring cars' or 'sports cars' (also known as GT cars). In truth, there is often very little technical difference between the two classifications, and nomenclature is often a matter of tradition.

Touring cars are usually based upon family cars (such as hatchbacks, sedans or estates), while GT racing cars are based upon powerful sports cars, such as Ferraris or Lamborghinis (and are thus usually coupés). Underneath the bodywork, a touring car is often more closely related to its road-going origins, using many original components and mountings, while some top-flight GT cars are purpose-built tube-frame racing chassis underneath a cosmetic body shell. More recently, there has been an increasing push to make GT cars closer to the road cars with the GT3 set of regulations. Many touring car series, such as the BTCC and the now-defunct JTCC distinguish themselves from sports car racing by featuring front-wheel drive, four-wheel drive and rear-wheel drive cars with smaller engines. Most sports car championships only allow rear-wheel drive cars.

While touring cars generally have a lower technical level than sports cars, there are some exceptions. The Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (DTM) is considered to be one of the most technologically advanced racing series in the world, with cars that, underneath their body shells, are more purebred racing machines than most FIA-GT vehicles.

When Sports car racing was created in the inter-war period of the 20th century however, sports cars fulfilled the role Touring Cars do today, as the production car variant of racing compared to the specialised vehicles competing in Grand Prix racing. Over time Touring Cars has drifted from its role as racing cars based on modern road cars with categories like NASCAR and DTM having little to no connection to road cars. This in turn has led to the rise of Production car racing to fulfil the role once performed by Touring Cars and Sports Cars before that.

Series of competition

World Touring Car Cup
2018 WTCR Race of Hungary

Worldwide

Main articles: World Touring Car Cup and World Touring Car Championship

Modern World Touring Car Championship (WTCC) started in 2005, evolving from the reborn European Touring Car Championship. The series merged with the TCR International Series and became the World Touring Car Cup (WTCR) starting from 2018.

Running at major international racing facilities, this series is supported by BMW, SEAT and Chevrolet. The latter fields a works team, whereas the other two only sell racing kits to be installed on their cars, providing technical support to their customers. In 2011 Volvo also entered the championship, fielding a one-car team as an evaluation for a possible heavier commitment to the series. The World Touring Car Championship features 1.6-litre cars built to Super 2000 regulations based on FIA Group N.

Following the trend of recent FIA rules, cost control is a major theme in the technical regulation. In 2011 the rules concerning the engine capacity have changed, switching from 2000 cc to 1600 cc turbo engines. Cars equipped with the old 2000 cc engines are still eligible in the championship. Many technologies that have featured in production cars are not allowed, for example: variable valve timing, variable intake geometry, ABS brakes and traction control.

British Touring Car Championship
2016 BTCC Brands Hatch

United Kingdom

Main article: British Touring Car Championship

The British Touring Car Championship (BTCC) currently competes at nine circuits in the UK with cars built to Next Generation Touring Car specification, with ballast being used to equalise performance. From 2011, cars that ran to the BTCC's own Next Generation Touring Car specification were eligible to compete in a phased move away from Super 2000 regulations. Cars are 2.0-litre saloons, station wagons and hatchbacks with over 350 bhp (260 kW) and can be front or rear-wheel drive. During the 2016 season manufacturer team entries came from BMW, Subaru, MG and Honda. Since BTCC budgets have been kept relatively low, there is a strong independent and privateer presence in the championship. Manufacturers represented by privateers include Vauxhall, Ford, Toyota, Volkswagen, Chevrolet and Audi.

Prior to 2001 the BTCC was contested by cars built to 2.0-litre supertouring regulations and had in its heyday up to nine different manufacturers. Joachim Winkelhock stated on several occasions that it was the best touring car championship in the world, and many champions of that era now race in the World Touring Car Championship (WTCC). Between 2002 and 2006 the BTCC ran its own Touring class with Super Production/Super 2000 cars making up the numbers; the Touring class was phased out (only privateers are eligible to run old Touring cars) with the intention of a pure Super 2000 series. The introduction of the Next Generation Touring Car specification, from 2011, started a phased transition from Super 2000 cars in an effort to cut costs and improve the sport.

