Typhoon Rammasun (2002)

Typhoon Rammasun, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Florita, was the first of four typhoons to contribute to heavy rainfall and deadly flooding in the Philippines in July 2002. The fifth tropical cyclone of the 2002 Pacific typhoon season, Rammasun developed around the same time as Typhoon Chataan, only further to the west. The storm tracked northwestward toward Taiwan, and on July 2 it attained its peak intensity with winds of 160 km/h (100 mph). Rammasun turned northward, passing east of Taiwan and China. In Taiwan, the outer rainbands dropped rainfall that alleviated drought conditions. In China, the rainfall occurred after previously wet conditions, resulting in additional flooding, although damage was less than expected; there was about $85 million[nb 1] in crop and fishery damage in one province.

Typhoon Rammasun (Florita)
Typhoon (JMA scale)
Category 3 typhoon (SSHWS)
Typhoon Rammasun near peak intensity on July 3
FormedJune 28, 2002
DissipatedJuly 10, 2002
(Extratropical after July 8, 2002)
Highest winds10-minute sustained: 155 km/h (100 mph)
1-minute sustained: 205 km/h (125 mph)
Lowest pressure945 hPa (mbar); 27.91 inHg
Fatalities12 direct, 85 indirect
Damage$100 million (2002 USD)
Areas affectedPhilippines, Taiwan, China, Japan, South Korea, North Korea, Primorsky Krai
Part of the 2002 Pacific typhoon season

After affecting Taiwan and China, Rammasun began weakening due to an approaching trough, which turned the typhoon northeastward. It passed over the Japanese island of Miyako-jima and also produced strong winds in Okinawa. About 10,000 houses lost power on the island, and high surf killed two sailors. On the Japanese mainland, there was light crop damage and one serious injury. After weakening to a tropical storm, Rammasun passed just west of the South Korean island of Jeju-do, killing one person from high waves. The storm crossed the country, killing three others and leaving $9.5 million in damage. High rains also affected North Korea and Primorsky Krai in the Russian Far East.

Meteorological history
Map plotting the track and the intensity of the storm, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale

Toward the end of June, the monsoon trough extended across the western North Pacific Ocean just north of the equator, spawning two tropical disturbances. The easternmost one eventually developed into Typhoon Chataan, and the western disturbance persisted to the east of Palau with an associated area of convection. The system gradually organized, developing a weak circulation after wind shear steadily decreased.[1] Early on June 28, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) [nb 2] classified the system as a tropical depression near Yap in the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM).[2] At the same time, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) declared the system as Tropical Depression Florita,[1] and a few hours later the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC)[nb 3] initiated advisories on Tropical Depression 09W.[4]

After forming, the depression tracked northwestward, influenced by a ridge to the northeast, although it briefly turned to the northeast due to an increase in westerly winds; however, its northwest motion quickly resumed.[4] A trough over the Philippine Sea increased outflow over the depression, and the convection became better organized.[1] Early on June 29, the JMA upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm Rammasun.[2] While moving northwestward, the circulation initially remained broad and disorganized, located east of the cycling convection. However, Rammasun steadily intensified, and an eye developed on July 1.[1] That day, the JMA and the JTWC upgraded the storm to a typhoon about 930 km (575 mi) east of Luzon in the Philippines.[2][4] The typhoon continued strengthening, developing concentric eyewalls with well-defined rainbands.[1] At 1500 UTC on July 2, the JMA estimated peak 10 minute sustained winds of 160 km/h (100 mph).[2] Early on July 3, the JTWC estimated 1 minute sustained winds of 205 km/h (125 mph) about 350 km (220 mi) south-southeast of Okinawa, or 510 km (315 mi) southeast of Taiwan.[1]

