WAGR P and Pr classes

The WAGR P and Pr classes were two classes of 4-6-2 steam locomotives designed for express passenger service on the Western Australian Government Railways mainline network. The initial designs were prepared by E.S. Race[1] and together the two classes had a total build number of thirty-five locomotives, the P and Pr classes entering service in 1924 and 1938 respectively. Both classes were used on express passenger services, greatly improving the economy and speed of long-distance passenger travel in Western Australia, the results of which were most visible on the West Australian stage of the Trans-Australian Railway and Westland Express.[2]

WAGR P class
P508 at the Western Australian Rail Transport Museum
Type and origin Power type Steam Designer E.S. Race Builder North British Locomotive Company & Midland Railway Workshops Build date 1924-1929 Total produced 25 Rebuilder Midland Railway Workshops Rebuild date 1941-1944 Number rebuilt 8 as Pr class
Specifications Configuration: ​  • Whyte 4-6-2 Gauge 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) Driver dia. 4 ft 0 in (1,219 mm) Length 62 ft 2 in (18.95 m) Total weight 102 long tons 5 cwt (229,000 lb or 103.9 t) Fuel type Coal Fuel capacity 7 long tons 0 cwt (15,700 lb or 7.1 t)/ 8 long tons 0 cwt (17,900 lb or 8.1 t) Water cap 2,440 imp gal (11,100 L; 2,930 US gal)/ 2,800 imp gal (13,000 L; 3,400 US gal) Firebox:  • Firegrate area 35 sq ft (3.3 m^2) Boiler pressure 160 lbf/in^2 (1,100 kPa)
Performance figures Tractive effort 23,638 lbf (105.15 kN) Factor of adh. 3.6
Career Operators Western Australian Government Railways Numbers P441-P465 (as delivered), renumbered P501-P517 in 1947 Last run 1969 Preserved P508 Disposition 1 preserved, 24 scrapped

The need for more powerful locomotives in the 1920s resulted in the introduction of twenty-five P class locomotives which provided a significant improvement in power, speed and economy over previous WAGR locomotives, quickly proving to be a highly successful design.[3] The Great Depression of the 1930s, coupled with the effects of the Great War, thwarted the WAGR's later expansion and acquisition plans resulting in many obsolete locomotives remaining in operation into this period. As a result ten new P class locomotives featuring detail improvements to boilers, valves and bogies were introduced in 1938, a year before the outbreak of World War II. The new locomotives became the first WAGR engines to be given names, each bearing that of a prominent West Australian river. These 'River class' locomotives were very successful and proved so invaluable to the operation of the wartime WAGR that eight P class locomotives were modified to their standard.[4] All eighteen locomotives were officially classified as the Pr class in 1946.[5]

The initial ten P class locomotives were built by the North British Locomotive Company in Glasgow while the remainder, including the ten Pr class locomotives, were built locally by the Midland Railway Workshops.[3]

Background

By the early 1920s the WAGR had obtained only a handful of new locomotive designs since the beginning of the twentieth century and there was a particular lack of large passenger locomotives.[2] The Annual Report of 1920 pointed out the large numbers of obsolete locomotives in service and steadily growing rail traffic, stressing the need for more powerful engines.[1] The most substantial design then in service was the E class 4-6-2s of 1902, of which 65 locomotives had been built for operation in Western Australia and served on a variety of services. Likewise the 20 D class 4-6-4T tank locomotives had helped alleviate pressure on suburban services while the 57 F class 4-8-0s did the same for goods. However, all had been introduced (and subsequently superheated) prior to the First World War, meaning that by the 1920s they were becoming inadequate. At this time the most significant operation requiring new locomotives were the long distance passenger services, particularly on the Perth to Kalgoorlie and Perth to Albany expresses, both of which covered distances in excess of 350 kilometres.[2]

