Upheaval Dome

Upheaval Dome is an impact structure, the deeply eroded bottom-most remnants of an impact crater, in Canyonlands National Park southwest of the city of Moab, Utah, in the United States.[1] The crater is located in the Island in the Sky section of the park, and is approximately 42 miles (68 km) by vehicle from Moab.

Upheaval Dome
Oblique aerial view of Upheaval Dome, 2012
Impact crater/structure
ConfidenceConfirmed
Diameter10 km (6.2 mi)
Age<170 Ma
Middle Jurassic or younger
ExposedYes
DrilledYes
Location
LocationCanyonlands National Park
Coordinates38°26′13″N 109°55′45″W
Country United States
StateUtah
DistrictSan Juan County
Location of Upheaval Dome in Utah
Upheaval Dome (Utah)

Description
Aerial orthophoto, 2011. Note scale at lower right.

Upheaval Dome is approximately 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) in diameter and the crater is known to be less than 170 million years old (Jurassic or younger, but how much younger is not established.) The crater is clearly visible on the surface as bright brown and black concentric rings.

Stratigraphically, the oldest formation exposed in the center of the dome is the Permian Organ Rock Shale. This is overlain by the Permian White Rim Sandstone. Both are sometimes considered part of the Cutler Formation. Overlying these are the Triassic Moenkopi Formation (which is bounded top and bottom by unconformities), the Chinle Formation, the cliff-forming Wingate Sandstone, the Kayenta Formation, and the crossbedded Triassic-Jurassic Navajo Sandstone.[2]

Structurally, the dome is anomalous. Most of the rock strata of Canyonlands National Park are flat-lying or gently dipping. The center of the structure is a true dome. Some strata near the center are nearly vertical in orientation. Dips of 70 degrees have been measured in the Kayenta Formation on the U-shaped plateau surrounding the center of the structure. A syncline surrounds the center, where the axis forms a complete circle approximately two miles across. The syncline is primarily visible in the Navajo Sandstone. Another anticline has been mapped to the north of this ring syncline, which is also concentric with it.[2]

There were two well-known theories as to the origin of the upheaval. One theory was the upheaval is a salt dome, an anticlinal structure which occurs when a salt diapir is pushed up by the weight of overlying rocks.

The other theory is an eroded impact crater, like the much younger Meteor Crater near Winslow, Arizona. In the 1990s, a team of geologists and seismologists from NASA and the University of Nevada at Reno performed a detailed study that included seismic refraction and rock mapping. The results of this study support the meteorite theory.[1][3] In 2008, it was announced that shocked quartz was discovered.[4] This confirmed the meteor impact theory because the rocks were subjected to high pressures only possible in an impact or a nuclear explosion.[5]

  • Oblique air photo facing southeast from about 30,000 ft.
  • Upheaval Dome as seen from the rim of the crater.
  • Syncline in Navajo Sandstone visible from the Syncline Campsite on the northwest side of the structure, facing south
  • Steeply dipping rock strata near the center of the dome
Panoramic photo of the dome taken from the second overlook point on the Upheaval Dome overlook trail

References
  1. Earth Impact DB - Upheaval Dome
  2. Geologic Map of Canyonlands National Park and Vicinity, Utah, 1982 Edition, by P. W. Huntoon et al. Scale: 1:62500 (map)
  3. Kriens, Bryan J; Eugene M Shoemaker; Ken E Herkenhop (1998-04-16). "Geology of the Upheaval Dome Impact Structure, Southeast Utah" (PDF). NASA JPL. Retrieved 2009-10-01.
  4. O'Hanlon, Larry (2008-03-11). "Utah Crater Mystery Cracked". Discovery News. Discovery Channel. Archived from the original on 2012-11-30. Retrieved 2009-10-01.
  5. French, Bevan M. (1998). Traces of Catastrophe: A Handbook of Shock-Metamorphic Effects in Terrestrial Meteorite Impact Structures. Lunar and Planetary Institute. Retrieved 2009-08-20.
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