While at peak intensity, Rammasun turned northward, steered around the subtropical ridge to its east,[1] and early on July 3 it struck the Japanese island of Miyako-jima.[2] A stationary trough over China weakened the convection on the western periphery of the typhoon, and the eye gradually became less organized.[1] On July 4, Rammasun began weakening,[2] and by 0000 UTC on July 5 it was located about 280 km (175 mi) east-northeast of Shanghai as a minimal typhoon.[1] Shortly thereafter, Rammasun weakened to tropical stom status.[2] An approaching trough caused the storm to accelerate to the northeast, which weakened the convection and left the circulation exposed.[1] Around 2200 UTC on July 5, Rammasun made landfall in South Korea,[2] near Seosan or about 70 km (45 mi) northwest of the country’s capital of Seoul.[4] The JTWC estimated that the landfall intensity was around 65 km/h (40 mph). The storm quickly crossed the country,[1] and although the JTWC considered Rammasun dissipated early on July 6 over the country,[4] the JMA continued tracking the storm toward the northeast, declaring the storm extratropical at 1200 UTC that day. Early on July 8, the JMA reported that the remnants of Rammasun dissipated to the south of Vladivostok.[2]

Preparations and impact
Typhoon Rammasun in the East China Sea on July 4

As Rammasun moved away from the Philippines, it enhanced the monsoon and produced rainfall and flooding. Several landslides were reported, and more than 3,000 people had to evacuate.[5] Subsequent storms also enhanced the monsoon, and combined with the effects from Typhoon Chataan, Severe Tropical Storm Nakri, and Typhoon Halong, there were 85 deaths, with 45 people injured in the Philippines. The combined damage in the country totaled $10.3 million (₱522 million 2002 PHP).[nb 4][7]

Before the typhoon affected Taiwan, residents in Taipei prepared sand bags,[8] and President Chen Shui-bian ordered the military to be on standby to assist in the storm's aftermath.[9] Taiwan's Central Weather Bureau issued an offshore typhoon warning on July 2, prompting officials to cancel ferry service and restrict water activities in Kenting National Park.[10] After an extended drought that resulted in water restrictions for two months, the typhoon dropped rainfall across the country.[11] In Miaoli County, Rammasun dropped 681 mm (26.8 in) of rainfall, the highest total on the island.[1] The rains caused landslides in two villages, although damage was minor.[12] On July 4, the water restrictions were removed island-wide, with the exception of Taipei;[13] the city's restriction was removed a day later after determining that the Feitsui Dam and the Shihmen Dam reached levels approaching their full capacity.[14]

In contrast to the previously dry conditions on Taiwan, eastern China was experiencing above-normal rainfall, and many reservoirs were near capacity when Rammasun was approaching the region.[15] While paralleling the eastern coast of China, Rammasun dropped heavy rainfall that reached 225 mm (8.9 in) in Ningbo, and wind gusts peaked at 165 km/h (102 mph) in eastern Zhejiang.[1] Officials canceled 200 flights either departing or arriving from Shanghai Pudong International Airport.[16] High winds destroyed a migrant worker village in Shanghai, killing five people. The winds damaged a building that was under construction, injuring 44 people.[17] A woman was killed in Chongming when winds knocked a wall onto her.[18] Rammasun downed trees and caused power outages in the region, and storm flooding forced over 2,700 people to evacuate.[17] High winds left about $85 million in agriculture and aquaculture damage in Zhejiang; however, damage was less than expected due to the storm remaining offshore.[19]

Striking the Japanese island of Miyako-jima, the typhoon produced peak wind gusts of 169 km/h (105 mph) while in the eyewall, with sustained winds of 93 km/h (58 mph).[1] Similarly strong winds were reported near Okinawa,[1] reaching 90 km/h (56 mph).[20] High seas from the typhoon killed two United States Navy sailors.[4] In Okinawa, Rammasun left about 10,000 houses without power.[21] Two people were injured in the country, one of them severely. A station in Miyazaki Prefecture on the Japanese island of Kyushu reported the highest rainfall associated with Rammasun, with a total of 290 mm (11 in). One house in the country was damaged due to the typhoon,[20] and there was at least one report of a landslide. Crop damage in the country totaled $4.4 million (¥896 million 2002 JPY).[nb 5][22][23] The threat of the storm prompted officials to cancel 61 airplane flights.[24]

Typhoon Rammasun passed a short distance west of Jeju-do, an island offshore South Korea,[4] dropping more than 300 mm (12 in) of rainfall.[25] High surf killed one person on the island,[17] and officials restricted access to Hallasan mountain and all parks.[26] Seven boats were damaged, and many roads on the island were flooded.[27] Before Rammasun struck the South Korean mainland, airline officials canceled 167 flights.[16] There were three deaths on the mainland,[4] including one boy who drowned in floodwaters.[28] Damage in the country totaled $9.5 million,[4] much of it property damage; there was also damage to the rice crop.[5] Rainfall extended into neighboring North Korea, damaging rice and maize.[29] Later, Rammasun brought the average monthly rainfall in only two days in portions of Primorsky Krai, causing flooding along roads and riverways.[30]

