Upper Marlboro, Maryland

Upper Marlboro, officially the Town of Upper Marlboro, is the seat of Prince George's County, Maryland, United States.[6] The population within the town limits was 631 at the 2010 U.S. Census,[7] although Greater Upper Marlboro is many times larger.

Not to be confused with Greater Upper Marlboro, Maryland.

Upper Marlboro, Maryland
Town
Town of Upper Marlboro
The Upper Marlboro courthouse under renovation in 2008.
Seal
Location of Upper Marlboro, Maryland
Coordinates: 38°48′59″N 76°45′12″W
Country United States
State Maryland
County Prince George's
Settled1695
Established1706 (as Marlborough Town)
Replatted1744 (as Upper Marlborough)
Incorporated1870[1]
Founded byKingdom of England
Named forJohn Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough
Government
 • TypeCommission[2]
Area
 • Total0.43 sq mi (1.12 km2)
 • Land0.41 sq mi (1.06 km2)
 • Water0.02 sq mi (0.06 km2)
Elevation
23 ft (7 m)
Population
 • Total631
 • Estimate 
(2019)[5]
673
 • Density1,637.47/sq mi (632.85/km2)
Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)
ZIP codes
20772, 20773, 20792
Area code(s)301
FIPS code24-79875
GNIS feature ID0598208
Websitewww.uppermarlboromd.gov

Etymology

Upper Marlboro was established in 1706 as "Marlborough Town", after John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough. In 1744, the town was renamed to "Upper Marlborough". In the late 19th century, the town's name changed from Upper Marlborough to Upper Marlboro. The name change is linked to a postal clerk who felt that the last three letters, "ugh", did not properly fit on the rubber stamps being used at the time. By 1893, postal guides were referring to the town as Upper Marlboro and the name stuck, despite a proposed ballot to have it changed back in 1968.

History
The main entrance to the Prince George's County courthouse in December 2008.
The Three Horse Statue featured prominently in front of the county courthouse in December 2008.

The area of Upper Marlboro was first settled around 1695. It was named after John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, an ancestor of Winston Churchill. The land, which was to become the town, was part of several estates known as Grove Landing, Meadows, and Darnall's Chance, owned by the Brooke, Beall, and Darnall families, respectively.

Darnall's Chance, also known as the Buck House, Buck-Wardrop House, or James Wardrop House, is a historic home located at 14800 Governor Oden Bowie Drive, in Upper Marlboro. It is named after Colonel Henry Darnall, a wealthy Roman Catholic planter, who was the Proprietary Agent of Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore and who served for a time as Deputy Governor of the Province. The house itself was built c. 1742 by a merchant named James Wardrop, after he bought some of the land from Eleanor Darnall Carroll and her husband. Today, Darnall's Chance houses the Darnall's Chance House Museum, an historic house museum which opened to the public in 1988.

In 1706, Marlborough Town was established as a port town by the Act for the Advancement of Trade and Erecting Ports and Towns. It was declared that the town would be constructed, "at the upper landing on the Western Branch, commonly called Colonel Belt's landing." County surveyor Thomas Truman Greenfield conducted a survey of 100 acres (0.40 km2) of the three estates from which the town would be formed. Streets, alleys, a meetinghouse, lots for small businesses, and 100 lots to be used for homes were laid out. Earliest plans showed the town being laid out in a grid pattern with an L shape. In 1718 residents asked the county government's general assembly, then based in Charles Town, via petition to move the county seat to Upper Marlboro. The county seat has been there since that time.[8]

Residents of the area were not happy with Greenfield's initial layout and petitioned the General Assembly to have the town replatted. In 1744, the new survey was approved and the town was given a new name, Upper Marlborough. Upper was added to distinguish the town from the community of Marlboro (now known as Lower Marlboro) in Calvert County.

Early in its life, when the western branch of the Patuxent River was still navigable, the town served as a port town for tobacco ships. The town blossomed into an agricultural, social, and political hot spot. Farms, many of which raised tobacco, dominated the surrounding areas.

In 1721, a courthouse was constructed in the town. The county seat was then moved from Charles Town, on the banks of the Patuxent, to Upper Marlborough. The courthouse was built with money from a 12-pound tobacco tax imposed on county inhabitants. One of the first laws passed at the courthouse was the Public School Act, which established a public school system.

