Vukan Nemanjić

Vukan Nemanjić (Serbian Cyrillic: Вукан Немањић^[A], pronounced [ʋǔkan ně̞maɲit͡ɕ]; before 1165 – after 1207) was the Grand Prince of the Grand Principality of Serbia from 1202 to 1204. He was the Grand Prince of Pomorje (titular King) from 1195 until his death. He was the eldest (of three), but his father had instead chosen his younger brother Stefan as heir, as soon as his father died, he plotted against his brother, Stefan II Nemanjić, and took the throne by force, in a coup assisted by the Kingdom of Hungary. He was defeated two years later, and was pardoned by his third brother, who became Saint Sava, and he continued to rule his appanage of Zeta unpunished.

Vukan Nemanjić
Grand Župan Vukan, Ruler of all Serbian land, Zeta, maritime towns and land of Nišava King of Duklja, Dalmatia, Travunia, Toplica and Hvosno (1195)
The fresco of Vukan I, Visoki Dečani
Grand Prince of Serbia
Reign	1202 - 1204
Predecessor	Stefan the First-Crowned
Successor	Stefan the First-Crowned
Ruler of Duklja
Reign	1190 - after 1207
Predecessor	Mihailo III
Successor	Đorđe Nemanjić
Born	before 1165
Died	after 1207
Burial	Morača monastery
Issue	Đorđe, Stefan, Dmitar, Vladin Rastko
Dynasty	Nemanjić
Father	Stefan Nemanja
Mother	Anastasija
Religion	Roman Catholic

Life

Vukan was born as the eldest son of Serbian Grand Prince Stefan Nemanja (r. 1166-1196) and his wife Anastasija. His younger brothers were Stefan Nemanjić and Rastko Nemanjić, and he also had two sisters.

His father had managed to secure the independence from the Byzantine Empire after the death of emperor Manuel I (1180), and then conquered the traditional fiefs of Duklja, Travunija and Hum on the Adriatic coast. Nemanja gives Vukan, as heir apparent, appanages of the conquered lands, including Hvosno and Toplica around 1190 as Grand Prince.[1]

In an inscription dated 1195 in the church of St. Luke in Kotor, Vukan is titled as King of Duklja, Dalmatia, Travunia, Toplica and Hvosno.[2]

Nemanjić Serbia, 1150–1217

Although Vukan was Nemanja's eldest son, Nemanja preferred to see his younger son Stefan Nemanjić on the Serbian throne mostly because Stefan was married to Byzantine princes Eudocia, daughter of latter emperor Alexios III Angelos. It seems that Vukan reacted on this change in succession by declaring himself King of Duklja in 1195 probably due to the relationship of his family with old Dukljan royal house which was deposed by his father. Although he assumed royal title, Vukan remained to recognize Nemanja's authority. In 1196 at the State Council Nemanja abdicated in favor of Stefan and Vukan had to recognize his brother as the new ruler of Serbia. After the council Nemanja became monk Simeon and retreated to his monastery of Hilandar on holy Mount Athos. While Nemanja was alive Vukan didn't oppose Stefan's rule but as soon as Nemanja died in 1200 he started to plot against him in order to become Grand župan. He found help in Hungarian king Emeric (1196–1204) who at the time fought against the Second Bulgarian Empire and wanted Serbian assistance. With the help of Hungarian troops in 1202, Vukan managed to overthrow Stefan, who fled to Bulgaria, and Vukan was left to rule.[2] In an inscription dating to 1202-1203, Vukan is titled as Grand Župan Vukan, Ruler of all Serbian land, Zeta, maritime towns and land of Nišava.[3]

In return for Hungarian help, Vukan became a Hungarian vassal and promised that he would convert his people to Catholicism if the Pope would give him royal title. However, as a Hungarian vassal, Vukan soon got involved in their conflict with Bulgaria. In 1203 Bulgarians attacked Serbia and conquered the eastern part of country with the city of Niš. In the chaos that followed the Bulgarian attack, and using the Vukans's sympathies for Catholicism against him, Stefan managed to return to Serbia and overthrow Vukan in 1204 becoming grand župan again. On intervention of the third brother, archbishop Sava, Stefan spared Vukan and return him to his apanage in Zeta (Duklja) where he kept his title of king. He was mentioned for the last time in 1207. It is believed that he died soon after because his son Đorđe is mentioned as king in 1208. Until the end of his life, Vukan Nemanjić remained a Catholic.[4]

