Uija of Baekje

Uija of Baekje (599?–660, r. 641[1]–660) was the 31st and final ruler of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. His reign ended when Baekje was conquered by an alliance of the rival Korean kingdom Silla and China's Tang dynasty.

Uija of Baekje
Hangul
의자왕
Hanja
義慈王
Revised RomanizationUija-wang
McCune–ReischauerŬija-wang
Monarchs of Korea
Baekje
  1. Onjo 18 BCE–28 CE
  2. Daru 28–77
  3. Giru 77–128
  4. Gaeru 128–166
  5. Chogo 166–214
  6. Gusu 214–234
  7. Saban 234
  8. Goi 234–286
  9. Chaekgye 286–298
  10. Bunseo 298–304
  11. Biryu 304–344
  12. Gye 344–346
  13. Geunchogo 346–375
  14. Geungusu 375–384
  15. Chimnyu 384–385
  16. Jinsa 385–392
  17. Asin 392–405
  18. Jeonji 405–420
  19. Guisin 420–427
  20. Biyu 427–455
  21. Gaero 455–475
  22. Munju 475–477
  23. Samgeun 477–479
  24. Dongseong 479–501
  25. Muryeong 501–523
  26. Seong 523–554
  27. Wideok 554–598
  28. Hye 598–599
  29. Beop 599–600
  30. Mu 600–641
  31. Uija 641–660

Background

During this time, the northern Korean kingdom of Goguryeo, under the control of Yeon Gaesomun, took aggressive stances against Silla and the Tang. Silla responded by eventually allying closely with Tang China, threatening Baekje in the middle.

According to the Samguk Sagi, Uija was the eldest son of King Mu. According to a legend in the Samguk Yusa, Mu was a Baekje peasant who married Princess Seonhwa of Silla (making her Uija's mother), but this is not considered orthodox history. Uija was made crown prince in January 632 and became king upon his father's death in 641.

Reign

Although friendly with Tang China at first, Uija soon allied with Goguryeo to attack Silla. In 642, he led a campaign against Silla and conquered some 40 castles.[2] He also sent a force of 10,000 to take Silla's Daeya Fortress and kill Kim Chunchu's daughter and son-in-law. The next year, with Goguryeo, Baekje attacked Silla again and tried to block its diplomatic route to Tang China. When Silla-Tang forces attacked Goguryeo in 645, he attacked Silla and took seven castles. Baekje and Goguryeo hit Silla's northern border in 655.

Soon upon becoming king, Uija undertook political reform to control the powers of the aristocracy. However, his reign was plagued by the internal power struggle among the nobles and corruption and decadence within the court.

As the court fell into disarray, the Silla-Tang alliance, repeatedly frustrated by Goguryeo's Yeon Gaesomun, changed strategy and decided to attack Goguryeo's ally Baekje first.

Fall of Baekje

In 660, Baekje's navy was defeated by Tang's navy, and Silla's army led by Kim Yu-sin defeated Baekje's army led by Gye Baek. Sabi, Baekje's capital, (in present-day Buyeo, Chungcheongnam-do) was surrounded by the Silla-Tang allied forces. Uija and the crown prince escaped to Ungjin (in present-day Gongju), but surrendered when Sabi fell.

He was taken to Tang along with his sons Buyeo Hyo and Buyeo Yung, 88 retainers, and 12,807 Baekje peasants. Another of his sons, Buyeo Pung, later attempted to restore his father's kingdom.

In 2000, his remains were retrieved from China and buried in a new tomb in Neungsan-ri, Buyeo-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, South Korea, near what was Baekje's final capital, Sabi.

Uija was his personal name; he did not receive a posthumous name.

Family
  • Father: Mu of Baekje
  • Mother: Lady Sataek (沙宅王后, ?–642) – daughter of Minister Sataek Jeokdeok (沙宅積德), later became the Empress Dowager Munjeong (文貞太后, 문정태후) during her son's reign.
    • Half brother: Buyeo Gyogi (扶餘翹岐, ?–?) – banished to Japan in 642 along with 40 noblemen and his mother and sister.
    • Queen: Eun'go (穆王后, 恩古) – the wife of Uija is mentioned only in the Japanese Nihon Shoki which claims she was a big reason for Baekje's downfall.
      • Buyeo Yung (扶餘隆, 615–682) – first son, appointed crown prince in 644. He changed his surname to Seo and is known as the progenitor of Buyeo Seo Clan (부여 서씨/扶餘徐氏). He was exiled to China with his father and brothers and died in Luoyang, China. Called Fuyu Ryū in Japan.
      • Buyeo Tae (扶餘泰, ?–?) – second son, exiled to China with father.
      • Buyeo Hyo (扶餘孝, ?–?) – exiled to China with father.
      • Buyeo Yeon (扶餘演, ?–?) – exiled to China with father
      • Buyeo Seon'gwang (Zenkō) (扶餘善光, 621–687) – sent as hostage to Japan in 643 with older brother Pung but he stayed in Japan and was called "Zenkō" and became ancestor of the Kudara no Konikishi clan.
      • Buyeo Pung (扶餘豊, 623–668) – sent as hostage to Japan in 643 with younger brother where they called him Fuyu Hōshō but returned to recover Baekje. Declared king by Gwisil Boksin under the name King Pungjang (豊璋王) but was soon captured and exiled to Southern China.
        • Buyeo Sa (扶餘絲, ?–?) – son of Buyeo Pung who escaped to Japan but was assassinated by Silla agents but is the ancestor of several Japanese clans. He was called Teika-Ō (禎嘉王) in Japan.
      • Buyeo Yong (扶餘勇, ?–?) – led the Baekje revolutionary army along with his brother Pung but was defeated and exiled.
      • Buyeo Chung'seung (扶餘忠勝, ?–?) – took part in the revival movement, fate unknown.
      • Buyeo Chungji (扶餘忠志, ?–?) – took part in the revival movement, fate unknown.

See also

References
  1. The translators of Il-yeon: Samguk Yusa: Legends and History of the Three Kingdoms of Ancient Korea, translated by Tae-Hung Ha and Grafton K. Mintz, Book One (Silk Pagoda, 2006), 66. ISBN 1-59654-348-5
  2. Whiting, Marvin C. Imperial Chinese Military History: 8000 BC-1912 AD. iUniverse. p. 257. ISBN 9780595221349. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
Uija of Baekje
Cadet branch of the House of Go
Born: c. 599 Died: 660
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Mu		 King of Baekje
641–660		 Succeeded by
Buyeo Pung
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