In 1814, Upper Marlboro was seized by British forces under the command of Major-General Robert Ross and Rear Admiral George Cockburn during the campaign leading up to the Battle of Bladensburg and the Burning of Washington.[9]

During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, many prominent merchants, lawyers, and politicians lived and worked in the area. Horse racing came to the town around the mid-18th century and attracted many people from the surrounding areas. The Maryland Jockey Club sponsored spring and summer races at the race track south of town, and racing continued there until 1972, when they were moved to the Bowie Race Track. The race track is now part of the Equestrian Center owned by Prince George's County.

In 1870, the town was incorporated by the Maryland General Assembly. A volunteer fire department was organized in 1886, and the Marlborough Fire Association was incorporated the following year.

In 1878 Michael Green, an African-American man accused of assaulting a white woman, was taken from the country jail and hanged from a tree outside of town.[10] An "iron bridge just between the town and the railroad depot" was the site of two more lynchings. Joseph Vermillion was killed there in 1889 and Stephen Williams met the same fate in 1894.[11][12][13]

Since its initial conception the town has changed quite a bit. It initially boomed as a port town for tobacco trade, but the clearing and cultivation of land for farming would lead to erosion in the area. Over the years this erosion caused sedimentation, leading the Western Branch to become unnavigable. The fields of tobacco that once dominated the area have been converted over to residential developments, with the number of farms dwindling each year.

The town is the county seat of Prince George's County. Located within the town are the Prince George's County Courthouse, County Administration Building, the Board of Education, and the headquarters of the Prince George's County Sheriff's Office. The town's atmosphere is remarkably different, depending on the time of day.[14]

Prince George's County courthouse

The courthouse has been a critical part of the town since it became the county seat in 1721. Since then, the courthouse in Upper Marlboro has seen many changes. Between 1798 and 1801, a new courthouse was constructed on the site of the old one. The courthouse was again rebuilt in the 1880s.

In 1939, the courthouse was substantially expanded and rebuilt. During this time, the building gained its famous stone Ionic columns. According to county historian Susan Pearl, "They wanted the neo-classic Georgian university campus building, and that's what they got." The total cost of the revision was $178,000.

Small additions were made in 1947 and 1969.

In the early 1990s a new courthouse was erected behind the existing courthouse. The new courthouse, composed of the Marbury and Bourne wing, was completed in 1991. The new building occupies 360,000 square feet (33,000 m2) of space and cost $80 million. The old courthouse was then designated as the Duvall Wing and was attached to the new section by walkways.

In May 2003, the old courthouse was closed for a $25 million renovation. On November 3, 2004, two months before the building was scheduled to reopen, a fire broke out and destroyed much of the 151,000-square-foot (14,000 m2) building. The fire left only a charred skeleton of the cupola, which had overlooked Main Street for 64 years.[15]

In January 2007, the courthouse briefly caught fire again when sparks from a construction worker's welding tool ignited building materials on the roof. Firefighters quickly contained the blaze, and the renovations continued.[16]

On March 12, 2009, the Duvall Wing of the Prince George's County Courthouse reopened after being closed in 2001 for renovations.[17]

Proposed move to Largo

Since the 1990s, the Prince George's County government has been purchasing land in Largo, Maryland due to its convenient location near the Washington Metro and interstate highways. In 2015, County Executive Rushern Baker recommended the move of the county's seat from Upper Marlboro to Largo so that residents could be better served.[18]

Geography

Upper Marlboro is located at 38°48′59″N 76°45′12″W (38.816488, −76.753454).[19]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.43 square miles (1.11 km2), of which 0.40 square miles (1.04 km2) is land and 0.03 square miles (0.08 km2) is water.[20]

Upper Marlboro is the county seat of Prince George's County,[21] a large urban and suburban area of some 850,000 people adjacent to Washington. U.S. Route 301 and Maryland Route 4 intersect at the edge of town. The northern terminus of the Stephanie Roper Highway (Maryland Route 4) is in Upper Marlboro at the intersection of Pennsylvania Avenue and Water Street. Major features of the town include the courthouse, jail, county office building, board of education, and a lake with walking path. Just to the south of town is the Prince George's Equestrian Center which is the location of the annual county fair, a major annual antiques show and The Show Place Arena on the former Marlboro racetrack grounds. This arena is used for events such as hockey games, circuses, rodeos, conventions, trade shows, and graduation ceremonies of many regional high schools, as well as daily overflow parking for county governmental employees, jurors, and visitors.

Although the surrounding area has many rural, pastoral features, including horse farms, housing developments are increasingly prevalent. However, except for supermarkets, an Amish market, car dealers, and a Home Depot, all outside the town limits, the town and surrounding area have only minimal shopping; therefore, residents must travel to Bowie, Clinton, Brandywine, Waldorf, or Forestville to find department stores. Upper Marlboro is convenient to employees commuting to locations along Maryland Route 4 or US Route 301, such as Joint Base Andrews and the U.S. Census Bureau.

