USS Cyclops (AC-4)

USS Cyclops (AC-4) was the second of four Proteus-class colliers built for the United States Navy several years before World War I. Named for the Cyclops, a primordial race of giants from Greek mythology, she was the second U.S. Naval vessel to bear the name. The loss of the ship and 306 crew and passengers without a trace some time after 4 March 1918 remains the single largest loss of life in U.S. Naval history not directly involving combat. As it was wartime, she was thought to have been captured or sunk by a German raider or submarine, because she was carrying 10,800 long tons (11,000 t) of manganese ore used to produce munitions, but German authorities at the time, and subsequently, denied any knowledge of the vessel.[1] The Naval History & Heritage Command has stated she "probably sank in an unexpected storm",[2] but the ultimate cause of the ship's loss is not known.

For other ships with the same name, see USS Cyclops.

USS Cyclops (AC-4)
USS Cyclops on the Hudson River in 1911.
History
 United States
Name: Cyclops
Namesake: Cyclops
Builder: William Cramp & Sons, Philadelphia
Yard number: 355
Launched: 7 May 1910
Commissioned: 1 May 1917
Fate: Lost at sea, March 1918, or sunk by Imperial German Navy near St. Kitts
General characteristics
Class and type: Proteus-class collier
Displacement: 19,360 long tons (19,670 t) full
Length: 542 ft (165 m)
Beam: 65 ft (20 m)
Draft: 27 ft 8 in (8.43 m)
Speed: 15 kn (28 km/h; 17 mph)
Complement: 236 officers and enlisted
Armament: 4 × 4 in (100 mm) guns

History

Cyclops was launched on 7 May 1910, by William Cramp & Sons of Philadelphia and placed in service on 7 November 1910, with Lieutenant Commander George Worley, Master, Naval Auxiliary Service, in command. Operating with the Naval Auxiliary Service, Atlantic Fleet, she voyaged in the Baltic from May to July 1911 to supply Second Division ships. Returning to Norfolk, Virginia, she operated on the east coast from Newport, Rhode Island, to the Caribbean, servicing the fleet. During the United States occupation of Veracruz in Mexico in 1914–1915, she coaled ships on patrol there and received the thanks of the U.S. State Department for cooperation in evacuating refugees.

With American entry into World War I, Cyclops was commissioned on 1 May 1917, with Lieutenant Commander George W. Worley in command. She joined a convoy for Saint-Nazaire, France, in June 1917, returning to the U.S. in July. Except for a voyage to Halifax, Nova Scotia, she served along the East Coast until 9 January 1918, when she was assigned to the Naval Overseas Transportation Service. She then sailed to Brazilian waters to fuel British ships in the South Atlantic, receiving the thanks of the U.S. State Department and Commander-in-Chief, Pacific.[3][4]

Disappearance

The ship put to sea from Rio de Janeiro on 16 February 1918, and entered Salvador on 20 February. Two days later, she departed for Baltimore, Maryland, with no stops scheduled, carrying the manganese ore. The ship was thought to be overloaded when she left Brazil, as her maximum capacity was 8,000 long tons (8,100 t). Before leaving port, Commander Worley had submitted a report that the starboard engine had a cracked cylinder and was not operative. This report was confirmed by a survey board, which recommended, however, that the ship be returned to the United States. She made an unscheduled stop in Barbados because the water level was over the Plimsoll line, indicating that it was overloaded,[1] but investigations in Rio proved the ship had been loaded and secured properly.[5] Cyclops then set out for Baltimore on 4 March, and was rumored to have been sighted on 9 March by the molasses tanker Amolco near Virginia,[1] but this was denied by Amolco's captain.[6][7]Additionally, because Cyclops was not due in Baltimore until 13 March,[8] the ship was highly unlikely to have been near Virginia on 9 March, as that location would have placed her only about a day from Baltimore. In any event, Cyclops never made it to Baltimore, and no wreckage of her has ever been found.[9][10]

Reports indicate that on 10 March, the day after the ship was rumored to have been sighted by Amolco, a violent storm swept through the Virginia Capes area. While some suggest that the combination of the overloaded condition, engine trouble, and bad weather may have conspired to sink Cyclops,[1] an extensive naval investigation concluded: "Many theories have been advanced, but none that satisfactorily accounts for her disappearance."[5] This summation was written, however, before two of Cyclops's sister ships, Proteus and Nereus, vanished at sea during World War II. Both ships were transporting heavy loads of metallic ore similar to that which was loaded on Cyclops during her fatal voyage. In both cases, their loss was theorized to have been the result of catastrophic structural failure,[11] but a more outlandish theory attributes all three vessels' disappearances to the Bermuda Triangle.[12]