In 1923 approval was given for the construction of ten new superheated Pacific type locomotives for operation on heavier mainline rails, suitable for the hauling of the expresses. The locomotives were based on plans drawn up in 1920 under Chief Mechanical Engineer of the WAGR Ernest A. Evans which called for a new design with large diameter driving wheels, a large firebox and a two-wheel trailing wheel for stable operation at speed.[1] The final outline drawings were prepared by E.S. Race in the Midland Railway Workshops and completed in December 1923. Influence for the new P class designs were drawn from both the New Zealand Railways A^B and the Tasmanian Government Railways R class.[1]

Details of design

While initial plans called for a round-top firebox (such as featured on the New Zealand A^B class), the P class was eventually designed and delivered with Belpaire fireboxes, which improve steam production over the more traditional round-top types, but are harder to fit. The P class locomotives featured a wide firebox located behind the coupled wheels and supported by a trailing-wheel.[1] The large firebox aided with the use of poor-grade local coal from the Collie coalfields. This low quality coal had frequently resulted in poor steaming in earlier locomotives,[2] but the P class design largely avoided this problem, resulting in a locomotive 30% more economical than the earlier F class engines of similar tractive effort.[1] The P and Pr class also featured innovations to alter the weight-distribution between the driving and trailing wheels, improving adhesive traction.

Two types of tender were used by the P and Pr class locomotives. The original tender (as designed) had a water capacity of 2,800 imperial gallons and a coal capacity of 8 tons. These were built with the initial builds of the 10 P and 10 Pr class locomotives. The remaining 15 P class locomotives (all locally constructed) were fitted with modified R Class tenders which were shorter, and had been upgraded to have a water capacity of 2,440 gallons and 7 tons of coal.[5] These short tenders were distinctive and referred to as the 'bob-tailed' tenders.[6]

Construction history

It was the North British Locomotive Company of Glasgow, Scotland which secured the order for the P class locomotives in 1924, ahead of several other companies including Thompson & Co of Victoria. North British was to supply ten locomotives with delivery inside of 33-weeks, which would be in time for the 1924/1925 wheat harvest when the introduction of the P class locomotives would free up other locomotives for use on wheat trains.[7] Accordingly, six locomotives entered traffic in December 1924, followed by an additional four in February 1925.[1][8]

The next batch of ten P class locomotives were constructed locally in Western Australia in 1927, at the Midland Railway Workshops. They were identical to the North British locomotives excepting the short tenders rebuilt from those of the obsolete R class engines. This order was extended by an additional five locomotives which were delivered in 1929, bringing the total to twenty-five locomotives.[3] Several exchanges of tenders occurred throughout the service life of the P and Pr class locomotives, such as exchanging the long tender of an unconverted P class locomotive for the short tender of a later Pr class engine.[9]

The P class locomotives were given the numbers P441-P465 in order of delivery, with P451-P465 being delivered with short tenders.

Pr class modifications

WAGR Pr class
P521 at the Western Australian Rail Transport Museum, note the running-board nameplate and hemispherical headlight in contrast to the cylindrical example on P508 above
Type and origin Power type Steam Designer E.S. Race Builder Midland Railway Workshops Build date 1938-1944 Total produced 18 including 8 converted from P class
Specifications Configuration: ​  • Whyte 4-6-2 Gauge 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) Driver dia. 4 ft 6 in (1,372 mm) Length 62 ft 4 in (19.00 m) Total weight 102 long tons 10 cwt (229,600 lb or 104.1 t) Fuel type Coal Fuel capacity 8 long tons 0 cwt (17,900 lb or 8.1 t) /8 long tons 0 cwt (17,900 lb or 8.1 t) Water cap 2,800 imp gal (13,000 L; 3,400 US gal) Firebox:  • Firegrate area 35 sq ft (3.3 m^2) Boiler pressure 175 lbf/in^2 (1,210 kPa) Cylinder size 19 in × 26 in (483 mm × 660 mm)
Performance figures Tractive effort 25,855 lbf (115.01 kN) Factor of adh. 3.6
Career Operators Western Australian Government Railways Numbers Pr138-Pr147 (new builds) Pr453-Pr457, Pr459, Pr461, Pr464 (rebuilds) renumbered P521-P538 in 1946 Nicknames River class Last run 1970 Preserved Pr521 Disposition 1 preserved, 17 scrapped