The Town of Upper Marlboro is often mistaken for the surrounding unincorporated area of Greater Upper Marlboro, with a population of nearly 20,000 in an area of 77 square miles (200 km2) (as designated by the post office).

Climate

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Upper Marlboro has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.[22]

Bodies of water

Inside of the city of Upper Marlboro, there are three bodies of water: Federal Spring Branch, Western Branch Patuxent River, and School House Pond. Federal Spring Branch flows into the Western Branch Patuxent River nearby Main Street, Upper Marlboro. School House Pond is to the south of the other two bodies.

Federal Spring Branch

The branch is about approximately two miles long, and starts approximately one mile to the west of Upper Marlboro. It splits into four unnamed steams, that join together later on. The only bridge over the branch is Old Marlboro Pike, or Maryland Route 725.[23]

School House Pond

School House Pond is a small pond north of Main Street, yet south of Federal Spring Branch. The pond is 12 acres in size, with a 0.75 mile boardwalk around the edge. There is also a walking trail through the small forested area north of the pond. The largest attraction at the pond is fishing. The pond is restocked with 800 trout a year.

Western Branch Patuxent River

The Western Branch Patuxent River is one of the largest tributaries of the Patuxent River. Its flow starts in Woodmore, Maryland, and enters the Patuxent River just a few miles south of Upper Marlboro. The river's largest tributary south of Upper Marlboro is Collington Branch, which flows into the Western Branch Patuxent River just before entering the Patuxent.

Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.%±
187042—
18805411,188.1%
1890439−18.9%
19004492.3%
1910361−19.6%
19203856.6%
19304209.1%
194056534.5%
195070224.2%
1960673−4.1%
1970646−4.0%
198082828.2%
1990745−10.0%
2000648−13.0%
2010631−2.6%
2019 (est.)673[5]6.7%
U.S. Decennial Census[24]

As of 2015 about 6,000 people work in the town, with employees of the Prince George's County government making up the majority.[8]

2010 census

As of the census[4] of 2010, there were 631 people, 290 households, and 157 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,577.5 inhabitants per square mile (609.1/km2). There were 310 housing units at an average density of 775.0 per square mile (299.2/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 33.8% White, 57.8% African American, 0.2% Native American, 1.1% Asian, 2.9% from other races, and 4.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.1% of the population.

There were 290 households, of which 29.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.1% were married couples living together, 17.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 45.9% were non-families. 36.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.88.

The median age in the town was 39.5 years. 21.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 32.1% were from 25 to 44; 30% were from 45 to 64; and 9.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 47.4% male and 52.6% female.

2000 census

As of the census[25] of 2000, there were 648 people, 292 households, and 165 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,586.7 people per square mile (610.2/km2). There were 309 housing units at an average density of 756.6 per square mile (291.0/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 51.54% White, 45.06% African American, 0.46% Native American, 1.08% Asian, 0.15% from other races, and 1.70% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.54% of the population.

There were 292 households, out of which 31.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 29.5% were married couples living together, 22.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.2% were non-families. 34.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.86.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 23.9% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 36.3% from 25 to 44, 23.1% from 45 to 64, and 9.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 72.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 75.4 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $52,813, and the median income for a family was $58,542. Males had a median income of $42,639 versus $39,000 for females. The per capita income for the town was $28,892. About 1.3% of families and 1.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 4.0% of those age 65 or over.

Economy

Upper Marlboro's economy consists of [small business], with a majority of employment opportunities in the city in the [courthouse]. There are 26 shops and restaurants in Upper Marlboro, 22 of which are small business. The court house makes up a large amount of revenue of the city.[26] The Enquirer-Gazette is the city's weekly newspaper.

Government

The town has three departments:

  • General Government: M. David Williams was hired as the Town Clerk in February 2007.
  • Public Safety: consists of the Upper Marlboro Police Department (UMPD), which is the primary law enforcement agency serving the municipality of Upper Marlboro. The current chief of police is David A. Burse. The UMPD is also aided by the Prince George's County Police and Sheriff's Office as directed by authority.[27]
  • Public Works: Darnell Bond III is the new Public Works Superintendent. The department has traditionally been divided into Highways and Streets and Sanitation.