DTM
DTM at Hockenheim in 2012

Germany/Europe

Main articles: Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft and Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters

The DTM series, the initials standing for Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft until 1996, then following a hiatus, revived as Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters in 2000, features advanced purpose built 2.0-litre four-cylinder turbo-powered space frame machines, covered with largely carbon fibre bodyshapes resembling the manufacturers' road machine (although the roof and roof pillars do originate from the production car).[2] In order to lower costs, the engine power is limited to 610 hp (450 kW),[3] and transmissions, brakes and tyres (Hankook) are standard parts for all. Also, dimensions and aerodynamics are equalised. The approx. 985 kg (2,172 lb) (without driver) DTM cars corner incredibly quickly and wear spectacular bodykits incorporating huge wheel arches and diffusers, plus a drag-reduction system (DRS) designed to encourage overtaking.

More than 20 works-backed entries of the Opel Astra, Audi TT and Mercedes-Benz CLK contested the revived 2000 DTM series but a serious issue developed for the series when Opel pulled out ahead of the 2006 season.[4] BMW would eventually replace Opel as the series' third manufacturer for 2012,[5] while Mercedes-AMG withdrew at the end of 2018.[6] Mercedes-AMG was replaced by a privately funded Aston Martin Vantage program that did not last beyond the 2019 season.[7]

For the 2019 season, major technical changes occurred. Turbochargers were reintroduced in accordance with new regulations impacting engines and power outputs, as all cars are now required to have 2.0-litre 4-cylinder single turbo engines, replacing the 4.0L V8s that had been used since the series' revival in 2000. Engine power was increased from ~500 hp to 610 hp, with an extra 30 hp available as part of a push-to-pass system available to drivers for the first time.[8][9] Downforce levels were also reduced to encourage overtaking and increase top speeds to 300 km/h (186 mph) in order to improve the racing spectacle.[10]

In 2019, DTM formed a partnership with the Japanese touring car series Super GT which runs a near identical set of rules and regulations in its GT500 class. Honda, Toyota - represented via Lexus, and Nissan each entered a wildcard entry for the final race of the 2019 season at the Hockenheimring. The cars entered were a Nissan GT-R (R35), a Lexus LC 500 and a Honda NSX (second generation). For the weekend of the 22nd-24 November, DTM sent three BMW M4s and four Audi RS5s to take part in a non-championship race at Fuji Speedway along with the full GT500 grid, labelled the 'SUPER GT x DTM Dream Race'. Aston Martin withdrew from the event as they intended to focus on developing the Vantage package for 2020, however this never eventuated as the program was ended.[11]

Audi announced in late April 2020 that they would be discontinuing their involvement in the series after the end of the 2020 season, following the same path Mercedes-Benz did after the end of the 2018 season; focusing on electric motorsport, most notably Formula E. This will leave BMW as the sole manufacturer left, putting the series' future in serious jeopardy.[12]

Nürburgring NLS Endurance Racing Series

Germany

Main article: Nürburgring Langstrecken Serie

Since 1997, and nowadays still on the over 20 kilometres (12 mi) long famous old Nürburgring and other circuits worldwide, in average over 150 touring cars compete in the NLS series of ten typically four-hour-long races. Cars range from old 100 hp (75 kW) road legal compacts to 500 hp (370 kW) Porsche 996 and even modified DTM cars (1,250 kg (2,760 lb)). Most entrants of the 24 Hours Nürburgring collect experience here.

Scandinavian Touring Car Championship
Alx Danielsson driving a Citroën in the STCC – Racing Elite League

Sweden/Denmark

Main article: Scandinavian Touring Car Championship

Between 1996 and 2010 the Swedish Touring Car Championship contained various races in Sweden and a few in Norway. The most successful car makes were Volvo, BMW, Audi and Nissan. In 2010 the championship merged with the Danish Touringcar Championship to form the Scandinavian Touring Car Championship. The 2010 champion was Robert Dahlgren, because he had achieved the best results from selected races in the Danish and Swedish championships. Rickard Rydell and Johan Kristoffersson won the championship in 2011 and 2012, in a Chevrolet and a VW, respectively. In 2013 the series merged with the TTA – Racing Elite League to form the 2013 STCC – Racing Elite League season, starring 17 drivers for Volvo, BMW, Saab, Citroën, Dacia and Honda.

