Transportation in Sydney

Transport in Sydney is provided by an extensive network of public transport operating modes including suburban rail, light rail, buses, metro and ferries, as well as an expansive network of roadways, cycleways and airports. According to the 2006 census, in terms of travel to work or study Sydney has the highest rate of public transport usage among the Australian capital cities of 26.3% with more than 80% of weekday trips to/from Central Sydney being made by public transport.[1] According to the New South Wales State Plan, the state has Australia's largest public transport system. The public transport network is regulated by Transport for NSW.

The icons used to identify and denote different forms of public transport under the TfNSW network. Left to right: metro, trains, buses, ferries, light rail
The Grand Concourse of Central Station; a major hub for public transport services
Light Horse Interchange, the largest of its kind in Australia

Sydney's early urban sprawl can be traced in part to the development of its passenger rail network as well as the availability of the automobile as the dominant mode of transport–a similar history has shaped the transport and infrastructure of most major Australian cities.[2] The first rail services began in 1855, 67 years after the settlement's foundation and a tram network which began in 1861, becoming the Southern Hemisphere's largest by the 1920s. This rail infrastructure allowed working-class suburbs to develop at a large distance from the city centre.[2] In terms of effectiveness and sustainability of public transport, Sydney lagged behind Brisbane and many other cities in a 2017 study by design firm Arcadis, where it was ranked at 51.[3][4]

Ticketing
Opal card readers
Main article: Opal card

Transport for NSW public transport services use the Opal ticketing system. The rollout of this contactless system started in December 2012 and completed in December 2014. The previous generation of ticketing products were withdrawn in August 2016. Fares are controlled by the Independent Pricing and Regulatory Tribunal of New South Wales. As of January 2009, Sydney public transport prices were slightly higher than in other mainland Australian cities.[5]

Bus
Main article: Buses in Sydney
A modern Sydney bus.
Buses replace trams on George Street, 1962.

Commuter bus services account for about half of the public transport journeys taken in the city on weekdays. Of the 921,000 weekday bus trips, 554,000 are provided by the State Transit Authority, a government authority, the remainder by a number of private-sector operators.[6]

East of Strathfield, the majority of the bus network replaces the city's former tram network. State Transit operates a network tightly integrated with train and ferry services in the Eastern, Northern and North-Western regions of Sydney. In other areas services are operated by private-sector companies under contract to the NSW Government authority Transport for NSW. Under pressure from bus contracting reforms, many of the private bus companies have merged or entered into joint ventures. The largest private bus operator is ComfortDelGro Australia, owners of Hillsbus and Forest Coach Lines. Other significant players include Punchbowl Bus Company, Busways, Transdev NSW and Transit Systems

Bus services in the regions surrounding Sydney are considered part of the metropolitan network. Outer-metropolitan services are provided by the private sector under contract to Transport for NSW. Here, ComfortDelGro Australia, Busways, Premier Illawarra and Newcastle Transport are significant players.

Network

Sydney's bus network has been divided into different regions. Of these regions, bus routes are classified with three-digit route numbers.

Main article: Buses in Sydney § Routes

Currently, Sydney has two operating T-Ways:

Additional bus networks operate in the Outer Sydney region, which include:

Rail
A Sydney Trains A set.

Commuter Rail
See also: Sydney Trains, NSW TrainLink, and Railways in Sydney

Suburban rail services within Sydney are provided by Sydney Trains. Sydney's suburban commuter rail service consists of a complex system of integrated railway lines, of which most run through the city underground. All city trains consist of eight double deck carriages with two crew members on board–driver and guard. Fares are calculated on the basis of distance travelled. Trains run from 4am until around 1am seven days a week with Nightride bus services covering the network throughout the night when trains are not operating.

An XPT long-distance train operated by NSW TrainLink

NSW TrainLink interurban trains operate from Central railway station to the Illawarra, Southern Highlands, Blue Mountains, Central Coast and Newcastle. This station is also the terminus for NSW TrainLink's long-distance trains to numerous destinations in country New South Wales as well as Melbourne and Brisbane. The Indian Pacific also operates to Adelaide and Perth.