Prince George's County Police Department District 2 Station in Brock Hall CDP, with a Bowie postal address, serves the community.[28] The area immediately to the south is served by District 5 Station in Clinton CDP.[29]

The U.S. Postal Service operates the Upper Marlboro Post Office.[30]

Education

Residents are zoned to schools in the Prince George's County Public Schools system. The following schools serve the Upper Marlboro town limits:[31] Barack Obama Elementary School,[32] James Madison Middle School,[33] and Dr. Henry A. Wise, Jr. High School.[34] Wise High, located in the Westphalia census-designated place near Upper Marlboro,[35][36] opened in 2006.[37] Obama Elementary, also in Westphalia CDP,[36][38] was the first school in the Washington, DC area that was named after the former president.[39] It opened in 2010,[40] next to Wise High.[41]

In the era of legalized racial segregation of schools, before the mid-20th century Civil Rights Movement, white and black students attended separate schools. Beginning around 1868 the Upper Marlboro area had a school for African-American children. In the Upper Marlboro area, white students attended Upper Marlboro High School after it was built in 1921.[42] Prior to 1923 area black high school students traveled to Baltimore or Washington, DC to go to high school.[43] Beginning in 1923 Black students attended Frederick Douglass High School (formerly Marlboro (Colored) High School), which initially occupied the school building used by white students pre-1921; Douglass got new buildings in 1935 and 1960.[42]

Public schools in the nearby area include:

Private schools in the nearby area include:

  • Riverdale Baptist
  • Fairhaven School
  • Excellence Christian School
  • Rock Creek Christian Academy

Upper Marlboro is served by the Upper Marlboro Branch of the Prince George's County Memorial Library System.[44]

Sports

The Chesapeake Icebreakers of the East Coast Hockey League played two seasons in Upper Marlboro from 1997 to 1999 at The Show Place Arena, just outside town, before moving to Jackson, Mississippi.

The Chesapeake Tide of the Continental Indoor Football League started play at The Show Place Arena, just outside town, in 2007. Beginning in 2009, they will be known as the Maryland Maniacs and play in the Indoor Football League.

Transportation
MD 725, the main highway through Upper Marlboro

Upper Marlboro is currently directly served by two state highways. Maryland Route 725 follows Main Street through downtown and connects the town to U.S. Route 301. MD 725 is the old alignment of Maryland Route 4, which currently bypasses the town just to the south. Maryland Route 717 connects MD 725 in downtown to MD 4 via Water Street.