Supercars Championship

Australia and New Zealand

Main article: Supercars Championship
Various touring cars of the Supercars Championship; clockwise - Ford Falcon (FG), Holden Commodore (VF), Mercedes-Benz E63 AMG and Nissan Altima

Formerly the Australian Touring Car Championship, Supercars are recognised internationally as the 'fastest touring cars in the world' racing at speeds that can reach nearly 300 km/h. They are also the most expensive touring cars in the world with each car costing in excess of $1 million (AUD) which includes bespoke $250,000 (AUD) 5.0-litre V8 engines producing approximately 635 hp (473 kW).[13] The current formula was devised in 1993 (based on Group A regulations) and branded as 'V8 Supercars' in 1997 and 'Supercars' in 2016. The series features grids of approximately 25 cars, although selected events feature wildcard entries which add to the grid. The cars are currently based on the Ford Mustang GT and Holden Commodore (ZB), with a third yet-to-be-announced body style planned to appear for the 2021 season.[14] The minimum weight for a Supercar including driver is 1,395 kg (3,075 lb).[15] The race cars themselves are derived from production body panels and space frame chassis. Both body styles feature an aerodynamic package incorporating large front and rear wings designed to ensure equal aerodynamic performance between the two vehicle types.[16]

The series incorporates the world famous Bathurst 1000 race as a championship round. Because of the longer distance, regulations require two drivers per car for this race. This also applies to The Bend 500 & the Gold Coast 600. These events make up the Pirtek Enduro Cup, which is a championship-within-a-championship where the driver combination with most points collected over these three endurance races wins a trophy.

In Australia, Supercars enjoys a strong support base that is still driven in large part by the tribal Ford versus Holden battle.[17] Over 200,000 total spectators attend the four-day Adelaide 500 and Bathurst 1000 events, and the 2019 Bathurst 1000 drew a maximum of 2.36 million television viewers across the country.[18][19] This compares favourably with other major sporting events such as the AFL Grand Final with 2.2 million TV viewers in 2019.[20] Supercars is also popular in New Zealand,[21] with a regular round held in the country (currently held at Pukekohe) being the only international event on the series calendar. Attempts at further international expansion were made in China, Malaysia, the Middle East, and the United States during the 2000s and 2010s, none of which have survived.[22][23][24][25][26]

As the series has grown, major international motorsport organisations have become involved such as Team Penske, Andretti Autosport, United Autosports and Triple Eight Race Engineering.

Both Ford and Holden financially and technically supported their favoured teams and took an active role in promotion of the series from its beginning, but began to wind back and ultimately withdraw their financial commitments approximately in line with the decline in sales and eventual discontinuation of the Falcon in 2016[27] and Commodore in 2020 (the two models that exclusively competed in the V8 formula from 1993 to 2012).[28][29][30] Ford withdrew all financial support after 2015,[31] and Holden cut most of its support back to only the Red Bull Holden Racing Team from 2017.[32] Holden will be shut down as a brand during 2020, therefore ending its factory involvement in Supercars after the 2020 season,[33] while Ford returned for the 2019 season with the Mustang project.[34]

Other manufacturers have also appeared in the series, including Nissan with Kelly Racing,[35] Volvo with Garry Rogers Motorsport,[36] and Mercedes-Benz in a non-factory-supported program from Erebus Motorsport.[37] With Kelly Racing's switch to Ford Mustangs for 2020[38] after a year of running its Nissan Altimas privately,[39] Supercars reverted to a two-make Ford vs. Holden competition.

Americas
  • TC 2000 Championship (Argentina) (1979-still)
  • TC America Series- during the SpeedVision/Speed Channel era, the "touring cars" in this series were lower performance vehicles modified to almost the same extent as the American Le Mans Series and Rolex Sports Car Series caliber grand touring cars. After the touring cars became a BMW-Mazda-Acura affair, the series was reformatted to include a new touring car class mostly sharing Grand Am's Continental Tire Sports Car Challenge vehicles. Shortly later, a lesser "B-Spec" group was added. After acquisition by SRO, TC America was separated from World Challenge.
  • Canadian Touring Car Championship
  • CDCC Dominican National Championship
  • U.S. Touring Car Championship
  • Continental Tire Sports Car Challenge- features both a sports car based "grand sport" class and a touring car based "street tuner" class.
Stock Car Brasil in 2007 at Curitiba

Europe
A Division 1 class during an ADAC Procar Series race in 2013

Asia-Pacific
Paul Poon Civic during 2008 Hong Kong Touring Car Championship season.