The fresco of Vukan I Studenica Monastery

Miniature from the Vukan's Gospel by Monk Simeon

Titles

• "Grand Župan Vukan, Ruler of all Serbian lands, Zeta, maritime towns and land of Nišava"
• "Vukan, King of Duklja, Dalmatia, Travunia, Toplica and Hvosno" (Velcani, regis Dioclie, Dalmatie, Tribunie, Toplize et Cosme or Velcani, regis Dioclitiae, Dalmatiae, Travuniae, Toplize et Cosne), 1195
• "Crowned king and autocrat of all Serbian and coastal lands."[5]

Family

Vukan had at least three sons by his wife (it is possible that this woman belonged to the family of the Counts of Segni, the same family as Innocent III):

1. Đorđe who held title of king in 1208, but was only prince in 1242
2. Stefan who founded Morača monastery in 1252
3. Dmitar (better known by his monastic name David) who founded monastery of Davidovica and was still alive in 1286.[6]
4. Mladen (Bladinus)[7]

See also

• Nemanjić family tree

Annotations

1. ^
   Name: Archaic Serbian: Вл'кан, В'лк, Latin: Vulcus, Vulchus, Velcan, Velcanus, Wulcanus, Greek: Βολκοσ. He was a descendant of Nemanjić, his father was Stefan, hence, according to the naming culture, his name was Vukan Stefanović Nemanjić.
2. ^
   He is given Duklja, Travunija, Hum, Hvosno and Toplica by 1190. In 1195 he is self-styled as "King of Duklja, Dalmatia, Travunia, Toplica and Hvosno". Pomorje is a geohistorical term denoting the territories except Toplica and Hvosno.

References

1. Fine, p. 7 (528)
2. M. Ćirković, Vuk Tošić, The Serbs, Wiley-Blackwell, 2004, p. 38
3. Konstantin Jirecek, Geschichte der Serben 1, Gotha 1911,p.289
4. Milenko Krešić; (2016) Vjerske prilike u Humskoj zemlji (Stonu i Râtu) u srednjem vijeku (Religious situation in the Hum land (Ston and Rat) during the Middle Ages), {Stefan Prvovjenčani zatražio je 1217. i dobio od pape Honorija III. (1216.-1227.) kraljevsku krunu, a njegov brat Vukan Nemanjić, vladar Duklje i Trebinja, ostao je katolik do kraja života. "Stefan the First-Crowned asked in 1217 and received from Pope Honorius III. (1216-1227) the royal crown, and his brother Vukan Nemanjić, the ruler of Duklja and Trebinje, remained Catholic until the end of his life."} p. 72
5. Sima Ćirković; (2004) The Serbs p. 39; Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 0631204717
6. Konstantin Jirecek, Geschichte der Serben 1, Gotha 1911,p.290
7. Младен Лесковац, Александар Форишковић, Чедомир Попов, Српски биографски речник, Volume 2, Будућност, 2004, p. 407

Sources

• Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994) [1987]. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
• Ćorović, Vladimir (1941). "Iсторија српског народа (Istorija srpskog naroda)". Internet, 2001) (in Serbian). Пројекат Растко: Библиотека српске културе; Projekat Rastko: Biblioteka srpske kulture.

Further reading

• Ruvarac, I. (1888) Vukan najstariji sin Stefana Nemanje i Vukanovići. Godišnjica Nikole Čupića, 10, 1-9
• Stanojević, S. (1933) Hronologija borbe između Stevana i Vukana. Glas - Srpska kraljevska akademija / Glas SKA, CLIII, str. 91-101
• Janjić, D. (2012). "The letter of Vukan to the Pope Inocentie III" (PDF). Baština (32): 115–127.