By the late 1930s, with even more engines requiring urgent maintenance and repairs, orders were placed for an additional ten P class locomotives which would be improved through modifications to the boilers, bogies, headlights and valve gear. These new locomotives were constructed at the Midland Railway Workshops.[7] The boilers featured an increase in pressure from 160 to 175psi, which provided more power, and the bogies were constructed in cast steel.[5] These improved locomotives were delivered to the same operating specifications as the original P class, with the same weight distribution and boiler pressure limited to 160 psi, though improvements to the track and bridges on the Eastern Goldfields Railway in 1940 meant that they could be altered to use their designed power[5] through the increasing of the axle load from 12.8 to 14.2 tons[2] and the resetting of the boiler-top safety valves to 175 psi. The result was a 9% increase in tractive effort with the same economical running of the P class.[4]

The Pr class were numbered Pr138 to Pr147 and were further distinguished from other classes by the placement of running-board nameplates; each locomotive bearing the name of a prominent West Australian river, such as Ashburton, Avon and Chapman. For this reason the class was initially known as the River class.[2] They were the first WAGR locomotives to be given names.

The Pr class proved such a success that it was decided to convert eight of the locally-constructed P class locomotives to Pr standard. Numbers 453-457, 459, 461 and 464 were rebuilt in this way and the naming practise was continued. These conversions retained their short tenders, and were completed between June 1941 and June 1944, when the demands of wartime traffic required more powerful locomotives.[4]

Following the war ten of the class were converted to oil burners in 1947 and again in 1949 due to industrial trouble on the Collie coalfields, where the WAGR obtained its coal fuel. These conversions were temporary, lasting only as long as the lack of fuel prevailed.[9] In later years the boilers were modified to be interchangeable with the Pm and Pmr class locomotives, which were introduced in 1949.[5]

Service history

The P class locomotives proved to be an excellent design, being free steaming and easy to operate.[3] They quickly reduced the need for bank engines which were normally need to provide extra power up the steep gradients across the Darling Scarp. In addition to saving time and resources, this freed up additional badly needed locomotives.[1] Better economy also allowed for higher running distances without stops for resupply and higher speeds made for more efficient running of the expresses on which the P class served, primarily on the Great Southern and Eastern Goldfields railways to Albany and Kalgoorlie respectively. Experiments into engine pooling with the P class on the Great Southern Railway in 1932 led to the adoption of this practice across the system, freeing up further locomotives for other duties.[5]

The introduction of the Pr class revolutionised passenger travel, and as part of a national commitment to shaving a day off the transcontinental express the WAGR introduced The Westland in 1938.[2] The use of Pr class locomotives helped to reduce travel times across the West Australian stage of the journey by more than two hours, accompanied by an increase in the permissible load of 300 tons by additional 20.

During the 1940s both P and Pr class locomotives were used extensively on troop trains, while civilian patronage also increased during this time.[2] The increased war traffic was so great that it necessitated the conversion of eight P class locomotives to Pr standard at a time when lack of available resources and labour had stalled the production of new locomotives, such as the S class until 1943.[7] Both during and following the war the Pr class remained the premier express locomotive, while the P class continued on secondary passenger services, concentrated in the states' South West around Albany,[2] particularly on the Great Southern Railway.

The introduction in 1949 of thirty-five Pm and Pmr class was originally intended to oust the Pr locomotives from express services the later designs proved unstable at speed and were transferred instead to fast goods workings, leaving the Pr class as the only express locomotive on the WAGR.[3] The introduction of X class diesels in 1954, however, ended their long tenure in this position and both P and Pr class locomotives were gradually relegated to goods and shunting duties.[3] Their adequate tractive effort and economy, however, ensured their survival until the very end of steam.[9]

The P class were withdrawn between January 1968 and October 1969. With the exception of Pr528 Murray, which was destroyed by a fire while on-shed at Kalgoorlie in 1950 following an oil leak while operating as an oil-burner, the Pr class were withdrawn from September 1967 with class leader Pr521 Ashburton the last to be withdrawn on 10 September 1970.[9]