Former series
Scandinavian Touring Car Championship 2012.

Famous races
The 2005 Bathurst 1000

Rule sets

Different sets of regulations do apply:

See also

References
  1. "What is the NASCAR Car Of Tomorrow?". Nascar.about.com. 4 April 2008. Archived from the original on 20 February 2009. Retrieved 20 August 2009.
  2. Audi UK - http://www.audi.co.uk (6 May 2009). "Audi UK > Experience > Motorsport > DTM > The Audi A4 DTM". Audi.co.uk. Archived from the original on 3 October 2008. Retrieved 20 August 2009.
  3. Day, Lance; McNeil, Ian (11 September 2002). Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology. Routledge. ISBN 9781134650200.
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  5. "BMW to enter DTM series in 2012 with six M3 touring cars | CarAdvice". CarAdvice.com. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  6. "Mercedes to quit DTM after 2018, confirms Formula E entry". au.motorsport.com. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  7. "Aston Martin rules out HWA running Vantages in DTM". au.motorsport.com. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  8. "RS 5 DTM". audi.com. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  9. "BMW M4 DTM Turbomotor". www.bmw-motorsport.com. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  10. Errington, Tom. "DTM's Class One cars for 2019 season will be 2-3s faster". Autosport.com. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  11. "R-Motorsport to miss DTM and Super GT joint race at Fuji". TouringCarTimes. 14 September 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  12. "DTM News: Audi to quit series at the end of 2020". Autosport.com. 27 April 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
  13. "2020 engine rule changes locked in". Supercars. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
  14. "CONFIRMED: No Commodore for WAU in 2021". Speedcafe. 23 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  15. "Weight reduction for Supercars in 2019". Supercars. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
  16. "V8 Supercars blueprint for 2017 and beyond". Supercars. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  17. Smale, Simon (19 February 2020). "Will taking away the Ford vs Holden battles kill off Supercars? Not necessarily". ABC News. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  18. Adelaide, ABC Radio (24 February 2020). "Adelaide 500 Supercars race has lowest attendance in 17 years". ABC News. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  19. "Bathurst delivers ratings record". Supercars. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  20. "2.2m as AFL Grand Final tops year so far". TV Tonight. 29 September 2019. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  21. "Fans Flock to V8 Supercars at Pukekohe". Supercars. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  22. "KL City 400 Supercar Extravaganza cancelled". Supercars. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
  23. "V8 Supercars and Circuit of the Americas agree to end current contract". Supercars. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  24. "V8 Supercars confirms Abu Dhabi cancellation". Speedcafe. 18 January 2013. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  25. drive.com.au (10 October 2016). "Winton replaces Shanghai on V8 calendar". Drive. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
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  27. Ottley, Stephen (13 October 2016). "Final Ford Falcon rolls off the line - The final Ford Falcon". Drive. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  28. "Holden's flagship Commodore brand reaches the end of the road". ABC News. 10 December 2019. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  29. "MOTORSPORT: Holden spending less on V8 Supercars". carsales.com.au. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
  30. Hand, By Guy (3 October 2016). "Ford cuts back on V8 funding". Drive. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
  31. "Official: Ford out of V8 Supercars!". Supercars. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
  32. "Holden commits to Supercars". Supercars. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  33. "Holden axed in Australia as General Motors gets out of right-hand-drive globally | CarAdvice". CarAdvice.com. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  34. "Ford returns to Supercars with Mustang". au.motorsport.com. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
  35. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 11 February 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2012.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  36. "Volvo Car Australia Joins V8 Supercars". Supercars. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  37. "Mercedes-Benz to join V8 Supercars". Herald Sun. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
  38. "Kelly Racing confirms 2020 Mustang switch". Supercars. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  39. "Supercars: Nissan quits after 2018, what Kelly Racing will race in 2019 and 2020". Fox Sports. 15 May 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
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