Varsken

Varsken (Middle Persian: Vazgēn) was an Iranian prince from the Mihranid family of Gugark, who served as the bidaxsh (margrave) of the region from 470 to 482. He was the son and successor of Arshusha II.

Varsken
Bidaxsh of Gugark
Reign	470–482
Predecessor	Arshusha II
Successor	Arshusha III
Died	482
Consort	Shushanik, Daughter of Peroz I
Issue	Arshusha III
Dynasty	Mihranids
Father	Arshusha II
Mother	Anushvram Artsruni
Religion	Christianity (before 470) Zoroastrianism (after 470)

Upon the death of his father, Varsken went to the Sasanian capital of Ctesiphon and was received by the shahanshah Peroz I (r. 459–484), converting to the family's former religion, Zoroastrianism. As a reward for his conversion, he was given the viceroyalty of Caucasian Albania and a daughter of Peroz in marriage.

Espousing his pro-Iranian position, Varsken attempted to force his family to convert to Zoroastrianism, including his first wife Shushanik, which eventually resulted in her martyrdom, dying from the violence inflicted by her husband. His policies were unacceptable to the Iberian king Vakhtang I (r. 447/49–502/22), who had him killed and then revolted against Iran in 482. Varsken was succeeded by Arshusha III.

Biography

Map of the Caucasus

Varsken was the son of Arshusha II, who was the bidaxsh (margrave) of Gugark, a historical area in the Caucasus, which had originally been part of the Kingdom of Armenia, but fell under the authority of the Iberian kings after the Sasanians and Romans partitioned Armenia in 387.[1] Not much earlier, the Iberian Kingdom had fallen under the authority of the Sasanians, who under Shapur II (r. 309–379) installed Aspacures II on the Iberian throne in 363.[2][3]

The family of Varsken—the Mihranids—had under Peroz established themselves as the bidaxshes of Gugark in c. 330, thus supplanting the previous Gusharid bidaxshes.[4][1][5] Albeit the family claimed descent from the Persian Sasanian rulers of Iran, they were in reality a branch of the House of Mihran, one of the Seven Great Houses of Iran.[6] Under Peroz the family abandoned its Zoroastrian beliefs in favour of Christianity.[7] The Mihranids of Gugark enjoyed close relations with the Iberian kings (also of Mihranid descent), with whom they intermarried.[8]

Varsken's mother was Anushvram Artsruni, an Armenian noblewomen from the Artsruni family, who was the sister-in-law of the Armenian military leader Hmayeak Mamikonian, himself brother of the Armenian rebel and martyr Vardan Mamikonian.[9][10] Varsken's father, Arshusha II, was a hostage of the Sasanian court at Ctesiphon, and could not participate in the Christian Armenian rebellion in 451, led by Vardan Mamikonian. After the defeat of the Armenian rebels at Avarayr, Hmayeak Mamikonian was killed at Tao. Hmayeak's sons, Vahan Mamikonian, Vasak, Vard and Artaxias, were then taken hostage and sent to Ctesiphon, where they met Arshusha II.[11][12] Arshusha was later able to buy his freedom back. He then freed the sons of Hmayeak, and took them back to Armenia with their mother. Later, Arshusha organized the wedding of his son Varsken with Shushanik, daughter of Vardan Mamikonian.[13][14]

Coin of Peroz I (r. 459–484)

Upon the death of his Arshusha, Varsken went to Ctesiphon and was received by the Sasanian shahanshah Peroz I (r. 459–484), converting to the family's former religion, Zoroastrianism. He also shifted his allegiance from the Christian Iberian monarchy to the Sasanian Empire.[15][13] As a reward for his conversion, he was given the viceroyalty of Caucasian Albania and a daughter of Peroz in marriage.[5][16]

The basilica of Bolnisi Sioni in Iberia is a testimony of the growing Sasanian influence there. It was constructed in 478/479 in the southern part of the country, which had fallen under the control of the Mihranids.[17][18] The iconography of the basilica showed Iranian characteristics, while its inscription, written in Old Georgian, mentions the shahanshah Peroz I.[19] Under Varsken and his predecessors, the city of C'urtavi was transformed into one of the seats of the bidaxshate.[20] The reports of the contemporary Iberian historian Iakob Tsurtaveli indicates that Varsken was a sovereign in his own right, and acknowledged the suzerainty of the shahanshah only as a counterbalance to the Iberian kings.[21]