Livery and numbering

When introduced the P class locomotives were painted in overall black with red buffer beams, in keeping with WAGR livery policies of the time. The Pr class wore both the overall black livery and a paint scheme with black smoke boxes, tenders and cabs with grey boilers lined in black.[9] The W class of 1951 introduced the larch green with black smoke boxes and red buffer beams livery to Western Australia and this was applied to the majority of tender locomotives, including the P and Pr classes.[2][8]

The twenty-five P class locomotives originally bore the numbers P441 to P465, but the surviving class members were renumbered P501 to P517 in 1947. The initial batch of 10 Pr class engines were numbered Pr138 to Pr147, while the eight later conversion retained their P class numbers. The Pr class designation was only adopted officially on locomotive registers in 1946, and accordingly saw the class renumbered Pr521 to Pr538.[9]

Preservation

P508 and Pr521 were donated to the Australian Railway Historical Society museum in October 1971 and are on display at the Western Australian Rail Transport Museum.[6][10][11]

Class lists

P class lists

The numbers and periods in service of each member of the P class were as follows:[9]

First batch, built by North British Locomotive Company in 1924: Builder's number First number Second number In service Renumbered Withdrawn Notes 23143 441 501 13 December 1924 13 June 1947 19 April 1968 23144 442 502 13 December 1924 13 December 1946 18 January 1968 Stowed 26 June 1964 23145 443 503 27 December 1924 2 May 1947 6 October 1969 23146 444 504 27 December 1924 4 July 1947 22 July 1969 Stowed 22 November 1962 23147 445 505 27 December 1924 27 August 1947 29 February 1968 23148 446 506 27 December 1924 27 August 1947 19 April 1968 Stowed 13 March 1963 23149 447 507 14 February 1925 12 June 1947 10 February 1969 Stowed 14 July 1967 23150 448 508 21 February 1925 5 June 1947 10 February 1969 Preserved at Western Australian Rail Transport Museum[10] 23151 449 509 21 February 1925 20 December 1946 6 October 1969 Stowed 31 July 1964 23152 450 510 14 February 1925 17 July 1947 10 February 1969 Stowed 5 July 1965

Second batch, built by Midland Railway Workshops: First number Second number In service Renumbered Withdrawn Notes 451 511 28 February 1927 28 March 1947 6 October 1969 Stowed 29 May 1964 452 512 18 March 1927 12 June 1947 19 April 1968 453 8 April 1927 5 March 1941 Converted to Pr 454 7 May 1927 29 April 1942 Converted to Pr 455 28 May 1927 29 August 1941 Converted to Pr 456 25 June 1927 28 August 1942 Hauled Royal Train 1 October 1934; converted to Pr 457 23 July 1927 28 May 1941 Converted to Pr 458 513 20 August 1927 27 August 1947 6 October 1969 Stowed 5 March 1964 459 10 September 1927 1 October 1941 Converted to Pr 460 514 1 October 1927 27 October 1947 22 July 1969 461 19 January 1929 20 April 1944 Converted to Pr 462 515 16 February 1929 11 July 1947 22 July 1969 463 516 16 March 1929 17 July 1947 22 July 1969 Stowed 7 February 1966 464 20 April 1929 23 March 1944 Converted to Pr 465 517 25 May 1929 5 August 1947 6 October 1969

Pr class list

The numbers, names and periods in service of each member of the Pr class were as follows:[12]