Rear Admiral George van Deurs suggested that the loss of Cyclops could be owing to structural failure, as her sister ships suffered from issues where the I-beams that ran the length of the ship had eroded due to the corrosive nature of some of the cargo carried. This was observed definitively on USS Jason, and is believed to have contributed to the sinking of another similar freighter, Chuky, which snapped in two in calm seas. Moreover, Cyclops may have hit a storm with 30–40-knot (56–74 km/h; 35–46 mph) winds. These would have resulted in waves just far enough apart to leave the bow and stern supported on the peaks of successive waves, but with the middle unsupported, resulting in extra strain on the already weakened central area.[13][14]

On 1 June 1918, Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt declared Cyclops to be officially lost, and all hands deceased.[15] One of the seamen lost aboard Cyclops was African-American mess attendant Lewis H. Hardwick, the father of Herbert Lewis Hardwick, "The Cocoa Kid", an Afro-Puerto Rican welterweight boxer who was a top contender in the 1930s and 1940s, who won the world colored welterweight and world colored middleweight championships.[16] In 1918, a short summary of the loss of Cyclops was listed in the U.S. Navy Annual Report.[17]

For a BBC Radio 4 documentary, Tom Mangold had an expert from Lloyds investigate the loss of Cyclops. The expert noted that manganese ore, being much denser than coal, had room to move within the holds even when fully laden, the hatch covers were canvas, and that when wet, the ore can become a slurry. As such, the load could shift and cause the ship to list. Combined with a possible loss of power from its one engine, it could founder in bad weather.[18]

The captain
Lieutenant Commander George W. Worley, United States Naval Reserve

Investigations by the Office of Naval Intelligence revealed that Captain Worley was born Johan Frederick Wichmann in Sandstedt, Hanover, Germany in 1862 (the official Navy Register lists his date of birth as 11 December 1865), and that he had entered America by jumping ship in San Francisco in 1878. By 1898, he had changed his name to Worley (after a seaman friend), and owned and operated a saloon in San Francisco's Barbary Coast. He also got help from brothers, whom he had convinced to emigrate. During this time, he had qualified for the position of ship's master, and had commanded several civilian merchant ships, picking up and delivering cargo (both legal and illegal; some accounts say opium) from the Far East to San Francisco. Unfortunately, the crews of these ships reported that Worley suffered from a personality allegedly akin to that sometimes ascribed to HMS Bounty's captain William Bligh, with the crew often being brutalized by Worley for trivial things. Worley was commissioned as a lieutenant commander in the Naval Auxiliary Reserve on 21 February 1917.[19]

Naval investigators discovered information from former crew members about Worley's habits. He would berate and curse officers and men for minor offenses, sometimes getting violent; at one point, he had allegedly chased an ensign about the ship with a pistol. Saner times found him making his rounds about the ship dressed in long underwear and a derby hat.[20] Worley sometimes would have an inexperienced officer in charge of loading cargo on the ship while the more experienced man was confined to quarters. In Rio de Janeiro, one such man was assigned to oversee the loading of manganese ore, something a collier was not used to carrying, and in this instance the ship was overloaded, which may have contributed to her sinking. The most serious accusation against Worley was that he was pro-German in wartime and may have colluded with the enemy; indeed, his closest friends and associates were either German or Americans of German descent. "Many Germanic names appear," Livingston stated, speculating that the ship had many German sympathizers on board. One of the passengers on the final voyage was Alfred Louis Moreau Gottschalk, the consul-general in Rio de Janeiro, who was as roundly hated for his pro-German sympathies, as was Worley. Livingston stated he believed Gottschalk may have been directly involved in collaborating with Worley on handing the ship over to the Germans.[21] After World War I, German records were checked to ascertain the fate of Cyclops, whether by Worley's hand or by submarine attack. Nothing was found.

Near the time the search for Cyclops was called off, a telegram was received by the State Department from Charles Ludlow Livingston, the U.S. consul on Barbados:

Secretary of State
Washington, D.C.
17,, 2 April p.m.
Department's 15th. Confidential. Master CYCLOPS stated that required six hundred tons coal having sufficient on board to reach Bermuda. Engines very poor condition. Not sufficient funds and therefore requested payment by me. Unusually reticent. I have ascertained he took here ton fresh meat, ton flour, thousand pounds vegetables, paying therefore 775 dollars. From different sources gather the following: he had plenty of coal, alleged inferior, took coal to mix, probably had more than fifteen hundred tons. Master alluded to by others as damned Dutchman, apparently disliked by other officers. Rumored disturbances en route hither, men confined and one executed; also had some prisoners from the fleet in Brazilian waters, one life sentence. United States Consul-General Gottschalk passenger, 231 crew exclusive of officers and passengers. Have names of crew but not of all the officers and passengers. Many Germanic names appear. Number telegraphic or wireless messages addressed to master or in care of ship were delivered at this port. All telegrams for Barbados on file head office St. Thomas. I have to suggest scrutiny there. While not having any definite grounds I fear fate worse than sinking though possibly based on instinctive dislike felt towards master.
LIVINGSTON, CONSUL.[22]

Some reports attribute the telegram to Brockholst Livingston, but he was actually the 13-year-old son of the consul.[23]

Sister ships

Cyclops had three sister ships, all commissioned in 1913, which were all ill-fated.