Rapid Transit (Metro)
Main article: Sydney Metro
A fully automated Alstom Metropolis train on the Sydney Metro system.

Sydney Metro is a new rapid transit line that runs from Sydney's north-western suburbs to its terminus at Chatswood, a major transport interchange. Construction is currently underway for the second phase of the line, where it will eventually pass through the city and then travel south-west to Bankstown. It currently consists of 13 stations and 36 km (22.4 mi) of twin tracks, mostly underground. Work is progressing to extend this line from Chatswood to Bankstown, running under Sydney Harbour and the CBD with a scheduled 2024 completion. When completed, this line will have 66 km (41.0 mi) of twin tracks and 31 stations in total.

Sydney is the first and currently the only Australian city with a fully automated rapid transit metro system.[7][8] Despite extensive plans for an underground network in the past, disputes over privatisation and funding had hampered government approval, delaying its inception. In spite of difficulties getting the project off the ground, government approval for what was initially known as the North West Rail Link, Sydney's first underground metro, was given in 2013.

Freight
See also: Railways in Sydney
A Pacific National freight train

Freight services operate over most of the suburban railway lines in Sydney, however due to the high frequency of passenger services and the lack of freight only tracks, there is a curfew on freight movements during peak hours.[9]

The major interstate freight routes are the Main Southern and Main North lines, with the Illawarra and Main Western lines serving lineside industries and as alternate interstate routes. In the inner city area the Metropolitan Goods lines connects major freight terminals to the main passenger lines and the Southern Sydney Freight Line which runs parallel to the Main South line from the western end of the Metropolitan Goods lines to a point beyond the end of suburban services.[10] As of 2013, construction of the Northern Sydney Freight Corridor is under way. This is a series of projects along the Main Northern line between Sydney and Newcastle aimed at increasing the number of freight trains operating along the route.

The main traffic is containerised freight. The main intermodal terminals are at Camellia, Leightonfield, Yennora and Minto.[11] Interstate trains to Sydney terminals are up to 1500 metres long, while short-haul container trains from the terminals to the Port Botany seaport are around 600 metres long.[9] Coal services to Port Kembla are another major traffic. Freight operators include Crawfords Freightlines, Independent Rail, Pacific National, Qube Holdings and SCT Logistics.[12]

Trams and light rail
Main articles: Trams in Sydney and Light rail in Sydney
Light rail in the city centre

Sydney once had the Southern Hemisphere's largest tram network. Patronage peaked in 1945 at 405 million passenger journeys. The system was in place from 1861 until its winding down in the 1950s and eventual closure in 1961. It had a maximum street mileage of 291 km (181 miles) in 1923. A short heritage tramway operated by the Sydney Tramway Museum has linked Loftus railway station and the Royal National Park since the 1990s.

In 1997, a short light rail line between Central and Pyrmont opened, now known as the Dulwich Hill Line. The line was extended twice and is now 12.8 km long. A second line, passing through Sydney's CBD from Circular Quay to Randwick and Kingsford is currently under construction. The line opened in stages between December 2019 and April 2020. There is also a planned line running from Westmead station to Carlingford via Parramatta station, reusing part of the old single tracked Carlingford line. The line is due to open in 2023. A second line is also proposed to branch from Camelia to Strathfield via Sydney Olympic Park. The Parramatta light rail lines will have no connection to the Inner West light rail or the CBD and South East light rail lines.

Punctuality

The punctuality of Sydney's rail network has been highlighted, and an April 2017 news report stated that "The punctuality of intercity trains lags behind suburban trains, and there was an extended period of declining punctuality between 2011 and 2014".[13]

Ferry

Sydney Ferries
Sydney Ferry at Pyrmont Bay
Main article: Sydney Ferries

Sydney Ferries runs numerous commuter and tourist ferries on Sydney Harbour and the Parramatta River. Harbour ferries are used in equal measure by commuter and leisure users; Parramatta River ferries are overwhelmingly used for leisure and tourist trips. Sydney Ferries operates nine routes, with approximately 14,000,000 passengers per year.[14] Sydney Ferries operates from Circular Quay Ferry Terminal, a major transport hub in Sydney's central business district, with popular routes including services to the beachside suburb of Manly and to Taronga Zoo, a major tourist attraction. Sydney Ferries also operates sightseeing cruises for tourists.