First number Second number Name In service Renumbered Withdrawn Notes 138 521 Ashburton 28 January 1938 17 May 1946 10 September 1970 Oil fired 19 December 1947 to 4 October 1948; preserved by Western Australian Rail Transport Museum[11] 139 522 Avon 14 April 1938 20 September 1946 29 February 1968 Oil fired 5 March 1948 to 12 August 1948 140 523 Blackwood 23 June 1938 23 November 1945 22 July 1969 Stowed 25 July 1967 141 524 Fitzroy 29 August 1938 18 October 1946 11 September 1967 Oil fired 17 December 1947 to November 1948 and July 1949 to September 1949; stowed 3 August 1967 142 525 Frankland 20 October 1938 October 1946 11 September 1967 Oil fired 12 December 1947 to November 1948; stowed 22 August 1967 143 526 Greenough 9 December 1938 9 August 1946 22 July 1969 Stowed 15 July 1969 144 527 Harvey 15 February 1939 28 November 1945 22 July 1969 Oil fired 26 December 1947 to 14 April 1949 and July 1949 to 3 November 1949 145 528 Murray 11 April 1939 25 October 1946 21 February 1950 Oil fired 26 December 1947 to 13 April 1949 and from 4 July 1949; destroyed by fire Kalgoorlie 31 July 1949 146 529 Gascoyne 18 May 1939 12 April 1946 29 February 1968 Oil fired 12 December 1947 to 4 May 1948 and 19 November 1948 to 4 October 1949 147 530 Murchison 16 June 1939 15 March 1946 22 July 1969 Oil fired 17 December 1947 to 3 September 1948; stowed 3 August 1967 453 531 Brunswick 6 June 1941 1 March 1946 6 October 1969 454 532 Fortescue 1 August 1942 29 March 1946 11 September 1967 Stowed 31 July 1967 455 533 Chapman (later Coongan) 9 September 1941 1 November 1946 29 February 1968 Swapped nameplates with 535 456 534 Irwin 24 October 1942 8 March 1946 19 April 1968 Oil fired July 1949 to October 1949; stowed 2 June 1964 457 535 Coongan (later Chapman) 30 July 1941 2 October 1946 11 September 1967 Swapped nameplates with 533 459 536 Denmark 24 November 1941 11 October 1946 29 February 1968 Oil fired 21 December 1948 to 23 August 1949 461 537 Hotham 23 June 1944 21 June 1946 18 January 1968 Stowed 3 March 1964 464 538 Kalgan 2 June 1944 22 February 1946 10 February 1969 Stowed 27 June 1968

See also

• Rail transport in Western Australia
• List of Western Australian locomotive classes

References

Notes

1. Gunzburg, A., A History of WAGR Steam Locomotives (1982), p.102
2. Higham, Geoffrey (2007). Marble Bar to Mandurah: A history of passenger rail services in Western Australia. Bassendean: Rail Heritage WA. pp. 137–139. ISBN 978 0 9803922 0 3.
3. McNicol, Steve (1994). WAGR Steam Locomotives in Preservation. Elizabeth: Railmac Publications. pp. 18, 23–27. ISBN 9780949817976.
4. Rogers, P., Troops, Trains and Trades (1999), pp7-8
5. Gunzburg, A., A History of WAGR Steam Locomotives (1982), Pr class details, pp.103-104
6. Whiteford, David; De Bruin, Charles; Watson, Lindsay; Watson, Neville (1983). Western Australian Preserved Locomotives. Elizabeth: Railmac Publications. p. 12. ISBN 0 949817 19 8.
7. Richard G. Hartley in, Bertola and Oliver (Eds.)., The Workshops (2006), pp.113-115
8. Turner, Jim (1997). Australian Steam Locomotives 1896-1958. Kenthurst: Kangaroo Press. pp. 83, 118. ISBN 086417778X.
9. Gunzburg, A., Ibid, pp.105-106
10. P Class Steam Locomotive Rail Heritage WA
11. Pr Class Steam Locomotive Rail Heritage WA
12. Gunzburg 1984, p. 105.

Bibliography

• Bertola, Patrick; Oliver, Bobbie, eds. (2006). The Workshops: A History of the Midland Government Railway Workshops. Crawley: University of Western Australia Press.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Finlayson, Don, ed. (1986). Steam Around Perth. Bassendean: Australian Railway Historical Society, Western Australian Division Inc.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Gunzburg, Adrian (1984). A History of WAGR Steam Locomotives. Perth: Australian Railway Historical Society (Western Australian Division). ISBN 0959969039.
• Rogers, Phillips (1999). Troops, Trains and Trades: The Wartime Role of the Railways of Western Australia, 1939 - 1945. Bassendean: Phillipa Rogers.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

External links

Media related to WAGR P and Pr classes at Wikimedia Commons