Espousing his pro-Iranian position, Varsken attempted to force his family to convert to Zoroastrianism, including Shushanik, which eventually resulted in her martyrdom, dying from the violence inflicted by her husband.[22][23][13] His Zoroastrianizing efforts were seemingly only limited to that of his family. There are no reports of attempts to convert his Christian subjects, and the main source for Shushanik's life— the Martyrdom of the Holy Queen Shushanik—does not consider the martyrdom of his wife as part of a systematic Christian persecution.[23] His policies were unacceptable to the Iberian king Vakhtang I (r. 447/49–502/22), who had him killed and then revolted against Iran in 482.[24] Varsken was succeeded by Arshusha III.[25]

Genealogy

Ancestors of Varsken
8. Arshusha I 4. Bakur II 2. Arshusha II 1. Varsken 12. Vache II Artsruni 6. Vasak I Artsruni 3. Anushvram Artsruni

References

1. Rapp 2014, p. 66.
2. Daryaee 2009.
3. Kia 2016, p. 278.
4. Rapp 2014, p. 67.
5. Toumanoff 1961, p. 101.
6. Toumanoff 1961, pp. 38–39.
7. Rapp 2014, p. 68.
8. Rapp 2014, pp. 67–68.
9. Grousset 1947, p. 193-202.
10. Dédéyan 2007, p. 189-190.
11. Grousset 1947, pp. 193–202.
12. Dédéyan 2007, pp. 189–190.
13. Dédéyan 2007, p. 191.
14. Grousset 1947, p. 213.
15. Rapp 2014, pp. 38, 45, 67.
16. Toumanoff 1963, p. 262.
17. Rapp 2014, p. 251.
18. Toumanoff 1969, p. 22.
19. Rapp 2014, pp. 19, 39, 251.
20. Rapp 2014, p. 69.
21. Rapp 2014, pp. 69, 81.
22. Grousset 1947, p. 216.
23. Rapp 2014, p. 45.
24. Bonner 2020, p. 134.
25. Rapp 2014, p. 42 (see note 42).

Sources

• Daryaee, Touraj (2009). "Šāpur II". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
• (in French) Les dynasties de la Caucasie chrétienne de l’Antiquité jusqu’au XIXe siècle ; Tables généalogiques et chronologiques, Rome, 1990.
• (in French) Histoire de l'Arménie: des origines à 1071, Paris, 1947.
• Continuité gentilice et continuité sénatoriale dans les familles sénatoriales romaines à l'époque impériale, 2000
• Chaumont, M. L. (1985). "Albania". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 8. pp. 806–810.
• Dédéyan, Gérard (2007). History of the Armenian people. Tolosa: Privat. ISBN 978-2-7089-6874-5.
• Bosworth, C. Edmund (1986). "ARRĀN". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 5. C. Edmund Bosworth. pp. 520–522.
• Toumanoff, Cyril (1961). "Introduction to Christian Caucasian History: II: States and Dynasties of the Formative Period". Traditio. Cambridge University Press. 17: 1–106. doi:10.1017/S0362152900008473. JSTOR 27830424. (registration required)
• Toumanoff, Cyril (1963). Studies in Christian Caucasian history. Georgetown University Press. pp. 1–599.
• Grousset, René (1947). Histoire de l’Arménie des origines à 1071. Paris.
• Rapp, Stephen H. (2014). The Sasanian World through Georgian Eyes: Caucasia and the Iranian Commonwealth in Late Antique Georgian Literature. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-1472425522.
• Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994). The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. pp. 1–418. ISBN 9780253209153.
• Bonner, Michael (2020). The Last Empire of Iran. New York: Gorgias Press. pp. 1–406. ISBN 978-1463206161.
• Kia, Mehrdad (2016). The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1610693912.
• Toumanoff, Cyril (1969). "Chronology of the early kings of Iberia". Traditio. Cambridge University Press. 25: 1–33. doi:10.1017/S0362152900010898. JSTOR 27830864. (registration required)