  • USS Jupiter was converted to an aircraft carrier between 1920 and 1922 and was recommissioned as USS Langley. Langley was the first American aircraft carrier and was vital in developing United States naval aviation capabilities. She was converted again between 1936 and 1937 as a seaplane tender and redesignated as AV-3. She was stationed in the Philippines in December 1941 and departed for Australia following the Japanese attacks on Pearl Harbor and the Philippines. On 27 February 1942, while ferrying fighter planes to Southeast Asia, she was attacked by Japanese aircraft and was hit by five bombs, causing critical damage. After her surviving crew members were rescued, Langley was scuttled by torpedoes fired by her escorting destroyers.[24]
  • USS Proteus was sold on 8 March 1941, became part of the Canadian Merchant Navy, and was lost at sea without a trace, probably in or near the Caribbean Sea, sometime after 25 November 1941.[25]
  • USS Nereus was sold to the Aluminium Company of Canada on 27 February 1941. She was lost without a trace after departing Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, on 10 December 1941, with a load of bauxite ore (for making aluminum).[26]

USS Cyclops in fiction

In 1986 Clive Cussler's Dirk Pitt novel Cyclops has Pitt finding the wreck of USS Cyclops.

See also

References
  1. Reck, Alfred P. (June 1929). "Strangest American Sea Mystery is Solved at Last". Popular Science: 15–17. Retrieved 8 July 2009. In this article, Amolco was erroneously called Amalco.
  2. "Bermuda Triangle". Naval History & Heritage Command. United States Navy. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  3. USS Cyclops
  4. USS Henry R. Mallory
  5. Quasar, Gian J. "USS Cyclops (page 3)". Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  6. Quasar, Gian J. "Frequently Asked Questions". Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  7. However, see The Washington Times 19 April 1918, page 11, column 2
  8. Quasar, Gian J. "USS Cyclops (page 2)". Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  9. USN Ships–USS Cyclops (1910–1918)
  10. What possibly could have been wreckage of the Cyclops may have been accidently found in 1968 NUMA report
  11. Canadian Merchant Ship Losses of the Second World War, 1939–1945
  12. Eyers, Jonathan (2011). Don't Shoot the Albatross!: Nautical Myths and Superstitions. A&C Black, London, UK. ISBN 978-1-4081-3131-2.
  13. Harris, John (1981). Without Trace. Bungay, Suffolk: Richard Clay ltd. pp. 179–182.
  14. In 1929 the Popular Mechanics story research found that the Cyclops had probably been lost in a storm. Separately Larry Kusche author of "The Bermuda Triangle Mystery-Solved" [1975] came to the same conclusion.
  15. Cutler, Thomas J. (2005). A sailor's history of the U.S. Navy. Naval Institute Press. p. 199. ISBN 978-1-59114-151-8. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  16. Toledo, Springs. "Just Watch Mah Smoke Part 1: Lost at Sea". The Sweet Science. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  17. United States Navy Dept (1918). Annual Reports of the Navy Department: Report of the Secretary of the Navy. Miscellaneous reports. U.S. Government Printing Office.
  18. Mangold, Tom Inside the Bermuda Triangle: the Mysteries Solved BBC Radio 4 2009.
  19. US Navy Register of Commissioned Officers. 1918. pg. 336.
  20. Rosenberg, Howard L. (June 1974). "Bermuda Triangle". Sealift. United States Navy. pp. 11–15. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  21. Letter on Gottschalk Archived 29 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  22. Telegram Archived 29 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  23. Barrash, Marvin. (2010). U.S.S. Cyclops. Westminster, MD: Heritage Books, Inc. Archived 9 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 0-7884-5186-3
  24. "USS Langley (CV-1)". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command.
  25. "USS Proteus (AC-9)". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command.
  26. "USS Nereus (AC-10)". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command.

Sources

Newspapers
  • "Cold High Winds Do $25,000 Damage'" Washington Post, 11 March 1918
  • "Collier Overdue A Month", The New York Times, 15 April 1918
  • "More Ships Hunt For Missing Cyclops", The New York Times, 16 April 1918
  • "Haven't Given Up Hope For Cyclops", The New York Times, 17 April 1918
  • "Collier Cyclops Is Lost; 293 Persons on Board; Enemy Blow Suspected", The Washington Post, 15 April 1918
  • "U.S. Consul Gottschalk Coming To Enter The War", The Washington Post, 15 April 1918
  • "Cyclops Skipper Teuton, 'Tis Said", The Washington Post, 16 April 1918
  • "Fate of Ship Baffles", The Washington Post, 16 April 1918
  • "Steamer Met Gale on Cyclops' Course", The Washington Post, 19 April 1918

After 1918

Further reading
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