Notes
  1. All damage totals are in 2002 United States dollars unless otherwise noted.
  2. The Japan Meteorological Agency is the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the western Pacific Ocean.[2]
  3. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center is a joint United States Navy – United States Air Force task force that issues tropical cyclone warnings for the western Pacific Ocean and other regions.[3]
  4. The total was originally reported in Philippine pesos. Total converted via the Oanda Corporation website.[6]
  5. The total was originally reported in Yen. Total converted via the Oanda Corporation website.[6]

References
  1. Gary Padgett (2002). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary July 2002". Australia Severe Weather. Retrieved 2012-10-02.
  2. Annual Report on Activities of the RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Center 2002 (PDF) (Report). Japan Meteorological Agency. p. 13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-14. Retrieved 2012-08-27.
  3. "Joint Typhoon Warning Center Mission Statement". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 2011. Archived from the original on 2007-07-26. Retrieved 2012-07-25.
  4. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Typhoon (TY) 09W (Rammasun) (PDF) (Report). United States Navy. Retrieved 2012-10-02.
  5. "Four dead in Korean storm chaos". CNN.com. 2002-07-07. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  6. "Historical Exchange Rates". Oanda Corporation. 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-31.
  7. Typhoon "Florita" (Report). Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. Archived from the original on 2012-10-28. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
  8. Victor Lai (2002-07-02). "Cabinet Sets Up Typhoon Task Force". Central News Agency. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  9. Deborah Kuo (2002-07-02). "President Praises Military for Patriotism". Central News Agency. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  10. Victor Lai (2002-07-02). "Taiwan's First Typhoon Warning This Year Issued". Central News Agency. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  11. "Typhoon Rammasun ditches downpours before whirling away from Taiwan". Agence France-Presse. 2002-07-04. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  12. "Typhoon veers away from Taiwan, heavy rains relieve drought". Associated Press. 2002-07-04. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  13. Duncan Innes-Ker (2002-07-05). "Water Crisis Eases After Downpour". World Markets Analysis.
  14. Flor Wang (2002-07-05). "Water Restrictions in Taipei, Taoyuan Lifted". Central News Agency. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  15. "China warned to prepare for even worse flooding". Agence France-Presse. 2002-07-03. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  16. "Korea braces for double typhoon hit". CNN.com. 2002-07-05. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  17. Ted Anthony (2002-07-05). "Storm sweeps China's east coast, killing five people in migrant-worker village". Associated Press. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  18. "Death toll rises as twin typhoons ravage Asia". Agence France-Presse. 2002-07-05. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  19. "Typhoon hits China's Zhejiang province, inflicts limited damage". Channel NewsAsia. 2002-07-05. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  20. Digital Typhoon. Typhoon 200205 (Rammasun) - Disaster Information (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved 2012-10-04.
  21. "Typhoon Rammasun hits Japanese island". Channel NewsAsia. 2002-07-04. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  22. Digital Typhoon. Weather Disaster Report (2002-936-04) (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved 2012-10-04.
  23. Digital Typhoon. Weather Disaster Report (2002-927-03) (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved 2012-10-04.
  24. Digital Typhoon. Weather Disaster Report (2002-817-04) (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved 2012-10-04.
  25. Ted Anthony (2002-07-05). "Storm sweeps China's east coast, killing five people in migrant-worker village". Associated Press. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  26. "Typhoon Rammasun Gets Closer". The Korea Times. 2002-07-05. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  27. "Typhoon hits Korea, one person missing". Channel NewsAsia. 2002-07-05. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  28. "Tropical storm buffets South Korea". Associated Press. 2002-07-05. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  29. "Table tennis ball-sized hails hit North Korea: report". Agence France-Presse. 2002-07-09. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  30. "Chataan Typhoon is Heading for Sakhalin and the Kurils". RIA Novosti. 2002-07-11. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
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