The interior of a RiverCat ferry

Other passenger ferry operators

Several private sector companies run passenger ferries in the Sydney region. These include:

Vehicle ferries

Several car ferries form part of Sydney's road system. These ferries are controlled by a combination of the Roads and Maritime Services and local government, and are toll-free. They include:

Roads
Main articles: Highways in New South Wales and List of road routes in New South Wales
The M5 Motorway

In Sydney, an expansive network of various motorways and roads play a substantial and fundamental role, spurred by a high reliance on motoring as a means of transport.[15] Collectively, 160 kilometres of motorways, freeways and tolled roads serve the Greater Sydney area and on average, the majority of households rely on at least 1 or 2 cars as a means of transport.[16] However, despite this high reliance on roads, Sydney still maintains the highest rate of usage of public transport in Australia.[17]

The M4 Western Motorway in Western Sydney

The present highway network in Sydney and the rest of New South Wales, Australia was established in August 1928 when the Country Roads Board (the predecessor of the Department of Main Roads and the Roads and Traffic Authority) superseded the 1924 main road classifications and established the basis of the existing New South Wales (NSW) main road system. (the full list of main roads gazetted appears in the NSW Government Gazette of 17 August 1928). The number of a road for administrative purposes is not the same as the route number it carries e.g. the Great Western Highway is Highway 5 for administrative purposes but is signposted as part of route A32.)

Many major routes in New South Wales, including Sydney motorways and even some routes named as "highways" are not officially gazetted as highways. For a list of all numbered routes in New South Wales, see List of road routes in New South Wales.

While highways in many other countries are typically identified by number, highways in Australia, including New South Wales, are known mostly by names. These names typically come from 19th-century explorers, important politicians or geographic regions.

Major motorways and highways serving Greater Sydney include:

Cycling
Main article: Cycling in Sydney
Ofo rental bikes near St Peter's station

Cycling in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia takes place for recreation, commuting and as a sport. Sydney has a hilly topography and so may require a slightly higher level of fitness from cyclists than flatter cities such as Melbourne and Canberra. Sydney depends heavily on motor vehicles where traffic and public transport operate at capacity. This means that cyclist are often competing with motorists for limited space on busier roads, and for limited government resources for expenditure on road infrastructure.[18] In its favour, Sydney has a generally mild climate and there are active cycling groups. For the most part, cyclists ride on the road with motor vehicles (current regulations only permit cyclists under 16 years old to ride on the footpath.[19] Historically, bicycle infrastructure was largely constructed in areas for recreational riding or along shared paths such as in parks. Prior to the involvement of Jan Gehl, the City of Sydney created a Bicycle Action Plan in 2007,[20] part of which involved building physically separated cycleways. In May 2009, the first of these, a 200m stretch along King Street in the CBD opened.[21]

Taxis
Main article: Taxis in Australia
A Toyota Camry hybrid taxi

Sydney and the surrounding areas of New South Wales are served by around 6,000 taxis, and the industry employs over 22,700 taxi drivers,[22] the largest number of taxis and drivers in Australia.

In general, individual taxis are owned by small-scale operators who pay membership fees to regional or citywide radio communication networks. These networks provide branding as well as telephone and internet booking services to operators and drivers.

Fares are set by the Independent Pricing and Regulatory Tribunal of New South Wales (IPART). Other aspects of the industry are regulated by the Transport for New South Wales and the Roads & Maritime Services. The industry plays a self-regulating role through the New South Wales Taxi Council.

Vehicle operators are represented by the New South Wales Taxi Industry Association and, in country New South Wales, by the New South Wales Country Operators Association. Drivers are represented by the New South Wales Taxi Drivers Association. The New South Wales Transport Workers Union purports to represent taxi drivers. Most regional centres have a local taxi network.