Notable people

See also

References
  1. "Upper Marlboro". Maryland Manual. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
  2. "Town Government". Town of Upper Marlboro.
  3. "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
  4. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 25, 2013.
  5. "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
  6. "Upper Marlboro". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
  7. "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Upper Marlboro town, Maryland". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 14, 2011.
  8. Hernández, Arelis R. (July 22, 2015). "Baker wants to move government headquarters to Largo, lawmakers say". Washington Post. Retrieved September 11, 2018.
  9. Latimer, John 1812: War with America (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University, 2007), 311.
  10. "Lynching at Upper Marlboro" (PDF). The Kent News. September 7, 1878. Retrieved May 13, 2015.
  11. "State of Maryland: Lynching of Stephen Williams, Colored, in Prince George's County" (PDF). Baltimore Sun. October 22, 1894. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
  12. "Joe Vermilion Lynched in Upper Marlboro, December 3, 1889". Biographical Series. Maryland State Archives. December 11, 2013. pp. MSA SC 3520–13738. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
  13. "Joe Vermilion Lynched in Upper Marlboro, December 3, 1889". Biographical Series. Maryland State Archives. December 11, 2013. pp. MSA SC 3520–13738. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
  14. (PDF) https://web.archive.org/web/20090106033937/http://www.uppermarlboromd.gov/about/history/pppf.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 6, 2009. Retrieved May 29, 2008. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  15. Ruane, Michael E.; Stockwell, Jamie (November 4, 2004), "Fire Ravages Historic Courthouse", The Washington Post, p. B01, retrieved August 11, 2008
  16. Berger, Judson (June 21, 2007), "New Cupola at Courthouse", The Washington Post, p. T05, retrieved August 11, 2008
  17. Centuries-old courthouse reopens today., Gazette, March 12, 2009, retrieved May 20, 2009
  18. http://greatergreaterwashington.org/post/27571/prince-georges-could-move-its-government-closer-to-more-residents/
  19. "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
  20. "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 12, 2012. Retrieved January 25, 2013.
  21. "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  22. "Upper Marlboro, Maryland Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
  23. "Federal Spring Branch Topo Map, Prince George's County MD (Bristol Area)". topozone.com. Retrieved May 15, 2018.
  24. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  25. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  26. https://uppermarlboromd.gov/town/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/2017_Business-Directory.jpg
  27. "Upper Marlboro Police Department". www.usacops.com. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
  28. "District 2 Station - Bowie." Prince George's County Police Department. Retrieved on September 9, 2018. "District 2 Station - Bowie 601 SW Crain Highway Bowie, MD 20715 ". Beat map. 2010 U.S. Census Bureau index map of Brock Hall CDP as well as the detail on Page 1.
  29. "District 5 Station - Clinton." Prince George's County Police Department. Retrieved on September 9, 2018. " 6707 Groveton Drive Clinton, MD 20735". Beat map (which shows the area just south of the Upper Marlboro city limits, but not Upper Marlboro itself). See 2010 U.S. Census index map of Clinton CDP: area with police station is on the edge of page 6 with surroundings on page 5.
  30. "UPPER MARLBORO." U.S. Postal Service. Retrieved on September 11, 2018. "14605 ELM ST UPPER MARLBORO, MD 20772-9998"
  31. "2010 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP: Upper Marlboro town, MD." U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on August 27, 2018.
  32. "NEIGHBORHOOD ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS AND BOUNDARIES SCHOOL YEAR 2018-2019." Prince George's County Public Schools. Retrieved on August 26, 2018.
  33. "NEIGHBORHOOD MIDDLE SCHOOLS AND BOUNDARIES SCHOOL YEAR 2018-2019." Prince George's County Public Schools. Retrieved on August 26, 2018.
  34. "NEIGHBORHOOD HIGH SCHOOLS AND BOUNDARIES SCHOOL YEAR 2018-2019." Prince George's County Public Schools. Retrieved on August 26, 2018.
  35. Home. Dr. Henry A. Wise Jr. High School. Retrieved on August 27, 2018. "12650 Brooke Lane, Upper Marlboro, MD 20772"
  36. "2010 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP (INDEX): Westphalia CDP, MD." U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on August 27, 2018. Pages: 1, 2, 3, and 4.
  37. Anderson, Nick (September 16, 2006). "A Brand-New Start at Wise High". Washington Post. p. 1. Retrieved September 4, 2018.
  38. Home. Barack Obama Elementary School. Retrieved on August 28, 2018. "Barack Obama Elementary 12700 Brooke Lane Upper Marlboro, MD 20772"
  39. Dickson, Akeya (October 21, 2010). "Much hope at dedication of Barack Obama Elementary School in Upper Marlboro". Washington Post. p. 1.
  40. Dickson, Akeya (October 21, 2010). "Much hope at dedication of Barack Obama Elementary School in Upper Marlboro". Washington Post. p. 2.
  41. King, Megan (June 26, 2009). "School board approves Barack Obama Elementary name". The Gazette.
  42. Meyer, Eugene L. (September 28, 2000). "Douglass High: A School of Their Own". Washington Post. Retrieved September 6, 2018.
  43. "About Us > The History of Frederick Douglass High School." Frederick Douglass High School. October 12, 2011. Retrieved on September 6, 2018.
  44. "Upper Marlboro Branch." Prince George's County Memorial Library System. Retrieved on August 29, 2018. "Upper Marlboro Branch 14730 Main St Upper Marlboro, MD 20772"
  45. Maryland Historical Magazine, Annual Report 1977-78. Volume 73, No. 4. December 1978. pp. 389–393 The Convivial Dr. Beanes, ISSN 0025-4258.
  46. Victor, Weybright, Spangled Banner, (New York: Farrer & Rinehart, Inc 1935), pp. 117–125, says that the three Americans were "evidently" aboard the British frigate Surpize during the trip up the Chesapeake Bay, but were put back on their own small vessel Minden when they had reached Fort McHenry.
  47. Virta, Alan (1984). Prince George's County: A Pictorial History. Norfolk, Virginia: The Donning Company. p. 68.
  48. United States Congress. "Upper Marlboro, Maryland (id: B000696)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved March 30, 2010.
  49. United States Congress. "Upper Marlboro, Maryland (id: C000400)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved November 20, 2011.
  50. "Charles Marbury, retired judge dies". Baltimore Sun. July 21, 1991. Retrieved November 20, 2011.
  51. United States Congress. "(id: S000067)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved November 20, 2011.
  52. Valentine, Daniel (June 11, 2009). "Former delegate was witness to county's transformation". Prince George's Gazette. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
  53. "Stephen Williams Lynched in Upper Marlboro, October 20, 1894". Biographical Series. Maryland State Archives. November 13, 2007. pp. MSA SC 3520–13742. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  54. Fendrich, Howard. "'Best player in this draft:' Redskins pick Young 2nd overall". Richmond.com. Associated Press.
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