Airports
Main article: Sydney Airport
Sydney Airport is in close proximity to the CBD

Sydney is primarily served by Sydney Airport, the busiest airport in Australia, serving up to 43 million international and domestic passengers on an annual basis.[23] An ever growing number of travellers passing through Sydney Airport has ultimately stressed its capacity, and subsequently, investment and construction for the new Western Sydney Airport in Badgerys Creek has taken place.

Additionally, the Greater Sydney region is also served by smaller domestic airports such as Bankstown Airport and Camden Airport which serve short distance and recreational flights from regional areas.

Sydney Public Transport statistics
Distribution map showing the percentage of the employed population who travel to work by bus only, according to the Australian census 2011.
Distribution map showing the percentage of the employed population who travel to work by train only, according to the 2011 census
Distribution map showing the percentage of the employed population who travel to work by ferry only, according to the Australian census 2011.

The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Sydney, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 82 min. 31% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 13 min, while 18% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 9 km, while 21% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.[24]

Patronage

The 2010s have seen major investment in Sydney's public transport infrastructure. The introduction of a metro network and a significant expansion of light rail will lead to a substantial change in the city's modal mix as these projects are completed.

2019–20 Transport for NSW patronage in Sydney by mode[25]

Metro		 18 892 000

Train		 282 022 000

Bus		 229 532 000

Ferry		 11 083 000

Light Rail		 12 374 000

See also

References
  1. "4102.0 - Australian Social Trends, 2008". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 23 July 2008. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
  2. Forster, Clive 1996 Australian Cities: Continuity and Change. Oxford University Press
  3. "Sydney's transport network lags Brisbane in global rankings". The Sydney Morning Herald. 30 October 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
  4. "Australian cities lag behind on key global competitiveness measure". News.com.au. 30 October 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
  5. Public Transport Users Association. "Fare Comparison". PTUA Survey. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
  6. 2000 "Bus Users in Sydney" Report from the Transport Data Centre, part of Transport NSW Archived 27 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine – provides state & private bus trips taken, total derived from that. "About Transport in New South Wales" page from Transport NSW Archived 27 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine – provides total trips taken (about 2 million), "about half" derived from that and total bus trips taken. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 27 March 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2013.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  7. "Sydney Metro: Info". sydneymetro.info. 13 July 2015.
  8. "Sydney Metro an Australian first". mondaq.com. 8 December 2009. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  9. Ian Imrie (29 July 2008). "Sharing tracks in Sydney". Railway Gazette. railwaygazette.com. Retrieved 16 August 2008.
  10. "Southern Sydney Freight Line Project". ssfl.artc.com.au. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2008.
  11. "Port Botany Rail Freight Strategy –". NSW Parliament: Questions Without Notice. parliament.nsw.gov.au. 31 May 2007. Retrieved 16 August 2008.
  12. "Sydney Ports – Rail Operations". sydneyports.com.au. Retrieved 16 August 2008.
  13. "Rail network needs to avoid peak crunch by 2019". govnews.com.au. April 2017.
  14. "Sydney Ferries". Transport for NSW. 7 December 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2013. In 2011-12, 173,329 ferry services were scheduled, carrying 14.7 million passengers.
  15. Giles-Corti, Billie; Arundel, Jonathan (10 April 2018). "Too many cars, too few supermarkets: how Australia's cities really stack up". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
  16. "Number of cars per household | City of Sydney | Community profile". profile.id.com.au. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
  17. O'Sullivan, Matt (23 October 2017). "Sydneysiders the nation's biggest users of public transport for work commute". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
  18. Smith, Alexandra (10 January 2008). "Money wasted on cyclists: NRMA". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  19. Cycling in New South Wales#Regulations
  20. "Bicycle Strategy and Action Plan". City of Sydney. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  21. Paul Bibby (4 May 2009). "Dedicated cycleway opens in the city after months of frustration". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
  22. "Ministerial Inquiry into the Taxi Industry", NSW Ministry of Transport (5 October 2004)
  23. "Top 10 busiest airports in Australia". AirMundo. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
  24. "Sydney Public Transportation Statistics". Global Public Transit Index by Moovit. Retrieved 19 June 2017. Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
  25. See Transport for NSW patronage in Sydney by mode for sources
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